KEY CONCEPTS (FUNCTIONS)

THINGS TO REMEMBER:
1. GENERAL DEFINITION:
If to every value (Considered as real unless otherwise stated) of a variable x, which belongs to some
collection (Set) E, there corresponds one and only one finite value of the quantity y, then y is said to be
a function (Single valued) of x or a dependent variable defined on the set E ; x is the argument or
independent variable .
If to every value of x belonging to some set E there corresponds one or several values of the variable y,
then y is called a multiple valued function of x defined on E.Conventionally the word "FUNCTION” is
used only as the meaning of a single valued function, if not otherwise stated.
x f (x )  y
Pictorially : 
    , y is called the image of x & x is the pre-image of y under f.
input output

Every function from A  B satisfies the following conditions .

(i) f AxB (ii)  a  A  (a, f(a))  f and
(iii) (a, b)  f & (a, c)  f  b = c
2. DOMAIN, CODOMAIN & RANGE OF A FUNCTION :
Let f : A  B, then the set A is known as the domain of f & the set B is known as co-domain of f .
The set of all f images of elements of A is known as the range of f . Thus :
Domain of f = {a  a  A, (a, f(a))  f}
Range of f = {f(a)  a  A, f(a)  B}
It should be noted that range is a subset of codomain . If only the rule of function is given then the domain of
the function is the set of those real numbers, where function is defined. For a continuous function, the interval
from minimum to maximum value of a function gives the range.

3. IMPORTANT TYPES OF FUNCTIONS :

(i) POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION :
If a function f is defined by f (x) = a0 xn + a1 xn1 + a2 xn2 + ... + an1 x + an where n is a non negative integer
and a0, a1, a2, ..., an are real numbers and a0  0, then f is called a polynomial function of degree n .
NOTE : (a) A polynomial of degree one with no constant term is called an odd linear
function . i.e. f(x) = ax , a  0
(b) There are two polynomial functions , satisfying the relation ;
f(x).f(1/x) = f(x) + f(1/x). They are :
(i) f(x) = xn + 1 & (ii) f(x) = 1  xn , where n is a positive integer .
(ii) ALGEBRAIC FUNCTION :
y is an algebraic function of x, if it is a function that satisfies an algebraic equation of the form
P0 (x) yn + P1 (x) yn1 + ....... + Pn1 (x) y + Pn (x) = 0 Where n is a positive integer and
P0 (x), P1 (x) ........... are Polynomials in x.
e.g. y = x is an algebraic function, since it satisfies the equation y²  x² = 0.
Note that all polynomial functions are Algebraic but not the converse. A function that is not algebraic is
called TRANSCEDENTAL FUNCTION .
(iii) FRACTIONAL RATIONAL FUNCTION :
g(x )
A rational function is a function of the form. y = f (x) = , where
h (x )
g (x) & h (x) are polynomials & h (x)  0.
(IV) EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION :
A function f(x) = ax = ex ln a (a > 0 , a  1, x  R) is called an exponential function. The inverse of the
exponential function is called the logarithmic function . i.e. g(x) = loga x .
Note that f(x) & g(x) are inverse of each other & their graphs are as shown .

 + + 
1
x ,
a>
a (0, 1)
) = f(x) = ax , 0 < a < 1
f(x  (0, 1)
)45º )45º
 
(1, 0) (1, 0)
 x

x
x

l og a

=
=

y
y

)
g( x g(x) = loga x

(v) ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION :

A function y = f (x) = x is called the absolute value function or Modulus function. It is defined as
 x if x  0
: y = x 
  x if x  0
(vi) SIGNUM FUNCTION :
A function y= f (x) = Sgn (x) is defined as follows : y
y = 1 if x > 0
 1 for x  0
y = f (x) =  0 for x  0 > x
 O
  1 for x  0 y = Sgn x

It is also written as Sgn x = |x|/ x ; y = 1 if x < 0

x  0 ; f (0) = 0
(vii) GREATEST INTEGER OR STEP UP FUNCTION :
The function y = f (x) = [x] is called the greatest integer function where [x] denotes the greatest integer
less than or equal to x . Note that for :
1  x < 0 ; [x] =  1 0x< 1 ; [x] = 0
1x< 2 ; [x] = 1 2x < 3 ; [x] = 2
and so on .
Properties of greatest integer function : y
graph of y = [x] 3
(a) [x]  x < [x] + 1 and
x  1 < [x]  x , 0  x  [x] < 1 2  º
(b) [x + m] = [x] + m if m is an integer . 1  º
(c) [x] + [y]  [x + y]  [x] + [y] + 1  º 
(d) [x] + [ x] = 0 if x is an integer 3 2 1 1 2 x
3
 º 1
=  1 otherwise .
 º 2
3
(viii) FRACTIONAL PART FUNCTION :
It is defined as :
y graph of y = {x}
g (x) = {x} = x  [x] .
e.g. the fractional part of the no. 2.1 is
2.1 2 = 0.1 and the fractional part of  3.7 is 0.3. 1   º
º º º


The period of this function is 1 and graph of this function 



is as shown .      x
1 1 2
4. DOMAINS AND RANGES OF COMMON FUNCTION :

Function Domain Range

(y = f (x) ) (i.e. values taken by x) (i.e. values taken by f (x) )

A. Algebraic Functions

(i) xn , (n  N) R = (set of real numbers) R, if n is odd

+
R  {0} , if n is even
1
(ii) 
x n , (n N) R – {0} R – {0} , if n is odd

R+ , if n is even

(iii) x1 / n , (n  N) R, if n is odd R, if n is odd

R+  {0} , if n is even R+  {0} , if n is even

1
(iv) 1/ n , (n  N) R – {0} , if n is odd R – {0} , if n is odd
x
R+ , if n is even R+ , if n is even

B. Trigonometric Functions
(i) sin x R [–1, + 1]
(ii) cos x R [–1, + 1]

(iii) tan x R – (2k + 1) , kI R
2

(iv) sec x R – (2k + 1), kI (–  , – 1 ]  [ 1 ,  )
2
(v) cosec x R – k , k  I (–  , – 1 ]  [ 1 ,  )
(vi) cot x R – k , k  I R
C. Inverse Circular Functions (Refer after Inverse is taught )

  
(i) sin–1 x [–1, + 1]  2 , 2 
 
(ii) cos–1 x [–1, + 1] [ 0, ]
  
(iii) tan–1 x R  , 
 2 2
  
(iv) cosec –1x (–  , – 1 ]  [ 1 ,  )  2 , 2  – { 0 }
 
 
(v) sec–1 x (–  , – 1 ]  [ 1 ,  ) [ 0, ] –  
2 
(vi) cot –1 x R ( 0, )
 Function Domain Range
(y = f (x) ) (i.e. values taken by x) (i.e. values taken by f (x) )

D. Exponential Functions
(i) ex R R+
(ii) e1/x R–{0} R+ – { 1 }
(iii) ax , a > 0 R R+
(iv) a1/x , a > 0 R –{0} R+ – { 1 }

E. Logarithmic Functions
(i) logax , (a > 0 ) (a  1) R+ R
1
(ii) logxa = log x R+ – { 1 } R–{0}
a

(a > 0 ) (a  1)

F. Integral Part Functions Functions

(i) [x] R I
1 1 
(ii) R – [0, 1 )  , n  I  {0} 
[x ] n 

G. Fractional Part Functions

(i) {x} R [0, 1)

1
(ii) R–I (1, )
{x}

H. Modulus Functions
(i) |x| R R+  { 0 }
1
(ii) |x| R–{0} R+

I. Signum Function

|x|
sgn (x) = ,x0 R {–1, 0 , 1}
x
=0,x=0

J. Constant Function

say f (x) = c R {c}

5. EQUAL OR IDENTICAL FUNCTION :
Two functions f & g are said to be equal if :
(i) The domain of f = the domain of g.
(ii) The range of f = the range of g and
(iii) f(x) = g(x) , for every x belonging to their common domain. eg.
1 x
f(x) = & g(x) = 2 are identical functions .
x x
6. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS :
One  One Function (Injective mapping) :
A function f : A  B is said to be a oneone function or injective mapping if different elements of A
have different f images in B . Thus for x1, x2  A & f(x1) ,
f(x2)  B , f(x1) = f(x2)  x1 = x2 or x1  x2  f(x1)  f(x2) .
Diagramatically an injective mapping can be shown as

OR

Note : (i) Any function which is entirely increasing or decreasing in whole domain, then
f(x) is oneone .
(ii) If any line parallel to xaxis cuts the graph of the function atmost at one point,
then the function is oneone .
Many–one function :
A function f : A  B is said to be a many one function if two or more elements of A have the same
f image in B . Thus f : A  B is many one if for ; x1, x2  A , f(x1) = f(x2) but x1  x2 .
Diagramatically a many one mapping can be shown as

OR

Note : (i) Any continuous function which has atleast one local maximum or local minimum,then f(x) is
manyone . In other words, if a line parallel to xaxis cuts the graph of the function atleast
at two points, then f is manyone .
(ii) If a function is oneone, it cannot be manyone and vice versa .
Onto function (Surjective mapping) :
If the function f : A  B is such that each element in B (codomain) is the f image of atleast one element
in A, then we say that f is a function of A 'onto' B . Thus f : A  B is surjective iff  b  B,  some
a  A such that f (a) = b .
Diagramatically surjective mapping can be shown as

OR

Note that : if range = codomain, then f(x) is onto.

 Into function :
If f : A  B is such that there exists atleast one element in codomain which is not the image of any
element in domain, then f(x) is into .
Diagramatically into function can be shown as

OR

Note that : If a function is onto, it cannot be into and vice versa . A polynomial of degree even will
always be into.
Thus a function can be one of these four types :

(a) oneone onto (injective & surjective)

(b) oneone into (injective but not surjective)

(c) manyone onto (surjective but not injective)

(d) manyone into (neither surjective nor injective)

Note : (i) If f is both injective & surjective, then it is called a Bijective mapping.
The bijective functions are also named as invertible, non singular or biuniform functions.
(ii) If a set A contains n distinct elements then the number of different functions defined from
A  A is nn & out of it n ! are one one.
Identity function :
The function f : A  A defined by f(x) = x  x  A is called the identity of A and is denoted by IA.
It is easy to observe that identity function is a bijection .
Constant function :
A function f : A  B is said to be a constant function if every element of A has the same f image in B .
Thus f : A  B ; f(x) = c ,  x  A , c  B is a constant function. Note that the range of a constant
function is a singleton and a constant function may be one-one or many-one, onto or into .
7. ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS :
If f & g are real valued functions of x with domain set A, B respectively, then both f & g are defined in
A  B. Now we define f + g , f  g , (f . g) & (f/g) as follows :
(i) (f ± g) (x) = f(x) ± g(x)
(ii) (f  g) (x) = f(x)  g(x)
f f (x)
(iii)   (x) = domain is {x  x  A  B s . t g(x)  0} .
 g g ( x)
8. COMPOSITE OF UNIFORMLY & NON-UNIFORMLY DEFINED FUNCTIONS :
Let f : A  B & g : B  C be two functions. Then the function gof : A  C defined by
(gof) (x) = g (f(x))  x  A is called the composite of the two functions f & g .
x f (x)
Diagramatically      g (f(x)) .
 Thus the image of every x  A under the function gof is the gimage of the fimage of x .
Note that gof is defined only if  x  A, f(x) is an element of the domain of g so that we can take its g-image.
Hence for the product gof of two functions f & g, the range of f must be a subset of the domain of g.
PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS :
(i) The composite of functions is not commutative i.e. gof  fog .
(ii) The composite of functions is associative i.e. if f, g, h are three functions such that fo (goh) &
(fog) oh are defined, then fo (goh) = (fog) oh .
(iii) The composite of two bijections is a bijection i.e. if f & g are two bijections such that gof is
defined, then gof is also a bijection.
9. HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS :
A function is said to be homogeneous with respect to any set of variables when each of its terms
is of the same degree with respect to those variables .
For example 5 x2 + 3 y2  xy is homogeneous in x & y . Symbolically if ,
f (tx , ty) = tn . f (x , y) then f (x , y) is homogeneous function of degree n .
10. BOUNDED FUNCTION :
A function is said to be bounded if f(x)  M , where M is a finite quantity .
11. IMPLICIT & EXPLICIT FUNCTION :
A function defined by an equation not solved for the dependent variable is called an
IMPLICIT FUNCTION . For eg. the equation x3 + y3 = 1 defines y as an implicit function. If y has been
expressed in terms of x alone then it is called an EXPLICIT FUNCTION.
12. INVERSE OF A FUNCTION :
Let f : A  B be a oneone & onto function, then their exists a unique function
g : B  A such that f(x) = y  g(y) = x,  x  A & y  B . Then g is said to be inverse of f . Thus
g = f1 : B  A = {(f(x), x)  (x, f(x))  f} .
PROPERTIES OF INVERSE FUNCTION :
(i) The inverse of a bijection is unique .
(ii) If f : A  B is a bijection & g : B  A is the inverse of f, then fog = IB and
gof = IA , where IA & IB are identity functions on the sets A & B respectively.
Note that the graphs of f & g are the mirror images of each other in the
line y = x . As shown in the figure given below a point (x ',y ' ) corresponding to y = x2 (x >0)
changes to (y ',x ' ) corresponding to y   x , the changed form of x = y .

(iii) The inverse of a bijection is also a bijection .

(iv) If f & g are two bijections f : A  B , g : B  C then the inverse of gof exists and
(gof)1 = f1 o g1 .
13. ODD & EVEN FUNCTIONS :
If f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of ‘f’ then f is said to be an even function.
e.g. f (x) = cos x ; g (x) = x² + 3 .
If f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of ‘f’ then f is said to be an odd function.
e.g. f (x) = sin x ; g (x) = x3 + x .
NOTE : (a) f (x)  f (x) = 0 => f (x) is even & f (x) + f (x) = 0 => f (x) is odd .
(b) A function may neither be odd nor even .
(c) Inverse of an even function is not defined .
 (d) Every even function is symmetric about the yaxis & every odd function is symmetric about the
origin.
(e) Every function can be expressed as the sum of an even & an odd function.
f ( x )  f (  x ) f ( x)  f (  x)
e.g. f ( x)  
2 2

(f) The only function which is defined on the entire number line & is even and odd at the same time
is f(x) = 0.
(g) If f and g both are even or both are odd then the function f.g will be even but if any one of
them is odd then f.g will be odd .
14. PERIODIC FUNCTION :
A function f(x) is called periodic if there exists a positive number T (T > 0) called the period of the
function such that f (x + T) = f(x), for all values of x within the domain of x.
e.g. The function sin x & cos x both are periodic over 2 & tan x is periodic over .
NOTE : (a) f (T) = f (0) = f (T) , where ‘T’ is the period .
(b) Inverse of a periodic function does not exist .
(c) Every constant function is always periodic, with no fundamental period.
(d) If f (x) has a period T & g (x) also has a period T then it does not mean that
f (x) + g (x) must have a period T . e.g. f (x) = sinx+ cosx.
1
(e) If f(x) has a period p, then and f (x) also has a period p.
f (x)
(f) if f(x) has a period T then f(ax + b) has a period T/a (a > 0).
15. GENERAL :
If x, y are independent variables, then :
(i) f(xy) = f(x) + f(y)  f(x) = k ln x or f(x) = 0.
(ii) f(xy) = f(x) . f(y)  f(x) = xn, n  R
(iii) f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y)  f(x) = akx.
(iv) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)  f(x) = kx, where k is a constant.
EXERCISE–I
Q.1 Find the domains of definitions of the following functions :
(Read the symbols [*] and {*} as greatest integers and fractional part functions respectively.)
2
(i) f (x) = cos2x  16  x (ii) f (x) = log7 log5 log3 log2 (2x3 + 5x2  14x)

1  5x
(iii) f (x) = ln  x 2  5x  24  x  2  (iv) f (x) =
  7 x 7
 2 log10 x  1 
(v) y = log10 sin (x  3)  16  x 2 (vi) f (x) = log100x  
 x 
1 x
(vii) f (x) =  ln x(x 2  1) (viii) f (x) = log 1
2
4x  1 2 x2  1
1
(ix) f (x) = x2 | x |  (x) f (x) = ( x 2  3x  10) . ln 2 ( x  3)
2
9x
cos x  (1 2)
(xi) f(x) = logx (cos 2x) (xii) f (x) =
6  35x  6x 2
 [x]
(xiii) f (x) = log1 / 3 log  4
 [x ]
2
5  (xiv) f (x) =
2x  [ x ]
(xv) f (x) = logx sin x

  
 1
(xvi) f (x) = log2   log1/ 2 1  x  
+ log10 log10 x   log10  4  log10 x   log10 3
  sin 100 

1 1 1
(xvii) f (x) = + log1 – {x}(x2 – 3x + 10) + +
[x ] 2| x| sec(sin x)
1
 7 
(xviii) f (x) = (5x  6  x ) lnx +
2
(7 x  5  2x ) +  ln  2  x  
2
  

(xix) f (x) = log  1

x 2  x  6  16 x C 2 x 1  203x
P2 x 5
 x  x 

 2 3 
(xx) f (x) = log10  log |sin x| ( x  8x  23)  log | sin x | 
 2 
Q.2 Find the domain & range of the following functions.
(Read the symbols [*] and {*} as greatest integers and fractional part functions respectively.)
2x x 2  3x  2
(i) y = log 5  2 (sin x  cos x)  3  (ii) y =
1 x 2 (iii) f(x) =
x2  x  6
x
(iv) f (x) = 1 | x | (v) y = 2  x  1  x

x 4 3
(vi) f (x) = log(cosec x - 1) (2  [sin x]  [sin x]2) (vii) f (x) =
x 5
Q.3(a) Draw graphs of the following function, where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function.
(i) f (x) = x + [x] (ii) y = (x)[x] where x = [x] + (x) & x > 0 & x  3
(iii) y = sgn [x] (iv) sgn (x x)
(b) Identify the pair(s) of functions which are identical?
(where [x] denotes greatest integer and {x} denotes fractional part function)
1  cos 2 x
(i) f (x) = sgn (x2 – 3x + 4) and g (x) = e[{x}] (ii) f (x) =
and g (x) = tan x
1  cos 2 x
cos x 1 sin x
(iii) f (x) = ln(1 + x) + ln(1 – x) and g (x) = ln(1 – x2) (iv) f (x) = and g (x) =
1  sin x cos x
Q.4 Classify the following functions f(x) definzed in R  R as injective, surjective, both or none .
x 2  4x  30
(a) f(x) = (b) f(x) = x3  6 x2 + 11x  6 (c) f(x) = (x2 + x + 5) (x2 + x  3)
x 2  8x  18
Q.5 Solve the following problems from (a) to (e) on functional equation.
(a) The function f (x) defined on the real numbers has the property that f  f ( x ) · 1  f ( x )  = – f (x) for all
x in the domain of f. If the number 3 is in the domain and range of f, compute the value of f (3).
(b) Suppose f is a real function satisfying f (x + f (x)) = 4 f (x) and f (1) = 4. Find the value of f (21).
(c) Let 'f' be a function defined from R+  R+ . If [ f (xy)]2 = x  f ( y) 2 for all positive numbers x and y and
f (2) = 6, find the value of f (50).
(d) Let f (x) be a function with two properties
(i) for any two real number x and y, f (x + y) = x + f (y) and (ii) f (0) = 2.
Find the value of f (100).
(e) Let f be a function such that f (3) = 1 and f (3x) = x + f (3x – 3) for all x. Then find the value of f (300).

Q.6 Suppose f (x) = sin x and g (x) = 1 – x . Then find the domain and range of the following functions.
(a) fog (b) gof (c) fof (d) gog
    5
Q.7 If f(x) = sin²x + sin²  x    cos x cos x   and g    1 , then find (gof) (x).
 3  3 4
 1 x 
Q.8 A function f : R  R is such that f   = x for all x  – 1. Prove the following.
1 x 
(a) f  f ( x )  = x (b) f 1 x  = – f (x), x  0 (c) f (– x – 2) = – f (x) – 2.
x
Q.9(a) Find the formula for the function fogoh, given f (x) = ; g (x) = x10 and h (x) = x + 3. Find also the
x 1
domain of this function. Also compute (fogoh)(–1).
(b) Given F (x) = cos2(x + 9). Find the function f, g, h such that F = fogoh.
Q.10 If f (x) = max  x, 1 x  for x > 0 where max (a, b) denotes the greater of the two real numbers a and b.
Define the function g(x) = f (x) · f 1 x  and plot its graph.
Q.11(a) The function f (x) has the property that for each real number x in its domain, 1/x is also in its domain
and f (x) + f 1 x  = x. Find the largest set of real numbers that can be in the domain of f (x)?
(b) Let f (x) = ax 2  bx . Find the set of real values of 'a' for which there is at least one positive real value
of 'b' for which the domain of f and the range of f are the same set.
 x if x 1
 1  x if x  0 
Q.12 f (x) =  2 and g (x) =  find (fog)(x) and (gof)(x)
 x if x  0  1  x if x 1
Q.13 Find whether the following functions are even or odd or none
 2 x (a x  1)
(a) f(x) = log x  1  x  (b) f(x) = (c) f(x) = sin x + cos x
  a x 1 2

(d) f(x) = x sin2 x  x3 (e) f(x)= sin x  cos x (f) f(x) =

1  2  x

2x
x x
(g) f(x)=  1 (h) f(x) = [(x+1)²]1/3 + [(x 1)²]1/3
ex  1 2
Q.14(i) Write explicitly, functions of y defined by the following equations and also find the domains of definition
of the given implicit functions :
(a) 10x + 10y = 10 (b) x + y= 2y
(ii) The function f(x) is defined on the interval [0,1]. Find the domain of definition of the functions.
(a) f (sin x) (b) f (2x+3)
(iii) Given that y = f (x) is a function whose domain is [4, 7] and range is [–1, 9]. Find the range and domain of
1
(a) g (x) = f (x) (b) h (x) = f (x – 7)
3
Q.15 Compute the inverse of the functions:
x
10 x  10  x
(a) f (x) = ln  x  x 2  1 (b) f (x) = 2 x  1 (c) y=
10 x  10  x
 log10 x
Q.16 Find the inverse of f (x) = 2  8 and hence solve the equation f (x) = f–1(x).
Q.17 Function f & g are defined by f(x) = sin x, xR ; g(x) = tan x , xR   K  1  
 2
where K I . Find (i) periods of fog & gof. (ii) range of the function fog & gof .
Q.18 Find out for what integral values of n the number 3 is a period of the function :
f(x) = cos nx . sin (5/n) x.
Q.19 Let f(x) = ln x and g(x) = x2 – 1
Column-I contains composite functions and column-II contains their domain. Match the entries of column-
I with their corresponding answer is column-II.
Column-I Column-II
(A) fog (P) (1, )
(B) gof (Q) (–, )
(C) fof (R) (–, –1)  (1, )
(D) gog (S) (0, )

Q.20 The graph of the function y = f (x) is as follows.

Match the function mentioned in Column-I with the respective graph given in Column-II.
Column-I Column-II
y
1
–2 –1 1 2 x
(A) y = | f (x) | (P) O
–1

y
1

x
(B) y = f ( | x | ) (Q) –2 –1 O 1 2
–1

y
1
x
(C) y = f (– | x | ) (R) –2 –1 O 1 2
–1

y
1
1
(D) y = ( | f (x) | – f (x) ) (S) –2
x
2 –1 O 1 2
–1

EXERCISE–II
Q.1 Let f be a oneone function with domain {x,y,z} and range {1,2,3}. It is given that exactly one of the
following statements is true and the remaining two are false.
f(x) = 1 ; f(y)  1 ; f(z)  2. Determine f1(1)
Q.2 Let x = log49 + log928
show that [x] = 3, where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
Q.3(a) A function f is defined for all positive integers and satisfies f(1) = 2005 and f(1)+ f(2)+ ... + f(n) = n2f(n)
for all n > 1. Find the value of f(2004).
(b) If a, b are positive real numbers such that a – b = 2, then find the smallest value of the constant L for
which x 2  ax  x 2  bx < L for all x > 0.
(c) Let f (x) = x2 + kx ; k is a real number. The set of values of k for which the equation f (x) = 0 and
f  f (x ) = 0 have same real solution set.
(d) If f (2x + 1) = 4x2 + 14x, then find the sum of the roots of the equation f (x) = 0.

(e) Let a and b be real numbers and let f (x) = a sin x + b 3 x + 4,  x  R. If f log10 (log 3 10)  = 5 then
find the value of f log10 (log10 3)  .

Q.4 Column I contains functions and column II contains their natural domains. Exactly one entry of column II
matches with exactly one entry of column I.
Column I Column II
1  x  1 
(A) f (x) = sin   (P) (1, 3)  (3, )
 x 
 x 2  3x  2 
(B) g (x) = ln 
 (Q) (– , 2)
 x  1 
1  1
(C) h (x) = (R)   ,  
 x 1  2
ln  
 2 
 2 
(D) (x) = ln  x  12  2 x  (S) [–3, –1)  [1, )
 
Q.5 Let [x] = the greatest integer less than or equal to x. If all the values of x such that the product
 1  1 2 2 2 2
x  2   x  2  is prime, belongs to the set [x1, x2)  [x3, x4), find the value of x1  x 2  x 3  x 4 .
   
Q.6 Suppose p(x) is a polynomial with integer coefficients. The remainder when p(x) is divided by x – 1 is 1
and the remainder when p(x) is divided by x – 4 is 10. If r (x) is the remainder when p(x) is divided by
(x – 1)(x – 4), find the value of r (2006).
1
 e  | ln{ x }|  {x} | ln{ x }|
where ever it exists
Q.7 Prove that the function defined as , f (x) = 

 {x} otherwise , then
f (x) is odd as well as even. (where {x} denotes the fractional part function )

 1    1  x 
Q.8 In a function 2 f(x) + xf    2f  2 sin    x     = 4 cos2 + x cos
 x    4  2 x
Prove that (i) f(2) + f(1/2) = 1 and (ii) f(2) + f(1) = 0
Q.9 A function f , defined for all x , y  R is such that f (1) = 2 ; f (2) = 8
& f (x + y)  k xy = f (x) + 2 y2 , where k is some constant . Find f (x) & show that :
 1 
f (x + y) f   = k for x + y  0.
 x  y
Q.10 Let f : R  R – {3} be a function with the property that there exist T > 0 such that
f (x )  5
f (x + T) = for every x  R. Prove that f (x) is periodic.
f (x)  3
Q.11 If f (x) = 1 + x  2 , 0  x  4
g (x) = 2  x ,  1  x  3
Then find fog (x) & gof (x) . Draw rough sketch of the graphs of fog (x) & gof (x) .
Q.12 Let f (x) = x135 + x125 – x115 + x5 + 1. If f (x) is divided by x3 – x then the remainder is some function
of x say g (x). Find the value of g (10).
Q.13 Let {x} & [x] denote the fractional and integral part of a real number x respectively. Solve 4{x}= x + [x]

9x  1   2   3   2005 
Q.14 Let f (x) = x then find the value of the sum f  +f   +f   + ....+ f  
9 3  2006   2006   2006   2006 
Q.15 Let f (x) = (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 4) + 5 where x  [–6, 6]. If the range of the function is
[a, b] where a, b  N then find the value of (a + b).
Q.16 Find a formula for a function g (x) satisfying the following conditions
(a) domain of g is (– , ) (b) range of g is [–2, 8]
(c) g has a period  and (d) g (2) = 3
3 4
Q.17 The set of real values of 'x' satisfying the equality   +   = 5 (where [ ] denotes the greatest integer
x x
function) belongs to the interval a , b c where a, b, c  N and b c is in its lowest form. Find the value
of a + b + c + abc.
Q.18 f (x) and g (x) are linear function such that for all x, f  g ( x ) and g  f ( x )  are Identity functions.
If f (0) = 4 and g (5) = 17, compute f (2006).
Q.19 A is a point on the circumference of a circle. Chords AB and AC divide the area of the circle into three
equal parts. If the angle BAC is the root of the equation, f (x) = 0 then find f (x).
Q.20 If for all real values of u & v, 2 f(u) cos v = f (u + v) + f (u  v), prove that, for all real values of x.
(i) f (x) + f ( x) = 2a cos x (ii) f ( x) + f( x) = 0
(iii) f ( x) + f (x) =  2b sin x. Deduce that f (x) = a cos x  b sin x, a, b are arbitrary constants.

EXERCISE–III
Q.1 If the function f : [1, )  [1, ) is defined by f(x) = 2x (x  1), then f1(x) is [JEE '99, 2]
x ( x  1)
 1 1 1
(A)  
 2
(B)
2
1  1  4 log2 x  (C)
2
1  1  4 log2 x  (D) not defined

Q.2 The domain of definition of the function, y (x) given by the equation, 2x + 2y = 2 is
(A) 0 < x  1 (B) 0  x  1 (C)  < x  0 (D)  < x < 1
[JEE 2000 Scr.), 1 out of 35]
Q.3 Given X = {1, 2, 3, 4}, find all oneone, onto mappings, f : X  X such that,
f (1) = 1 , f (2)  2 and f (4)  4 . [ REE 2000, 3 out of 100 ]
 1 , x  0

Q.4(a) Let g (x) = 1 + x  [ x ] & f (x) =  0 , x  0 . Then for all x , f (g (x)) is equal to
1 , x0

(A) x (B) 1 (C) f (x) (D) g (x)
where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function.
 1
(b) If f : [1 , )  [2 , ) is given by , f (x) = x + , then f 1 (x) equals
x
x  x2  4 x x  x2  4
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1  x2  4
2 1  x2 2
log2 (x  3)
(c) The domain of definition of f (x) = is :
x 2  3x  2
(A) R \ { 1,  2} (B) ( 2, ) (C) R\{ 1,  2,  3} (D) ( 3, ) \ { 1,  2}
(d) Let E = {1, 2, 3, 4 } & F = {1, 2}. Then the number of onto functions from E to F is
(A) 14 (B) 16 (C) 12 (D) 8
x
(e) Let f (x) = , x  1 . Then for what value of  is f (f (x)) = x ?
x 1
(A) 2 (B)  2 (C) 1 (D)  1.
[ JEE 2001 (Screening) 5  1 = 5 ]
Q.5(a) Suppose f(x) = (x + 1)2 for x  –1. If g(x) is the function whose graph is the reflection of the graph of
f (x) with respect to the line y = x, then g(x) equals
1
(A) – x – 1, x > 0 (B) , x > –1 (C) x  1 , x > –1 (D) x – 1, x > 0
(x  1) 2
(b) Let function f : R R be defined by f (x) = 2x + sinx for x  R. Then f is
(A) one to one and onto (B) one to one but NOT onto
(C) onto but NOT one to one (D) neither one to one nor onto
[JEE 2002 (Screening), 3 + 3]
x2  x  2
Q.6(a) Range of the function f (x) = 2 is
x  x 1
 7  7
(A) [1, 2] (B) [1,  ) (C)  2 ,  (D) 1, 
 3   3
x
(b) Let f (x) = defined from (0, )  [ 0, ) then by f (x) is
1 x
(A) one- one but not onto (B) one- one and onto
(C) Many one but not onto (D) Many one and onto [JEE 2003 (Scr),3+3]
Q.7 Let f (x) = sin x + cos x, g (x) = x2 – 1. Thus g ( f (x) ) is invertible for x 
          
(A)   , 0 (B)   ,  (C)   ,  (D) 0, 
 2   2   4 4  2
[JEE 2004 (Screening)]
Q.8 If the functions f (x) and g (x) are defined on R  R such that
0, x  rational 0, x  irrational
 
f (x) =  , g (x) = 
 x, x  irrational  x, x  rational
then (f – g)(x) is
(A) one-one and onto (B) neither one-one nor onto
(C) one-one but not onto (D) onto but not one-one [JEE 2005 (Scr.)]
 KEY CONCEPTS (INVERSE TRIGONOMETRY FUNCTION)
GENERAL DEFINITION(S):
1. sin1 x , cos1 x , tan1 x etc. denote angles or real numbers whose sine is x , whose cosine is x
and whose tangent is x, provided that the answers given are numerically smallest available . These
are also written as arc sinx , arc cosx etc .
If there are two angles one positive & the other negative having same numerical value, then
positive angle should be taken .
2. PRINCIPAL VALUES AND DOMAINS OF INVERSE CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS :

(i) y = sin1 x where 1  x  1 ;    y   and sin y = x .

2 2
(ii) y = cos1 x where 1  x  1 ; 0  y   and cos y = x .
 
(iii) y = tan1 x where x  R ;  x and tan y = x .
2 2
 
(iv) y = cosec1 x where x   1 or x  1 ;  y , y  0 and cosec y = x .
2 2

(v) y = sec1 x where x  1 or x  1 ; 0  y   ; y  and sec y = x .
2
(vi) y = cot1 x where x  R , 0 < y <  and cot y = x .
NOTE THAT : (a) 1st quadrant is common to all the inverse functions .
(b) 3rd quadrant is not used in inverse functions .

(c) 4th quadrant is used in the CLOCKWISE DIRECTION i.e.    y  0 .

2
3. PROPERTIES OF INVERSE CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS :
P1 (i) sin (sin1 x) = x , 1  x  1 (ii) cos (cos1 x) = x , 1  x  1
(iii) tan (tan1 x) = x , x  R (iv) sin1 (sin x) = x ,    x  
2 2

(v) cos1 (cos x) = x ; 0  x   (vi) tan1 (tan x) = x ;    x  

2 2
1
P2 (i) cosec1 x = sin1 ; x  1 , x  1
x
1
(ii) sec1 x = cos1 ; x  1 , x  1
x
1
(iii) cot1 x = tan1 ; x>0
x
1
=  + tan1 ; x<0
x

P3 (i) sin1 (x) =  sin1 x , 1  x  1

(ii) tan1 (x) =  tan1 x , x  R
(iii) cos1 (x) =   cos1 x , 1  x  1
(iv) cot1 (x) =   cot1 x , x  R
 
P4 (i) sin1 x + cos1 x = 1  x  1 (ii) tan1 x + cot1 x = xR
2 2

(iii) cosec1 x + sec1 x = x  1
2
 xy
P5 tan1 x + tan1 y = tan1 where x > 0 , y > 0 & xy < 1
1  xy

xy
=  + tan1 where x > 0 , y > 0 & xy > 1
1  xy

xy
tan1 x  tan1y = tan1 where x > 0 , y > 0
1  xy

sin1 x + sin1 y = sin1 x 1  y  y 1  x 

2 2
P6 (i) where x  0 , y  0 & (x2 + y2)  1


Note that : x2 + y2  1  0  sin1 x + sin1 y 
2

sin1 x + sin1 y =   sin1 x 1  y  y 1  x 

2 2
(ii) where x  0 , y  0 & x2 + y2 > 1


Note that : x2 + y2 >1  < sin1 x + sin1 y < 
2
(iii) 
sin–1x – sin–1y = sin 1 x 1  y 2  y 1  x 2  where x > 0 , y > 0

(iv) cos1 x + cos1 y = cos1 x y   1 x 2 1 y 2  where x  0 , y  0

 x  y  z  xyz 
P7 If tan1 x + tan1 y + tan1 z = tan1  1  x y  y z  z x  if, x > 0, y > 0, z > 0 & xy + yz + zx < 1
 
Note : (i) If tan1 x + tan1 y + tan1 z =  then x + y + z = xyz

(ii) If tan1 x + tan1 y + tan1 z = then xy + yz + zx = 1
2
2x 1  x2 2x
P8 2 tan1 x = sin1 = cos1 = tan1
1  x2 1  x2 1  x2
Note very carefully that :
 2 tan 1 x if x 1
2x  1  x2  2 tan 1 x if x  0
sin1 2
=   2 tan 1 x if x 1 cos1 =  1
1 x 1  x2   2 tan x if x  0
 
    2 tan 1 x
 if x  1

 2tan 1 x if x 1
2x 
tan1 2
=   2tan 1 x if x  1
1 x
 
  2tan 1 x  if x 1

REMEMBER THAT :
3
(i) sin1 x + sin1 y + sin1 z =  x = y = z = 1
2
(ii) cos1 x + cos1 y + cos1 z = 3  x = y = z = 1
(iii) tan1 1+ tan1 2 + tan1 3 =  and tan1 1 + tan1 12 + tan1 13 = 2
 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
SOME USEFUL GRAPHS

  
1. y = sin 1 x , x  1 , y   ,
2
2. y = cos 1 x , x  1 , y  [0 , ]
 2 

  
3. y = tan 1 x , x  R , y    2 , 2  4. y = cot 1 x , x  R , y  (0 , )

        
5. y = sec 1 x , x  1 , y  0 , 2    2 ,
 6. y = cosec 1 x , x  1 , y    , 0   0 , 
  2   2
   
7. (a) y = sin 1 (sin x) , x  R , y   ,  , 7.(b) y = sin (sin 1 x) ,
 2 2
Periodic with period 2  = x
x  [ 1 , 1] , y  [ 1 , 1] , y is aperiodic

8. (a) y = cos 1(cos x), x  R, y[0, ], periodic with period 2  8. (b) y = cos (cos 1 x) ,
= x = x
x  [ 1 , 1] , y  [ 1 , 1], y is aperiodic

9. (a) y = tan (tan 1 x) , x  R , y  R , y is aperiodic 9. (b) y = tan 1 (tan x) ,

=x = x
     
xR (2 n  1) n  I , y    ,  ,
 2   2 2

periodic with period 

10. (a) y = cot 1 (cot x) , 10. (b) y = cot (cot 1 x) ,

= x = x
x  R  {n } , y  (0 , ) , periodic with  x  R , y  R , y is aperiodic
11. (a) y = cosec 1 (cosec x), 11. (b) y = cosec (cosec 1 x) ,
= x = x
    
x  R  { n , n  I }, y    2 , 0  0 , 
 2 x  1 , y  1, y is aperiodic

y is periodic with period 2 

12. (a) y = sec 1 (sec x) , 12. (b) y = sec (sec 1 x) ,

= x = x
y is periodic with period 2 ; x  1 ; y  1], y is aperiodic

y  0 ,    
    
xR– (2 n  1) n  I ,
 2   2 2 

EXERCISE–I
Q.1 Given is a partial graph of an even periodic function f whose period
is 8. If [*] denotes greatest integer function then find the value of the
expression.
  7 
f (–3) + 2 | f (–1) | +  f   + f (0) + arc cos  f (2)  + f (–7) + f (20)
  8 

Q.2(a) Find the following

 1  1   7
(i) tan  cos 1  tan 1   (ii) cos1  cos 
 2  3   6 

3  3 3
(iii) cos  tan 1  (iv) tan  sin 1  cot 1 
 4  5 2
(b) Find the following :
   3    
1  3 
(i) sin   sin 1    (ii) cos  cos  2   6 
 2  2      

 3  1 63 
(iii) tan1  tan  (iv) sin  arc sin 

 4  4 8 
Q.3 Find the domain of definition the following functions.
( Read the symbols [*] and {*} as greatest integers and fractional part functions respectively.)
2x 1  x2
(i) f(x) = arc cos (ii) f (x) = cos (sin x)  sin 1
1 x 2x
 x  3
(iii) f (x) = sin 1    log10 ( 4  x ) (iv) f (x) = sin–1(2x + x2)
2 
1  sin x
(v) f(x) = 2
 cos 1 (1  {x}) , where {x} is the fractional part of x .
log 5 (1  4 x )

(vi) f (x) = 3  x  cos 1  3  2 x   log6 2 x  3  sin 1  log2 x

  5
 3 
(vii) f (x) = log10 (1  log7 (x2  5 x + 13)) + cos1  
9x 
 2  sin 2 

sin 1  x2  x 
(viii) f(x) = e  tan 1   1  n
2 
 x  [x] 
2 sin x  1 1  
(ix) f(x) = sin (cos x) + ln ( 2 cos2 x + 3 cos x + 1) + ecos  

 2 2 sin x 
Q.4 Identify the pair(s) of functions which are identical. Also plot the graphs in each case.
1  x2 1
(a) y = tan (cos 1 x); y = (b) y = tan (cot 1 x) ; y =
x x
x
(c) y = sin (arc tan x); y = (d) y = cos (arc tan x) ; y = sin (arc cot x)
1  x2
Q.5 Find the domain and range of the following functions .
(Read the symbols [*] and {*} as greatest integers and fractional part functions respectively.)

(i) f (x) = cot1(2x  x²) (ii) f (x) = sec1 (log3 tan x + logtan x 3)
 2 x2  1   
(iii) f(x) = cos1 
x 2
 1

 

(iv) f (x) = tan 1  log 4 5x 2  8x  4  
  5

Q.6 Let l1 be the line 4x + 3y = 3 and l2 be the line y = 8x. L1 is the line formed by reflecting l1 across the
line y = x and L2 is the line formed by reflecting l2 across the x-axis. If  is the acute angle between
L1 and L2 such that tan  = a b , where a and b are coprime then find (a + b).
Q.7 Let y = sin–1(sin 8) – tan–1(tan 10) + cos–1(cos 12) – sec–1(sec 9) + cot–1(cot 6) – cosec–1(cosec 7).
If y simplifies to a + b then find (a – b).

 33   1  46   1  13   1   19    13
Q.8 Show that : sin 1  sin   cos  cos   tan   tan   cot  cot    =
 7   7   8    8  7

 36   4 8
Q.9 Let  = sin–1   ,  = cos–1   and  = tan–1   , find ( +  + ) and hence prove that
 85  5  15 
(i)  cot  =  cot  , (ii)  tan  · tan  = 1
Q.10 Prove that : sin cot–1 tan cos–1 x = sin cosec–1 cot tan–1x = x where x  (0,1]

Q.11 Prove that:

3 1  5  7 36
(a) 2 cos1 + cot1 16 + cos1 7 =  (b) cos 1    cos 1     sin 1 =
13 63 2 25  13  25  325
2 6 1 
(c) arc cos  arc cos =
3 2 3 6

Q.12 If  and  are the roots of the equation x2 + 5x – 49 = 0 then find the value of cot(cot–1 + cot–1).

 ab  1   bc  1   ca  1 
Q.13 If a > b > c > 0 then find the value of : cot–1   + cot–1   + cot–1  .
 ab   bc   ca 
Q.14 Find the simplest value of
x 1  1 
(a) f (x) = arc cos x + arc cos   3  3x 2  , x   , 1
2 2  2 

 1  x 2 1 
(b) f (x) = tan–1   , x  R – {0}
 x 
 
 3 sin 2   tan  
Q.15 Prove that: tan1   + tan1   = (where   <  <  )
 5  3 cos 2   4  2 2

Q.16 If arc sinx + arc siny + arc sinz =  then prove that (x, y, z > 0)
x 1  x 2  y 1  y 2  z 1  z 2  2 xyz

Q.17 Prove that the identities.


(a) sin–1 cos (sin1 x) + cos–1 sin (cos–1 x) = , | x |  1
2
(b) 2 tan1 (cosec tan1x  tan cot1x) = tan1x (x  0)
 2mn   2pq   2MN 
(c) tan1   + tan1  2  = tan1  2  where M = mp  nq, N = np + mq,
 m2  n 2   p  q2   M  N2 

n q N
1 ; 1 and 1
m p M
(d) tan (tan1 x + tan1 y + tan1 z) = cot (cot1 x + cot1 y + cot1 z)
1 1 
Q.18 Find all values of k for which there is a triangle whose angles have measure tan–1   , tan–1   k  ,
 2 2 
 1 
and tan–1   2k  .
 2 
Q.19(a) Solve the inequality: (arc sec x)2 – 6(arc sec x) + 8 > 0
  
(b) If sin2x + sin2y < 1 for all x, y  R then prove that sin–1 (tanx . tany)   ,  .
 2 2
 
Q.20 Let f (x) = cot–1 (x2 + 4x + 2 – ) be a function defined R   0,  then find the complete set of real
 2
values of  for which f (x) is onto.
 EXERCISE–II
 1 a  1 a 2b
Q.1 Prove that: (a) tan   cos 1  + tan   cos 1  =
4 2 b 4 2 b a

cos x  cos y  x y  ab x  b  a cos x 

(b) cos1 = 2 tan1  tan . tan  (c) 2 tan1  a  b . tan 2  = cos1  
1  cos x cos y 2 2    a  b cos x 

 1  x 2  1  x2 
Q.2 If y = tan1   prove that x² = sin 2y..
 1  x 2  1  x2 
 

Q.3 If u = cot1 cos2  tan1 cos2 then prove that sin u = tan2 .

1  x  1  x2 
Q.4 If  = 2 arc tan   &  = arc sin   for 0 < x < 1 , then prove that + =, what the
1  x  1  x2 
value of  +  will be if x > 1.

 1
Q.5 If x   1,  then express the function f (x) = sin–1 (3x – 4x3) + cos–1 (4x3 – 3x) in the form of
 2
–1
a cos x + b , where a and b are rational numbers.

Q.6 Find the sum of the series:

(a) cot17 + cot113 + cot121 + cot131 + ...... to n terms.
1 2 2 n 1
(b) tan1 + tan1 + ..... + tan1 1  2 2 n  1 + ..... 
3 9
1 1 1 1
(c) tan1 + tan1 2 + tan1 2 + tan1 2 to n terms.
x2  x  1 x  3x  3 x  5x  7 x  7 x  13
1 2 1 n  n1
(d) sin1 + sin1 + ..... + sin1 + ...... 
2 6 n (n  1)
n  1  ( k  1) k ( k  1)( k  2) 
(e) Lim
n 
 cos1 k ( k  1)


k 2  

Q.7 Solve the following equations / system of equations:

 1 1 2
(a) sin1x + sin1 2x = (b) tan1 + tan1 = tan1
3 1  2x 1  4x x2

(c) tan1(x1) + tan1(x) + tan1(x+1) = tan1(3x) (d) 3 cos1 x = sin1  1  x 2 (4 x 2  1) 

 
x1 2x  1 23
(e) tan1 + tan1 2 x  1 = tan1 (f) sin1x + sin1y = 2  & cos1x  cos1y = 
x1 36 3 3
1  a2 1  b2 2
x 1 2x 2
(g) 2 tan1x = cos1 1  a 2 cos1 1  b 2 (a>0, b>0). (h) cos1 + tan1 =
x2  1 x2  1 3

3  1 1    3  1 1  
Q.8 Express cosec2  tan + sec2  tan as an integral polynomial in  & .
2 2 
2 2  
Q.9 Find the integral values of K for which the system of equations;
 2 K 2
arc cos x  (arc sin y) 
 4 possesses solutions & find those solutions.
4
(arc sin y) 2 . (arc cos x)  
 16
y 3
Q.10 Find all the positive integral solutions of, tan1x + cos1 = sin1 .
1  y2 10

Q.11 If X = cosec . tan1 . cos . cot1 . sec . sin1 a & Y = sec cot1 sin tan1 cosec cos1 a ;
where 0  a  1 . Find the relation between X & Y . Express them in terms of ‘a’.
Q.12 Column-I Column-II
 2 
(A) f (x) = sin–1   (P) f (x) is many one
 | sin x  1 |  | sin x  1 | 
(B) f (x) = cos–1( | x – 1 | – | x – 2 | ) (Q) Domain of f (x) is R
  
(C) f (x) = sin–1  1 1

 (R) Range contain only
 | sin x  (  2 ) |  | sin x  (  2 ) |  irrational number
(D) f (x) = cos(cos–1 | x |) + sin–1(sin x) – cosec–1(cosec x) + cosec–1|x| (S) f (x) is even.
1 7
Q.13 Prove that the equation ,(sin1x)3 + (cos1x)3 = 3 has no roots for < and >
32 8
Q.14 Solve the following inequalities :
(a) arc cot2 x  5 arc cot x + 6 > 0 (b) arc sin x > arc cos x (c) tan2 (arc sin x) > 1
Q.15 Solve the following system of inequations
4 arc tan2x – 8arc tanx + 3 < 0 & 4 arc cotx – arc cot2 x – 3 > 0
Q.16 If the total area between the curves f (x) = cos–1(sin x) and g (x) = sin–1(cos x) on the interval [– 7, 7]
is A, find the value of 49A. (Take  = 22/7)
10 10
 m
Q.17 If the sum   tan 1 n   k , find the value of k.
n 1 m 1
Q.18 Show that the roots r, s, and t of the cubic x(x – 2)(3x – 7) = 2, are real and positive. Also compute
the value of tan–1(r) + tan–1(s) + tan–1(t).
  2x 2  4  
Q.19 Solve for x : sin–1  sin  
2   <  – 3.
  1  x 

Q.20 Find the set of values of 'a' for which the equation 2 cos–1x = a + a2(cos–1x)–1 posses a solution.
 EXERCISE–III

Q.1 The number of real solutions of tan1 x (x  1) + sin1 x 2  x  1 = is :
2
(A) zero (B) one (C) two (D) infinite [JEE '99, 2 (out of 200)]
Q.2 Using the principal values, express the following as a single angle :
 1  1 142
3 tan1   + 2 tan1   + sin1 . [ REE '99, 6 ]
 2  5 65 5
ax bx
Q.3 Solve, sin1 + sin1 = sin1x, where a2 + b2 = c2, c  0. [REE 2000(Mains), 3 out of 100]
c c
Q.4 Solve the equation:

cos1  6x  cos 3 1
3x 2  2
[ REE 2001 (Mains), 3 out of 100]

 x2 x 3  4 6 
Q.5 If sin–1  x    ........ + cos–1  x 2  x  x  ........ = for 0 < | x | < 2 then x equals to
 2 4   2 4  2
[JEE 2001(screening)]
(A) 1/2 (B) 1 (C) – 1/2 (D) – 1
x2  1
Q.6 Prove that cos tan–1 sin cot –1 x = [JEE 2002 (mains) 5]
x2  2


Q.7 Domain of f (x) = sin 1 (2 x )  is
6
 1 1  1 3  1 1  1 1
(A)   ,  (B)   ,  (C)   ,  (D)   , 
 2 2  4 4  4 4  4 2
[JEE 2003 (Screening) 3]
Q.8  
If sin cot 1 ( x  1)  cos(tan 1 x ) , then x =
1 1 9
(A) – (B) (C) 0 (D)
2 2 4
[JEE 2004 (Screening)]
Q.9 Let (x, y) be such that

sin–1(ax) + cos–1(y) + cos–1(bxy) =
2
Match the statements in Column I with statements in Column II and indicate your answer by darkening
the appropriate bubbles in the 4 × 4 matrix given in the ORS.
Column I Column II
(A) If a = 1 and b = 0, then (x, y) (P) lies on the circle x2 + y2 = 1
(B) If a = 1 and b = 1, then (x, y) (Q) lies on (x2 – 1)(y2 – 1) = 0
(C) If a = 1 and b = 2, then (x, y) (R) lies on y = x
(D) If a = 2 and b = 2, then (x, y) (S) lies on (4x2 – 1)(y2 – 1) = 0
[JEE 2007, 6]
Q.10 If 0 < x < 1, then 1 x 2 [{x cos (cot–1 x) + sin (cot–1 x)}2 – 1]1/2 =
x
(A) (B) x (C) x 1 x 2 (D) 1 x 2
1 x2
[JEE 2008, 3]
 ANSWER KEY
FUNCTIONS
EXERCISE–I
 5   3     3 5   1
Q 1. (i)  ,   ,    ,  (ii)   4 ,   (2, )(iii) (–  , – 3]
 4 4   4 4  4 4  2

 1   1 1 
(iv) (– , – 1) [0, ) (v) (3  2 < x < 3  ) U (3 < x  4) (vi)  0,   , 
 100   100 10 
1  5  1  5 
(vii) (1 < x < 1/2) U (x > 1) (viii)  , 0   ,  (ix) (3, 1] U {0} U [ 1,3 )
 2   2 

 1    5 
(x) { 4 }  [ 5, ) (xi) (0 , 1/4) U (3/4 , 1) U {x : x  N, x  2} (xii)   ,    , 6 
 6 3  3 
 1 
(xiii) [– 3,– 2)  [ 3,4) (xiv) R –  , 0
 2 
(xv) 2K < x < (2K + 1) but x  1 where K is nonnegative integer
(xvi) {x 1000  x < 10000} (xvii) (–2, –1) U (–1, 0) U (1, 2) (xviii) (1, 2)  (2, 5/2);
3
(xix) x  {4, 5} (xx) x  (3, 5) {x  , }
2

Q.2
(i) D : x R R : [0 , 2] (ii) D = R ; range [ –1 , 1 ]
(iii) D : {xx R ; x  3 ; x  2} R : {f(x)f(x)R , f(x)  1/5 ; f(x)  1}
(iv) D : R ; R : (–1, 1) (v) D : 1  x  2 R :  3, 6 
(vi) 
D : x  (2n, (2n + 1))  2 n  6 , 2 n  2 , 2 n  56 , n  I and 
R : loga 2 ; a  (0, )  {1}  Range is (–, ) – {0}
 1   1 1
(vii) D : [– 4, ) – {5}; R :  0,    , 
 6   6 3
Q.3 (b) (i), (iii) are identical

Q.4 (a) neither surjective nor injective (b) surjective but not injective
(c) neither injective nor surjective
Q.5 (a) – 3/4; (b) 64; (c) 30, (d) 102; (e) 5050
Q.6 (a) domain is x  0 ; range [–1, 1]; (b) domain 2k  x  2k + ; range [0, 1]
(c) Domain x  R; range [– sin 1, sin 1]; (d) domain is 0  x  1; range is [0, 1]
Q.7 1
( x  3)10 1024
Q.9 (a) 10 , domain is R, ; (b) f(x) = x2; g (x) = cos x; h (x) = x + 9
( x  3)  1 1025
1
if 0x1
 x2
Q.10 g( x )   Q.11 (a) {–1, 1} (b) a  {0, – 4}
 2
 x if x 1
 x if x0 x2 if x0
 2
if 0  x  1 ; (fog)(x) =  1  x if 0  x  1
Q.12 (gof)(x) =   x  x
 1  x 2 if x 1 if x 1
Q.13 (a) odd, (b) even, (c) neither odd nor even, (d) odd, (e) neither odd nor even, (f) even,
(g) even, (h) even
Q.14(i) (a) y = log (10  10x) ,   < x < 1
(b) y = x/3 when   < x < 0 & y = x when 0  x < + 
(ii) (a) 2K  x  2K +  where K I (b) [3/2 , 1]
(iii) (a) Range : [– 1/3, 3], Domain = [4, 7] ; (b) Range [–1, 9] and domain [11, 14]
x x log2 x 1 1 x
Q.15 (a) e  e ; (b) ; (c) log Q.16 x = 10; f–1(x) = 10 log 2 ( x  2)
2 log2 x  1 2 1 x
Q.17 (i) period of fog is , period of gof is 2 ; (ii) range of fog is [1 , 1] , range of gof is [tan1, tan1]
Q.18 ± 1, ± 3, ± 5, ± 15 Q.19 (A) R; (B) S; (C) P; (D) Q Q.20 (A) S; (B) R; (C) P; (D) Q

EXERCISE–II
Q 1. f1(1) = y Q.2 152
1
Q.3 (a) , (b) 1, (c) [0, 4), (d) – 5, (e) 3 Q.4 (A) R; (B) S; (C) P; (D) Q
1002
Q.5 11 Q.6 6016 Q 9. f (x) = 2 x2
x 1 , 0  x  1
 (1  x) ,  1  x  0 3 x , 1  x  2
Q 11. fog (x) = ; gof (x) = ;
x1 , 0x2 x 1 , 2  x  3
5x , 3  x  4

x , 1  x  0
x , 0 x 1
fof (x) = 4  x , 3  x  4 ; gog (x) = x , 0x2
4x , 2  x  3
Q.12 21 Q.13 x = 0 or 5/3
Q.14 1002.5 Q.15 5049 Q.16 g (x) = 3 + 5 sin(n + 2x – 4), n  I

Q.17 20 Q.18 122 Q.19 f (x) = sin x + x 
3

EXERCISE–III
Q.1 B Q.2 D
Q.3 {(1, 1), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 2)} ; {(1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 2), (4, 3)} and {(1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 2)}
Q.4 (a) B, (b) A, (c) D, (d) A, (e) D Q.5 (a) D; (b) A
Q.6 (a) D , (b) A Q.7 C Q.8 A
 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRY FUNCTIONS
EXERCISE–I
1 5 4 17 1  2
Q.1 5 Q.2 (a) (i) , (ii) , (iii) , (iv) ; (b) (i) , (ii) 1, (iii)  , (iv)
3 6 5 6 2 4 4
Q.3 (i) 1/3  x  1 (ii) {1, 1} (iii) 1 < x < 4 (iv) [– (1 + 2 ), ( 2 , – 1)]
(v) x (1/2 , 1/2), x  0 (vi) (3/2 , 2]

(vii) {7/3, 25/9} (viii) (2, 2)  {1, 0, 1} (ix) {xx = 2n  + , n  I}
6
Q.4 (a), (b), (c) and (d) all are identical.
Q.5 (i) D : x R R : [/4 , )
      2  
(ii) D: x   n, n   x x  n   n  I; R :  ,    
 2  4 3 3  2

    
(iii) D: xR R : 0 ,  (iv) D: xR R :  , 
 2  2 4
Q.6 57 Q.7 53 Q.9 /2 Q.12 10
 1 11
Q.13  Q.14 (a) ; (b) tan–1x Q.18 k =
3 2 4
1 17
Q.19 (a) (–, sec 2)  [1, ) Q.20
2
EXERCISE–II
9 9
Q.4   Q.5 6 cos–1x –
, so a = 6, b = –
2 2
2 n  5   
(a) arc cot 

Q.6  , (b) 4 , (c) arc tan (x + n)  arc tan x, (d) 2 , (e) 6
 n 

1 3 1 1  3  4 1 ab
Q.7 (a) x = ; (b) x = 3; (c) x = 0, ,  ; (d)  , 1 ; (e) x = ; (f) x = , y = 1; (g) x =
2 7 2 2  2  3 2 1 ab

(h) x = 2  3 or 3
Q 8. (2 + 2) (+ )
2 2
Q 9. K = 2 ; cos ,1 & cos , 1 Q.10 x = 1 ; y = 2 & x = 2 ; y = 7
4 4
Q.11 X = Y= 3  a 2 Q.12 (A) P, Q, R, S; (B) P, Q; (C) P, R, S; (D) P, R, S
F 2 , 1OP (c)  2 , 1    1 ,  2 
Q.14 (a) (cot 2 , )  (, cot 3) (b) GH 2 Q  2   2 
 1 
Q.15  tan , cot 1 Q.16 3388
 2 
3
Q17. k = 25 Q.18 Q.19 x  (–1, 1)
4
Q.20 a  [– 2, ] – {0}
EXERCISE–III
Q.1 C Q.2  Q.3 x { 1, 0, 1} Q.4 x = 1/3 Q.5 B Q.7 D Q.8 A
Q.9 (A) P; (B) Q; (C) P; (D) S Q.10 C