Menoufia University – Faculty of Electronic Engineering

ECE 281: Digital Communications Module – Spring 2024

Line Coding & ISI & Detection-Error Probability

1) Line Coding

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Menoufia University – Faculty of Electronic Engineering
ECE 281: Digital Communications Module – Spring 2024

2) Inter Symbol Interference (ISI)

• Causes of ISI

• Nyquist Criterion for Zero ISI (Pulse shaping)

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Menoufia University – Faculty of Electronic Engineering
ECE 281: Digital Communications Module – Spring 2024

Inverse of 3 x 3 Matrix
• Square Matrix M (i.e with dimensions n x n) that isn't singular (that is, whose determinant isn't
zero) has an inverse, 𝑀−1 , with the property that
𝑀𝑀−1= 𝑀−1 𝑀 = I
where I is the identity matrix.

• Steps to find the Inverse of a 3 × 3 Matrix:

Step 1 Check the determinant of the matrix Step 2 Transpose the original matrix

Step 3 Find the determinant of each of the 2x2 Step 4 Create the adjugate matrix
minor matrices.

Step 5 Divide each term of the adjugate matrix by

the determinant

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Menoufia University – Faculty of Electronic Engineering
ECE 281: Digital Communications Module – Spring 2024

3) Error Probability
• Discrete random variable Vs. Continuous random variable.

• Noise is a continuous random variable with a continuous probability curve.

• For polar transmission using a basic pulse p(t) of a peak amplitude 𝐴𝑃

Polar On-Off case

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Menoufia University – Faculty of Electronic Engineering
ECE 281: Digital Communications Module – Spring 2024

Bipolar
• In the bipolar case the situation is slightly different because 1 is transmitted by a positive
or a negative pulse and 0 is transmitted by no pulse.
• If the detected sample is in the range (−𝐴𝑃 /2, 𝐴𝑃 /2), we decide in favor of 0. If the
detected sample is outside this range, we detect it as 1. Thus

Summary

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Menoufia University – Faculty of Electronic Engineering
ECE 281: Digital Communications Module – Spring 2024

Sheet 4
1) List four different desirable properties of line coding.

Solution:
a) Transmission bandwidth: It should be as small as possible.
b) Power efficiency: For a given bandwidth and a specified detection error probability, the
transmitted power should be as small as possible.
c) Error detection and correction capability: It should be possible to detect, and preferably
correct, detection errors.
d) Favorable power spectral density (PSD): It is desirable to have zero PSD at ω=0 (dc),
because ac coupling and transformers are used at the repeaters.
e) Adequate timing content: It should be possible to extract timing or clock information from
the signal.
f) Transparency: It should be possible to transmit a digital signal correctly regardless of the
pattern of l’s and 0’s.

2) Sketch the block diagram of a regenerative repeater and explain the function of each unit.

Solution:

A regenerative repeater amplifies and reconstructs a badly distorted digital signal and develops
a nearly perfect replica of the original at its output. It is an essential key to digital transmission;
we could say that the “noise stops at the repeater”.
• As illustrated in the figure, the first stage of signal processing is amplification and
equalization.
• The repeater's signal output must be precisely timed to maintain accurate pulse width and
space between the pulses.
• The timing is derived from the incoming bit stream.

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Menoufia University – Faculty of Electronic Engineering
ECE 281: Digital Communications Module – Spring 2024

3) Sketch the line code for the codeword “10101110” using:

(a) Polar RZ
(b) AMI

Solution:

4) In a certain binary communication system that uses Nyquist criterion pulses, a received pulse
𝑝𝑟 (𝑡) has the following values at the sampling instants:
𝑝𝑟 (0) = 1
𝑝𝑟 (𝑇𝑏 ) = 0.1 𝑝𝑟 (−𝑇𝑏 ) = 0.3
𝑝𝑟 (2𝑇𝑏 ) = −0.02 𝑝𝑟 (−2𝑇𝑏 ) = −0.07

Determine the tap settings of a three-tap equalizer.

Solution:

0 1 0.3 −0.07 𝑐−1

[1] = [ 0.1 1 0.3 ] [ 𝑐0 ]
0 −0.02 0.1 1 𝑐1
𝑐−1 1 0.3 −0.07 −1 0
𝑐
[ 0 ] = [ 0.1 1 0.3 ] [1]
𝑐1 −0.02 0.1 1 0

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Menoufia University – Faculty of Electronic Engineering
ECE 281: Digital Communications Module – Spring 2024

From previous
1 0.3 −0.07
𝑀 = [ 0.1 1 0.3 ]
−0.02 0.1 1
Step 1: Check the determinant of the matrix

|𝑀| = 1(1 − 0.03) − 0.1(0.3 + 0.007) − 0.02(0.09 + 0.07)

= 0.97 − .0307 − 0.0032 = 0.9361
≠ 0 (𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟)
Step 2: Transpose the original matrix
1 0.1 −0.02
𝑀𝑇 = [ 0.3 1 0.1 ]
−0.07 0.3 1
Step 3 & 4: Create the adjugate matrix
1 − 0.03 0.3 + 0.007 0.09 + 0.07 + − +
𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝑀) = [0.1 + 0.006 1 − 0.0014 0.3 + 0.007] 𝑥 [− + −]
0.01 + 0.02 0.1 + 0.006 1 − 0.03 + − +
0.97 −0.307 0.16
= [−0.106 0.9986 −0.307]
0.03 −0.106 0.97
Step 5: Divide each term of the adjugate matrix by the determinant

1 1 0.97 −0.307 0.16

𝑀−1 = 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝑀) = [−0.106 0.9986 −0.307]
|𝑀| 0.9361
0.03 −0.106 0.97
1.0362 −0.3280 0.1709
= [−0.1132 1.0668 −0.3280]
0.0320 −0.1132 1.0362
Thus
𝑐−1 1.0362 −0.3280 0.1709 0 −0.3280
[ 𝑐0 ] = [−0.1132 1.0668 −0.3280] [1] = [ 1.0668 ]
𝑐1 0.0320 −0.1132 1.0362 0 −0.1132

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Menoufia University – Faculty of Electronic Engineering
ECE 281: Digital Communications Module – Spring 2024

5) For binary signaling with the received peak amplitude 𝐴𝑃 = 0.0015 determine the detection error
probability if the channel noise is Gaussian with rms value 0.0003.
a) Assuming zero ISI, what is the error probability for:
(i) polar signaling; (ii) on-off signaling; (iii) bipolar signaling?
b) Determine the received power in each of these three cases assuming half-width rectangular
pulses.
c) In order to achieve P(ϵ) identical to that in the polar case, what must be the received Power
for the on-off and the bipolar cases?

Solution:

a) 𝐴𝑃 = 0.0015 & 𝜎𝑛 = 0.0003

𝐴𝑃 0.0015
Since 𝜎𝑛
= 0.0003 = 5
𝐴
i. Polar case, P(ϵ) = 𝑄 ( 𝑃 ) = 𝑄(5) = 2.87𝑥10−7
𝜎𝑛
𝐴
ii. On-off case, P(ϵ) = 𝑄 (2𝜎𝑃 ) = 𝑄(2.5) = 6.21𝑥10−3
𝑛
𝐴
iii. Bipolar case, P(ϵ) = 1.5 𝑄 (2𝜎𝑃 ) = 1.5 𝑄(2.5) = (1.5)6.21𝑥10−3 = 9.315𝑥10−3
𝑛

𝐴𝑃 2 𝑇𝑏
b) The energy of each pulse is 𝐸𝑝 =
2
and there are 𝑅𝑏 (= 1/𝑇𝑏 ) pulses/s for polar case
𝑅𝑏
and 2
pulses/s for the on-off and bipolar cases.
Hence, the received powers are, respectively,
𝐴𝑃 2 𝑇𝑏 𝐴𝑃 2 (0.0015)2
𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 = 𝑅𝑏 = = = 1.125 𝑥 10−6
2 2 2
𝐴𝑃 2 𝑇𝑏 𝑅𝑏 𝐴𝑃 2 (0.0015)2
𝑃𝑜𝑛−𝑜𝑓𝑓 = = = = 0.5625 𝑥 10−6
2 2 4 4
𝐴𝑃 2 𝑇𝑏 𝑅𝑏 𝐴𝑃 2 (0.0015)2
𝑃𝑏𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 = = = = 0.5625 𝑥 10−6
2 2 4 4

𝐴
c) For the on-off case, we require P(ϵ) = 2.87 𝑥 10−7 = 𝑄 (2𝜎𝑃 ),
𝑛
𝐴𝑃
Hence 2𝜎𝑛
=5 → 𝐴𝑃 = 10𝜎𝑛 = 0.003,
2
𝐴𝑃 (0.003)2
∴ 𝑃𝑜𝑛−𝑜𝑓𝑓 = = = 2.25 𝑥 10−6
4 4
𝐴
For the Bipolar case, we require P(ϵ) = 2.87 𝑥 10−7 = 1.5 𝑄 (2𝜎𝑃 ),
𝑛
𝐴
hence 2𝜎𝑃 = 5.075 → 𝐴𝑃 = 10.15𝜎𝑛 = 0.003045,
𝑛
𝐴𝑃 2 (0.003045)2
∴ 𝑃𝑏𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 = = = 2.32 𝑥 10−6
4 4

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Menoufia University – Faculty of Electronic Engineering
ECE 281: Digital Communications Module – Spring 2024

6) Half-width rectangular pulses are transmitted at a rate of 10 kHz using an on-off scheme. The
detection-error probability is required to be less than 10−6. The rms value of the channel noise at
the receiver input is 1 mV. The signal attenuation over the channel (from the transmitter to the
receiver) is 30 dB. Determine the minimum signal power that must be transmitted. For simplicity,
assume that the pulse shape remains unchanged during the transmission.
Hint: Knowledge of P(ϵ) yields the minimum 𝐴𝑃 required at the receiver. From this, compute the
power at the receiver for half-width on-off pulses.

Solution:

For the on-off signaling

𝐴 𝐴𝑃
Pϵ = 𝑄 (2𝜎𝑃 ) < 10−6 → 2𝜎𝑛
≥ 4.76,
𝑛
𝐴𝑃 ≥ 2 × 4.76 × 𝜎𝑛 = 2 × 4.76 × 10−3 = 9.52 × 10−3 V

For the on-off case, half the pulses are zero and for half-width rectangular pulses, the
transmitted power is:
𝐴𝑃 2 𝑇𝑏 𝑅𝑏 𝐴𝑃 2 (9.52 × 10−3 )2
𝑃𝑜𝑛−𝑜𝑓𝑓 = 2 2
= 4
= 4
= 22.66 × 10−6 W

There is an attenuation of 30 dB, or equivalently a ratio of 1000 during transmission. Therefore

𝑃𝑇 = 1000 P = 22.66 mW
7) Repeat Prob. 6 for polar and bipolar signals.

Solution:

Since for Polar case:

𝐴 𝐴𝑃
Pϵ = 𝑄 ( 𝜎𝑃 ) < 10−6 → 𝜎𝑛
≥ 4.76,
𝑛
𝐴𝑃 ≥ 4.76 × 𝜎𝑛 = 4.76 × 10−3 V

For the Polar case with half-width rectangular pulses, the transmitted power is:
𝐴𝑃 2 𝑇𝑏 𝐴𝑃 2 (4.76 × 10−3 )2
𝑃𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 = 𝑅𝑏 = = = 11.33 × 10−6 W
2 2 2

𝑃𝑇 = 1000 P = 11.33 mW

Since for Bipolar case:

𝐴 𝐴 𝐴𝑃
Pϵ = 1.5 𝑄 (2𝜎𝑃 ) < 10−6 → 𝑄 (2𝜎𝑃 ) < 0.667 × 10−6 → 2𝜎𝑛
≥ 4.835,
𝑛 𝑛
𝐴𝑃 ≥ 2 × 4.835 × 𝜎𝑛 = 9.67 × 10 −3
V

For the Bipolar case with half-width rectangular pulses, the transmitted power is:
𝐴𝑃 2 𝑇𝑏 𝑅𝑏 𝐴𝑃 2 (9.67 × 10−3 )2
𝑃𝑏𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 = 2 2
= 4
= 4
= 23.38 × 10−6 W

𝑃𝑇 = 1000 P = 23.38 mW

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