Exact Differential Equation

The first order differential equation of the form 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0…….(1)
where both 𝑀 and 𝑁 are functions of 𝑥 and 𝑦, is said to be exact, if there exist
a function 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)such that 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑢………(2)
Then equation becomes 𝑑𝑢 = 0, which on integration gives 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐,
𝑐 is an arbitrary constant.
Therefore, 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐 is a solution of (1)

Some typical examples of differential of few functions are given below to

find the primitives of DE by inspection:

(𝑖) 𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑 (𝑥𝑦)

𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑦
(𝑖𝑖) = 𝑑 ( )
𝑥2 𝑥

(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑(𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )

(𝑖𝑣) 𝑑𝑥 ± 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑(𝑥 ± 𝑦)

1
(𝑣) 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
2
𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑥
(𝑣𝑖) = −𝑑 ( )
𝑦2 𝑦

𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 −1
𝑦
(𝑣𝑖𝑖 ) = 𝑑 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 )
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 𝑥

𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦
(𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖 ) = 𝑑{𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥𝑦)}
√1 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2

𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑥
(𝑖𝑥 ) = 𝑑 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 )
𝑥𝑦 𝑦
Theorem:
The necessary and sufficient condition for the differential equation
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 to be exact is = .
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Note:
Since 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐 is the general primitive of DE, 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 therefore
we may write
∫ 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓 (𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑖. 𝑒. , ∫ 𝑴𝒅𝒙 + ∫(𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑵 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒙)𝒅𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕

Example 1:
𝑥𝑑𝑦−𝑦𝑑𝑥
Solve: 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + =0
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

Solution:
The given DE is
𝑥𝑑𝑦−𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 2 2 = 0
𝑥 +𝑦

1 𝑥𝑑𝑦−𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
or, 𝑑 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + . =0
2 𝑥2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

𝑦
1 𝑑(𝑥 )
2 2)
or, 𝑑 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 2
=0
2 1+(𝑥)
Integrating,
1 2 𝑦
(𝑥 + 𝑦 2 ) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝑐 , [𝑐 is an arbitrary constant]
2 𝑥
which is the general solution of the given DE.

Example 2:
Solve: (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0

Solution:
The given DE is
(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
 or, 𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0

or, 𝑑(𝑥𝑦) + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0

Integrating,
𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑐
𝑥𝑦 + − =
2 2 2

or, 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 , [𝑐 is an arbitrary constant]

which is the general solution of the given DE.

Example 3:
Solve: 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦(𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑥)

Solution:
The given DE is
𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦(𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑥)
𝑦𝑑𝑥+𝑥𝑑𝑦
or, = 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑦

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
or, + = 𝑑(𝑦 − 𝑥)
𝑥 𝑦

Integrating,

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑐

or, log(𝑥𝑦) = 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑐 , [𝑐 is an arbitrary constant]

which is the general solution of the given DE.

Example 4:
Solve: (𝑥 4 𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

Solution:
The given DE is
(𝑥 4 𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

or, 𝑥 4 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑎(𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥)𝑥𝑦 = 0

 (𝑥𝑑𝑦−𝑦𝑑𝑥)
or, 𝑥 4 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑥 3 𝑦 =0
𝑥2

𝑦
or, 𝑥 4 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑥 3 𝑦𝑑 ( ) = 0
𝑥

𝑦 𝑦
or, 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑎 ( ) 𝑑 ( ) = 0
𝑥 𝑥

Integrating,

𝑥
𝑦 2
𝑒 +𝑎( ) = 𝑐 , [𝑐 is an arbitrary constant]
𝑥

which is the general solution of the given DE.

Example 5:
Solve: (𝑥 4 𝑦 2 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 𝑦 4 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

Solution:
The given DE is
(𝑥 4 𝑦 2 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 𝑦 4 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

or, 𝑥 4 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 4 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

or, 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 (𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦) − (𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 ) = 0

𝑥𝑑𝑦+𝑦𝑑𝑥
or, 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 − =0
𝑥 2 𝑦2

𝑑(𝑥𝑦)
or, 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 − =0
𝑥 2 𝑦2

Integrating,

𝑥 3 𝑦3 1
+ + =𝑐 , [𝑐 is an arbitrary constant]
3 3 𝑥𝑦

which is the general solution of the given DE.

Example 6: (Do yourself)
Solve: (𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

Example 7: (Do yourself)

Solve: (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 )𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Example 8: (Do yourself)

Show that (3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 5)𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑦 = 0 is an exact equation
and hence solve it.

Solution:
Here 𝑀 = 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 5, 𝑁 = 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 3

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 4, =4
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
∴ =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

So, the given equation is an exact equation.

Hence the solution of the equation is
𝒄
∫ 𝑴𝒅𝒙 + ∫(𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑵 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒙)𝒅𝒚 = ,
𝟐
𝑐
or, ∫(3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 5)𝑑𝑥 + ∫(−3𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑦 =
2

3𝑥 2 3𝑦 2 𝑐
or, + 4𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑥 − + 3𝑦 = 2
2 2

or, 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 + 10𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 𝑐 , [𝑐 is an arbitrary constant]

which is the required solution of the given DE.

Example 9:
Show that 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 is an exact differential equation and find
the general solution.

Solution:
Here 𝑀 = 𝑦, 𝑁 = 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 1, =1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
∴ =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

So, the given equation is an exact equation.

Hence the solution of the equation is
∫ 𝑴𝒅𝒙 + ∫(𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑵 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒙)𝒅𝒚 = 𝒄,

or, ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

or, 𝑥𝑦 + sin 𝑦 = 𝑐 , [𝑐 is an arbitrary constant]

which is the required general solution of the given DE.

Example 10:
2 2
Solve: (𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

Solution:
2 2
Here 𝑀 = 𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥 3 , 𝑁 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2

𝜕𝑀 2 2 𝜕𝑁 2 2
= 2𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 3 𝑥𝑒 𝑥𝑦 , = 2𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 3 𝑒 𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
∴ =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

So, the given equation is an exact equation.

Hence the solution of the equation is
∫ 𝑴𝒅𝒙 + ∫(𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑵 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒙)𝒅𝒚 = 𝒄,

2
or, ∫(𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫(−3𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐
2
or, 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 4 − 𝑦 3 = 𝑐 , [𝑐 is an arbitrary constant]

which is the required general solution of the given DE.

Example 11: (Do yourself)
Solve: 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (𝑒 𝑥 + 1) cos 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

Example 12: (Do yourself)

Solve: (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

Example 13: (Do yourself)

Solve: (𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 + 𝑒 −𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑒 −𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

Rules for finding Integrating Factors for Non-exact Differential

Equations:
Let us consider the differential equation 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0-----(1)
which is not an exact differential equation.
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
𝑖. 𝑒. , ≠
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
The equation becomes an exact differential equation when we multiply the
equation by a suitable integrating factor (IF). The following are the rules for
finding integrating factors.

Rule 1: If 𝑀 and 𝑁 are both homogeneous functions in 𝑥 and 𝑦 of

1
same degree and 𝑀𝑥 + 𝑁𝑦 ≠ 0, then is an integrating
𝑀𝑥+𝑁𝑦
factor of (1)

(METHOD 1)
Example 14:
Solve: (𝑥 4 + 𝑦 4 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Solution:
Here 𝑀 = 𝑥 4 + 𝑦 4 , 𝑁 = −𝑥𝑦 3

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 4𝑦 3 , = −𝑦 3
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
∴ ≠
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

So, the given equation is not exact equation, but 𝑀𝑥 + 𝑁𝑦 = 𝑥 5 ≠ 0

 1
Hence is an integrating factor.
𝑥5
1
Multiplying the equation by , we get
𝑥5
1 𝑦4 𝑦3
( + 5 ) 𝑑𝑥 − 4 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

which is an exact equation.

Hence the solution of the equation is

𝒄
∫ 𝑴𝒅𝒙 + ∫(𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑵 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒙)𝒅𝒚 = ,
𝟒

1 𝑦4 𝑐
or, ∫ ( + ) 𝑑𝑥 = 4 , [since there is no term which does not contain 𝑥 in
𝑥 𝑥5
𝑁.

𝑦4 𝑐
or, 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − =4
4𝑥 4

or, 4𝑥 4 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 𝑦 4 = 𝑐𝑥 4 , [𝑐 is an arbitrary constant]

which is the required general solution of the given DE.

(METHOD 2)
Example 15:
Solve: (𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

Solution:
Here 𝑀 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 , 𝑁 = −(𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦)

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦, = −3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
∴ ≠
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

So, the given equation is not exact equation, but 𝑀𝑥 + 𝑁𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 ≠ 0

1
Hence is an integrating factor.
𝑥2𝑦2
 1
Multiplying the equation by , we get
𝑥2 𝑦2

𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 2𝑦2 𝑥 2𝑦2

1 2 𝑥 3
or, 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦

3 2 𝑥
or, 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑 (𝑦) = 0
𝑦

Integrating,
𝑥
3𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 − 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + = 𝑐
𝑦

𝑦3 𝑥
or, 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 + = 𝑐 , [𝑐 is an arbitrary constant]
𝑥 𝑦

which is the general solution of the given DE.

Example 16: (Do yourself)

Solve: (𝑦 3 − 2𝑦𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 − (2𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

Example 17: (Do yourself)

Solve: (2𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 − (2𝑦 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0

Rule 2: If the equation (1) is of the form

1
𝑦𝑓(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑔(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 and 𝑀𝑥 − 𝑁𝑦 ≠ 0, then is an
𝑀𝑥−𝑁𝑦
integrating factor of (1)

Example 18:
Solve: 𝑦(𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

Solution:
Here 𝑀 = 𝑦(𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 ), 𝑁 = (𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Here ≠
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

So, the given equation is not exact equation, but 𝑀𝑥 − 𝑁𝑦 = 3𝑥 3 𝑦 3 ≠ 0

1
Hence is an integrating factor.
3𝑥 3 𝑦 3

Also, the equation is of the form 𝑦𝑓(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑔(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

1
Multiplying the equation by , we get
3𝑥 3 𝑦 3

1 1 2 1 1 1
( 2 + ) 𝑑𝑥 + ( 2 − ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
3 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 3 𝑥𝑦 𝑦

which is an exact equation.

Hence the solution of the equation is

𝒄
∫ 𝑴𝒅𝒙 + ∫(𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑵 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒙)𝒅𝒚 = ,
𝟑

1 1 2 1 1 𝑐
or, ∫ 3 (𝑥2 𝑦 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ (− 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 3 ,

1
or, − + 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑥𝑦

𝑥2 1
or, 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = +𝑐 , [𝑐 is an arbitrary constant]
𝑦 𝑥𝑦

which is the required general solution of the given DE.

Example 19:
Solve: (𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑦 + cos 𝑥𝑦)𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥𝑦 sin 𝑥𝑦 − cos 𝑥𝑦)𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

Solution:
Here 𝑀 = (𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑦 + cos 𝑥𝑦)𝑦, 𝑁 = (𝑥𝑦 sin 𝑥𝑦 − cos 𝑥𝑦)𝑥

𝜕𝑀
= 𝑥𝑦 sin 𝑥𝑦 + cos 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 cos 𝑥𝑦,
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑁
= 3𝑥𝑦 sin 𝑥𝑦 − cos 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 cos 𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Here ≠
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

So, the given equation is not exact equation, but 𝑀𝑥 − 𝑁𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦 ≠ 0
1
Hence is an integrating factor.
2𝑥𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦

Also, the equation is of the form 𝑦𝑓(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑔(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

1
Multiplying the equation by , we get
2𝑥𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦

(𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑦 + cos 𝑥𝑦)𝑦 (𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑦 − cos 𝑥𝑦)𝑥

𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2𝑥𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦 2𝑥𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑦

1 1
or, (𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑦 + ) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑦 − ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑦

which is an exact equation.

Hence the solution of the equation is

∫ 𝑴𝒅𝒙 + ∫(𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑵 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒙)𝒅𝒚 = 𝒄𝟏 ,

1 1
or, ∫ (𝑦𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (− 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝒄𝟏 ,
𝑦
or,
𝑦
𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑦) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑘, [𝒄𝟏 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑘, 𝑠𝑎𝑦]

𝑥
or, 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑦) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑘 , [𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑘 is an arbitrary constant]
𝑦
 𝑘𝑦
or, 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑦 =
𝑥

or, 𝑘𝑦 = 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑦

which is the required general solution of the given DE.

Example 20: (Do yourself)

Solve: (𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

Example 21: (Do yourself)

Solve: (𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 1)𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 1)𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
−
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Rule 3: If = 𝑓(𝑥), a function of 𝑥 only, then 𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 is
𝑁
an integrating factor of the differential equation (1)

(METHOD 1)
Example 22:
Solve: (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

Solution:
Here 𝑀 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥, 𝑁 = 𝑥𝑦

𝜕𝑀
= 2𝑦,
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑁
=𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Here ≠
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

So, the given equation is not exact equation.

 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
− 1 1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Now, = 𝑥𝑦 (2𝑦 − 𝑦) = 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥 ), say [which is a function of 𝑥]
𝑁
1
∫𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 =𝑒 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥

Multiplying the equation by 𝑥 , we get

(𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

or, (𝑥3 + 2𝑥2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥2 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

1
or, 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑(𝑥 2 𝑦 2 ) = 0
2

Integrating,

𝑥4 𝑥3 1 2 2
+2 + 𝑥 𝑦 =𝑐
4 3 2

or, 3𝑥4 + 8𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 12𝑐 = 𝑘 , [12𝑐 = 𝑘 is an arbitrary constant]

which is the required general solution of the given DE.

(METHOD 2)
Example 23:
1
Solve: (𝑥𝑦 − 𝑒 ) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
2 𝑥3

Solution:
1
2
Here 𝑀 = (𝑥𝑦 − 𝑒 ), 𝑥3 𝑁 = −𝑥 2 𝑦

𝜕𝑀
= 2𝑥𝑦,
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑁
= −2𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Here ≠
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
So, the given equation is not exact equation.

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
− 4𝑥𝑦 4
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Now, = −𝑥 2 𝑦 = − 𝑥 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ), say [which is a function of 𝑥]
𝑁
4
∫ −𝑥𝑑𝑥 −4 1
𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 =𝑒 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥4

1
Multiplying the equation by , we get
𝑥4

𝑦 2 1 13 𝑦
( 3 − 4 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

which is an exact equation.

Hence the solution of the equation is

𝒄
∫ 𝑴𝒅𝒙 + ∫(𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑵 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒙)𝒅𝒚 = ,
𝟔
1
𝑦2 1 𝑐
or, ∫ ( 3 − 4 𝑒 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 0 =
𝑥3 , [since there is no term which does not
𝑥 𝑥 6

contain 𝑥 in 𝑁.
1
2 𝑑𝑥 1 1 𝑐
or, 𝑦 ∫ + ∫𝑒 𝑥3 𝑑 ( 3) =
𝑥3 3 𝑥 6

1
𝑦2 1 𝑐
or, − + 3𝑒 𝑥3 =6
2𝑥 2

1
or, 2𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥3 − 3𝑦2 = 𝑐𝑥2 , [𝑐 is an arbitrary constant]

which is the required general solution of the given DE.

Example 24: (Do yourself)

Solve: (𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 4 )𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Example 25: (Do yourself)
𝜋
Solve: 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑦(2) = √
2

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Rule 4: If = 𝑔(𝑦), a function of 𝑦 only, then 𝑒 ∫ 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝑀
is an integrating factor of the differential equation (1)

Example 26:
Solve: (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 )𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Solution:
Here 𝑀 = (2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 )𝑦, 𝑁 = −𝑒 𝑥

𝜕𝑀
= 4𝑥𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 ,
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑁
= −𝑒 𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Here ≠
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

So, the given equation is not exact equation.

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
− 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Now = − 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑦), say [which is a function of 𝑦]
𝑀
2
∫ −𝑦𝑑𝑦 −2 1
𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑦2

1
Multiplying the equation by , we get
𝑦2

1 𝑥
𝑒𝑥
(2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑒 )𝑑𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦 𝑦
 𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥
or, (2𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦

which is an exact equation.

Hence the solution of the equation is

∫ 𝑴𝒅𝒙 + ∫(𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑵 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒙)𝒅𝒚 = 𝒄,

𝑒𝑥
or, ∫ (2𝑥 +
𝑦
) 𝑑𝑥 + 0 = 𝑐 , [since there is no term which does not

contain 𝑥 in 𝑁.

𝑥2 𝑒𝑥
or, 2. + =𝑐
2 𝑦

𝑥
𝑒
or, 𝑥2 + =𝑐 , [𝑐 is an arbitrary constant]
𝑦

which is the required general solution of the given DE.

Example 27:
Solve: 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 20)𝑑𝑦 = 0

Solution:
Here 𝑀 = 𝑥𝑦, 𝑁 = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 20

𝜕𝑀
= 𝑥,
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑁
= 4𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Here ≠
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

So, the given equation is not exact equation.

 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
− 1 3
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Now = 𝑥𝑦 (4𝑥 − 𝑥 ) = 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑦), say [which is a function of 𝑦]
𝑀
3
∫𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 =𝑒 = 𝑒 3𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑦 3

Multiplying the equation by 𝑦 3 , we get

𝑥𝑦 4 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 3𝑦 5 𝑑𝑦 − 20𝑦 3 = 0

1
or, 𝑑 (𝑥 2 𝑦 4 ) + 3𝑦5 𝑑𝑦 − 20𝑦3 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2

Integrating,

1 3 20
(𝑥 2 𝑦 4 ) + 𝑦 6 − 𝑦4 = 𝑐
2 6 4

1 1
or, (𝑥 2 𝑦 4 ) + 𝑦 6 − 5𝑦 4 = 𝑐
2 2

or, 𝑥 2 𝑦 4 + 𝑦 6 − 10𝑦 4 = 5𝑐 = 𝑘 , [5𝑐 = 𝑘 is an arbitrary constant]

which is the required general solution of the given DE.

Example 28: (Do yourself)

Solve: (3𝑥 2 𝑦 4 + 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

Example 29: (Do yourself)

Solve: (𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 2(𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥+𝑦 4 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

Example 30: (Do yourself)

Solve: (𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
 Rule 5: When 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0, can be expressed in
the form 𝑥 𝑎 𝑦 𝑏 (𝑚𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑦) + 𝑥 𝑐 𝑦 𝑑 (𝑝𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞𝑥𝑑𝑦) = 0
where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑚, 𝑛, 𝑝, 𝑞 are constants, then, IF= 𝑥 ℎ 𝑦 𝑘
where ℎ, 𝑘 are constants determined by the simultaneous equations.

𝑎+ℎ+1 𝑏+𝑘+1 𝑐+ℎ+1 𝑑+𝑘+1

= and =
𝑚 𝑛 𝑝 𝑞

Example 31:
Solve: 3𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 −1 (10𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 6𝑥𝑑𝑦) = 0

Solution:
Here is the differential equation
3𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 −1 (10𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 6𝑥𝑑𝑦) = 0

is of the form
𝑥 𝑎 𝑦 𝑏 (𝑚𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑦) + 𝑥 𝑐 𝑦 𝑑 (𝑝𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑞𝑥𝑑𝑦) = 0

where 𝑎 = 0, 𝑏 = 0, 𝑐 = 2, 𝑑 = −1, 𝑚 = 3, 𝑛 = −2, 𝑝 = 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 = −6

Therefore, the integrating factor is IF= 𝑥 ℎ 𝑦 𝑘

where ℎ, 𝑘 are constants determined by the simultaneous equations.

𝑎+ℎ+1 𝑏+𝑘+1 𝑐+ℎ+1 𝑑+𝑘+1

= and =
𝑚 𝑛 𝑝 𝑞

We have,

0+ℎ+1 0+𝑘+1 2+ℎ+1 −1+𝑘+1

= and =
3 −2 10 −6

or, 2ℎ + 3𝑘 = −5 and 3ℎ + 5𝑘 = −9

or, ℎ = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 = −3
Therefore, IF= 𝑥 2 𝑦 −3

Multiplying the equation by IF, we get

𝑥 2 𝑦 −3 (3𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑑𝑦) + 𝑥 2 𝑦 −3 ൛𝑥 2 𝑦 −1 (10𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 6𝑥𝑑𝑦)ൟ = 0

or, 3𝑥 2 𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥 3 𝑦 −3 𝑑𝑦 + 10𝑥 4 𝑦 −3 𝑑𝑥 − 6𝑥 5 𝑦 −4 𝑑𝑦 = 0

or, (3𝑥 2 𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑥 + 10𝑥 4 𝑦 −3 )𝑑𝑥 + (−2𝑥 3 𝑦 −3 − 6𝑥 5 𝑦 −4 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

which is an exact equation.

Hence the solution of the equation is

∫ 𝑴𝒅𝒙 + ∫(𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝑵 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒙)𝒅𝒚 = 𝒄,

or, ∫(3𝑥2 𝑦−2 𝑑𝑥 + 10𝑥4 𝑦−3 )𝑑𝑥 + 0 = 𝑐 , [since there is no term which
does not

contain 𝑥 in 𝑁.

or, 𝑥 3 𝑦 −2 + 2𝑥 5 𝑦 −3 = 𝑐

or, 𝑥 3 𝑦 −2 + 2𝑥 5 𝑦 −3 = 𝑐 , [𝑐 is an arbitrary constant]

which is the required general solution of the given DE.

Example 32: (Do yourself)

Solve: (2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 3𝑦 4 )𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑥 3 +2𝑥𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

Example 33: (Do yourself)

Solve: (𝑦 3 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥𝑦 2 −𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑦 = 0