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2024 WCED Back on Track

JIT | PHYSICAL SCIENCES| GRADE 12

8 May 2024
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ORGANIESE CHEMIE - ORGANIESE MOLEKULES

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Rate and Extent of Reactions

 ATP 2024
Week 5 Week 6
29/4 – 3/5 (4 days) 6/5 – 10/5 (5 days)
WAVES, SOUND AND LIGHT: Doppler effect (2 ure) CHEMICAL CHANGE: Rate and Extent of Reaction(4 ure)
CHEMICAL CHANGE: Rate and Extent of Reaction (2 ure)

● Define reaction rate

● Calculate reaction rate from given data
● List the factors affecting the rate of chemical reactions
● Explain in terms of collision theory how the different factors affect the
rate of chemical reactions
● Answer questions and interpret data (tables or graphs) on various
experimental techniques for measuring the rate of a given response
● Define the term positive catalyst
● Interpret graphs of dispersion of molecular energy to explain how a
catalyst, temperature and concentration affect rate
EXAMINATION GUIDELINES 2021

Rate and Extent of Reaction

(This section must be read in conjunction with the CAPS, p. 123–124.)

Rates of reaction and factors affecting rate

• Define reaction rate as the change in concentration of reactants or products per
unit time.
• Calculate reaction rate from given data for reactants:
Rate = -Δc (Unit: mol∙dm-3∙s-1)
Δt
∙ Calculate reaction rate from given data for products:
Rate = Δc (Unit: mol∙dm-3∙s-1)
Δt
∙ Questions may also include calculations of rate in terms of change in mass/volume/
moles per time.
• List the factors that affect the rate of chemical reactions, i.e. nature of reacting
substances, surface area, concentration (pressure for gases), temperature and the
presence of a catalyst.
• Explain in terms of the collision theory how the various factors affect the rate of
chemical reactions. The collision theory is a model that explains reaction rate as the
result of particles colliding with a certain minimum energy to form products.
EXAMINATION GUIDELINES 2021

Measuring rates of reaction

• Answer questions and interpret data (tables or graphs) on different
experimental techniques for measuring the rate of a given reaction.

Mechanism of reaction and of catalysis

• Define the term catalyst as a substance that increases the rate of a
chemical reaction without itself undergoing a permanent change.
• Explain that a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction by providing an
alternative path of lower activation energy. It therefore decreases the
net activation energy.
• Interpret Maxwell-Boltzmann curves (number of particles against kinetic
energy) to explain the effect of a catalyst, temperature and
concentration on reaction rate.
 PHYSICAL SCIENCES
LAWS AND DEFINITIONS FOR GRADE 12 CANDIDATES

THIS IS THE ONLY WORDING THAT WILL BE ACCEPTED

FOR LAWS AND DEFINITIONS DURING FORMAL ASSESSMENTS.
 PHYSICAL SCIENCES

REACTION RATE CALCULATIONS

Calculate reaction rate from given data for reactants:

Rate = -Δc (Unit: mol∙dm-3∙s-1)
Δt
Calculate reaction rate from given data for products:
Rate = Δc (Unit: mol∙dm-3∙s-1)
Δt
∆[Product] over ∆time

SI UNIT
A + 2B ⭢ AB2 mol.dm-3.s-1
[Product] ( mol.dm-3 )

Tyd ( s )
∆Mass of Product over ∆time

SI UNIT
A + 2B ⭢ AB2 g.s-1
Product mass ( g )

Time ( s )
∆Volume of Product over ∆time

SI UNIT
A + 2B ⭢ AB2 dm3.s-1
Product volume ( dm3 )

Time ( s )
∆Mol of Product over ∆time

SI UNIT mol.s-1
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
Mol Product ( mol )

Time ( s )
∆Mol of Reactants over ∆time

SI UNIT mol.s-1
A + 2B ⭢ AB2
Mol Reactant A ( mol )

Time ( s )
∆[Reactant A] & ∆[Product] on the same graph

A + 2B ⭢ AB2
[Reactant A] & [Products] (mol.dm-3)

Time ( s )
Calculate Reaction rate

A + 2B ⭢ AB2
5,0

4,5
Product mass ( g )

4,0
3,8
3,5

3,0

2,5
2,4
2,0

1,5

1,0

0,5

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180

Time ( s )
 QUESTION Reaction rate
The reaction of zinc and an EXCESS of dilute hydrochloric acid are used to
investigate factors affecting reaction rate. The balanced equation for the
reaction is:

Zn(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) ⟶ ZnCℓ2(aq) + H2(g)

The reaction conditions used, and the results obtained for each experiment
are summarized in the table below.

The same mass of zinc is used in all the experiments. The zinc is completely
covered in all reactions. The reaction time is the time it takes the reaction to
be completed.

Calculate the average rate of the reaction (in mol·min-1) with respect to
zinc for experiment 2 if 1.5 g of zinc is used. (4)
 PHYSICAL SCIENCES
LAWS AND DEFINITIONS FOR GRADE 12 CANDIDATES

COLLISION THEORY

A model that explains reaction rate as the result of particles colliding

with a certain minimum energy to form products.
 Collision theory

In order for a reaction to take place, molecules must collide under

specific conditions.

A + B ⭢ AB

Not AN EFFECTIVE COLLISION! AN EFFECTIVE COLLISION!

1. Particles must collide with the correct orientation. The structure of the molecule
and their relative orientations to each other are important for effective collisions.

1. Particles must collide with enough kinetic energy (kinetic energy ≥ activation
energy).
 PHYSICAL SCIENCES

MAXWELL-BOLTZMANN CURVE

A curve (number of particles against kinetic energy) used to explain

the effect of a catalyst, temperature and concentration on reaction
rate.

NB! Learners must be very accurate when drawing these graphs.

 Potential energy (Enthalpy) & Maxwell-Boltzmann Curves

Potential energy graph Maxwell-Boltzmann graph

Activated
Ep complex

Number of particles
EA
EA

EFFECTIVE
Collisions

Reaction course Kinetic Energy

 PHYSICAL SCIENCES

FACTORS INFLUENCING REACTION RATE

● nature of reacting substances

● surface area (solids)
● pressure (gases in closed container)
● presence of a catalyst
● temperature
● concentration (gases and aqueous solutions)
 Factors Affecting the Reaction Rate

State of division (surface area)

Zn + HCℓ ⭢ ZnCℓ2 + H2

Increase in state of division (powder instead of lumps): # increases the surface area # more
collisions # more effective collisions per unit time # reaction rate increases.
 Factors Affecting the Reaction Rate

Pressure
50 kPa 100 kPa
[Product]

Time (s)

Increase pressure (by reducing volume): # concentration of gas increases # more collisions
# more effective collisions per unit time # reaction rate increases.
 Lowering of Activation energy by adding a catalyst

Activated
Ep complex
⬤

Number of particles
EA
EA

EFFECTIVE
Collisions

Reaction course Kinetic Energy

 Lowering of Activation energy by adding a catalyst

Activated
Ep complex EA Before

Number of particles
⬤

EA
EA
EFFECTIVE
Collisions

Reaction course Kinetic Energy

 Factors Affecting the Reaction Rate

Ep
Positive Catalyst
⬤
A catalyst:
EA # lowers the activation energy (EA).
# more particles have sufficient kinetic energy
# to overcome the reduced activation energy
# more effective collisions occur per unit time
# reaction rate increases

Reaction course

Number of particles
[Product]

EA

Time (s) Kinetic Energy

 Factors Affecting the Reaction Rate

Temperature
30 °C 50 °C

Increase in temperature: # increases the average Kinetic Energy of the molecules # more
particles have sufficient energy # to overcome the activation energy # more effective
collisions occur per unit time # increases reaction rate

Number of particles
30 °C
50 °C
[Product]

EA

Time (s) Kinetic Energy

 Factors Affecting the Reaction Rate

Concentration
0,50 mol.dm-3 0,80 mol.dm-3

Increase in concentration: # more particles per unit volume # more collisions # more
effective collisions per unit time # increases reaction rate.

Number of particles
[Product]

EA

Time (s) Kinetic Energy

 QUESTION 1 Collision theory
Three experiments, A, B and C, are carried out to investigate some of the factors
that affect the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2(ℓ),

The balanced equation for the reaction is: 2H2O2(ℓ) → 2H2O(ℓ) + O2(g)

Identical samples of hydrogen peroxide are used in each experiment.

The conditions used in each experiment are summarised in the table below.

1.1 In which experiment, A or B, is the reaction rate higher??

(1)

1.2 Use the collision theory to explain the answer.

(3)
1.1 B
(1)
1.2
• The catalyst provides an alternative route of lower activation energy.
• More molecule has enough/sufficient kinetic energy./More molecule
has kinetic energy equal to or greater than the activation energy.
• More effective collisions per unit time./Higher frequency of effective
collisions. (3)
 QUESTION 2 Factors Affecting the Reaction Rate & Maxwell-Boltzmann

The reaction of zinc and EXCESS dilute hydrochloric acid is used to investigate
factors that affect reaction rate. The balanced equation for the reaction is:

Zn(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) ⟶ ZnCℓ2(aq) + H2(g)

The reaction conditions used, and the results obtained for each experiment are
summarised in the table below.

The same mass of zinc is used in all the experiments. The zinc is completely covered
in all reactions. The reaction time is the time it takes the reaction to be completed.

2.1 Experiment 1 and experiment 5 are compared. Write down the independent
variable.
(1)
2.1 Temperature/Temperature

2.2 Define reaction rate.

(2)
2.2 Change in concentration of products/reactants per (unit) time.
 QUESTION 2 Factors Affecting the Reaction Rate & Maxwell-Boltzmann

2.4 The Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution curves for particles in each of

experiments 1, 3 and 5 are shown below.

Identify the graph (A or B or C) that represents the following:

2.4.1 Experiment 3. Give a reason for the answer.

(2)

2.4.2 Experiment 5. Give a reason for the answer.

(2)
 QUESTION 2 Factors Affecting the Reaction Rate & Maxwell-Boltzmann

2.4 The Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution curves for particles in each of

experiments 1, 3 and 5 are shown below.

Identify the graph (A or B or C) that represents the following:

2.4.1 Experiment 3. Give a reason for the answer.

(2)

Graph B
(Experiment 3) has the highest (acid) concentration/more particles/greater number
of moles.

2.4.2 Experiment 5. Give a reason for the answer.

(2)

Graph C
(Experiment 5) is at the highest Temperatures/more particles with enough
Compare two experiments
H2

The reaction of zinc and an

EXCESS of dilute hydrochloric
acid are used to investigate
factors that influence
HCℓ Reaction rate.
Zn

The reaction conditions and

the results obtained for each
Zn(s) + 2HCℓ (aq) ⭢ ZnCℓ2 (aq) + H2 (g) experiment are described in
the table summarized below
Dependent variable: Reaction rate
Solid ( Zn ) Mass of Zn Volume HCℓ Concentration Temperature
State of ( gram ) ( dm3 ) of HCℓ of reaction
division (mol.dm-3) mixture
Experiment 1 METAL STRIP 150 g 150 2 40 °C

Experiment 2 METAL STRIP 200 g 150 2 40 °C

Experiment 3 GRAINS 150 g 150 2 40 °C

Experiment 4 METAL STRIP 150 g 200 2 40 °C

Experiment 5 METAL STRIP 150 g 150 4 40 °C

Experiment 6 METAL STRIP 150 g 150 2 60 °C

Compare two experiments
H2

HCℓ
Zn

1. Identify difference
2.Collision theory Zn(s) + 2HCℓ (aq) ⭢ ZnCℓ2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Dependent variable: Reaction rate

3.EFFECTIVE collisions
4.Reaction rate

Solid ( Zn ) Mass of Zn Volume HCℓ Concentration Temperature

State of ( gram ) ( dm3 ) of HCℓ of reaction
division (mol.dm-3) mixture
Experiment 1 METAL STRIP 150 g 150 2 40 °C

Experiment 2 METAL STRIP 200 g 150 2 40 °C

Experiment 3 GRAINS 150 g 150 2 40 °C

Experiment 4 METAL STRIP 150 g 200 2 40 °C

Experiment 5 METAL STRIP 150 g 150 4 40 °C

Experiment 6 METAL STRIP 150 g 150 2 60 °C

 Compare two experiments
H2

HCℓ
Zn

Zn(s) + 2HCℓ (aq) ⭢ ZnCℓ2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Dependent variable: Reaction rate

Solid ( Zn ) Mass of Zn Volume HCℓ Concentration Temperature
State of ( gram ) ( dm3 ) of HCℓ of reaction
division (mol.dm-3) mixture
Experiment 1 METAL STRIP 150 g 150 2 40 °C

Experiment 2 METAL STRIP 200 g 150 2 40 °C

More products in E2 than in E1 !!!

⬤
Experiment 2
[Product]

⬤
Experiment 1
Greater MASS of reactant # larger
REACTION SURFACE # more collisions #
more EFFECTIVE collisions occur per unit
of time # Reaction rate of E2 greater.
t
Compare two experiments
H2

HCℓ
Zn

1. Identify difference
2.Collision theory Zn(s) + 2HCℓ (aq) ⭢ ZnCℓ2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Dependent variable: Reaction rate

3.EFFECTIVE collisions
4.Reaction rate

Solid ( Zn ) Mass of Zn Volume HCℓ Concentration Temperature

State of ( gram ) ( dm3 ) of HCℓ of reaction
division (mol.dm-3) mixture
Experiment 1 METAL STRIP 150 g 150 2 40 °C

Experiment 2 METAL STRIP 200 g 150 2 40 °C

Experiment 3 GRANULES 150 g 150 2 40 °C

Experiment 4 METAL STRIP 150 g 200 2 40 °C

Experiment 5 METAL STRIP 150 g 150 4 40 °C

Experiment 6 METAL STRIP 150 g 150 2 60 °C

 Compare two experiments
H2

HCℓ
Zn

1. Identify difference
2.Collision theory Zn(s) + 2HCℓ (aq) ⭢ ZnCℓ2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Dependent variable: Reaction rate

3.EFFECTIVE collisions
4.Reaction rate

Solid ( Zn ) Mass of Zn Volume HCℓ Concentration Temperature

State of ( gram ) ( dm3 ) of HCℓ of reaction
division (mol.dm-3) mixture
Experiment 1 METAL STRIP 150 g 150 2 40 °C

Experiment 3 GRAINS 150 g 150 2 40 °C

Experiment 3 • Surface area of Zn-GRANULES is

larger than the Zn-METAL STRIP
[Product]

⬤
Experiment 1
• More collisions
⬤

• More EFFECTIVE collisions occur per

unit time.
t • Higher reaction rate in E3.
Compare two experiments
H2

HCℓ
Zn

1. Identify difference
2.Collision theory Zn(s) + 2HCℓ (aq) ⭢ ZnCℓ2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Dependent variable: Reaction rate

3.EFFECTIVE collisions
4.Reaction rate

Solid ( Zn ) Mass of Zn Volume HCℓ Concentration Temperature

State of ( gram ) ( dm3 ) of HCℓ of reaction
division (mol.dm-3) mixture
Experiment 1 METAL STRIP 150 g 150 2 40 °C

Experiment 2 METAL STRIP 200 g 150 2 40 °C

Experiment 3 GRAINS 150 g 150 2 40 °C

Experiment 4 METAL STRIP 150 g 200 2 40 °C

Experiment 5 METAL STRIP 150 g 150 4 40 °C

Experiment 6 METAL STRIP 150 g 150 2 60 °C

 Compare two experiments
H2

HCℓ
Zn

1. Identify difference
2.Collision theory Zn(s) + 2HCℓ (aq) ⭢ ZnCℓ2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Dependent variable: Reaction rate

3.EFFECTIVE collisions
4.Reaction rate

Solid ( Zn ) Mass of Zn Volume HCℓ Concentration Temperature

State of ( gram ) ( dm3 ) of HCℓ of reaction
division (mol.dm-3) mixture
Experiment 1 METAL STRIP 150 g 150 2 40 °C

Experiment 4 METAL STRIP 150 g 200 2 40 °C

Experiment 4 • The same amount of products

[Product]

⬤
Experiment 1
in E4 as in E1
The HCℓ is in excess.
No difference in Reaction rate.

t
Compare two experiments
H2

HCℓ
Zn

1. Identify difference
2.Collision theory Zn(s) + 2HCℓ (aq) ⭢ ZnCℓ2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Dependent variable: Reaction rate

3.EFFECTIVE collisions
4.Reaction rate

Solid ( Zn ) Mass of Zn Volume HCℓ Concentration Temperature

State of ( gram ) ( dm3 ) of HCℓ of reaction
division (mol.dm-3) mixture
Experiment 1 METAL STRIP 150 g 150 2 40 °C

Experiment 2 METAL STRIP 200 g 150 2 40 °C

Experiment 3 GRAINS 150 g 150 2 40 °C

Experiment 4 METAL STRIP 150 g 200 2 40 °C

Experiment 5 METAL STRIP 150 g 150 4 40 °C

Experiment 6 METAL STRIP 150 g 150 2 60 °C

 Compare two experiments
H2

HCℓ
Zn

1. Identify difference
2.Collision theory Zn(s) + 2HCℓ (aq) ⭢ ZnCℓ2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Dependent variable: Reaction rate

3.EFFECTIVE collisions
4.Reaction rate

Solid ( Zn ) Mass of Zn Volume HCℓ Concentration Temperature

State of ( gram ) ( dm3 ) of HCℓ of reaction
division (mol.dm-3) mixture
Experiment 1 METAL STRIP 150 g 150 2 40 °C

Experiment 5 METAL STRIP 150 g 150 4 40 °C

• A higher HCℓ-concentration
Experiment 5
contains more HCl particles per unit
[Product]

volume.
⬤
Experiment 1
⬤

• More EFFECTIVE collisions per unit

time occur.
• Increase in Reaction rate in E5.
t
Compare two experiments
H2

HCℓ
Zn

1. Identify difference
2.Collision theory Zn(s) + 2HCℓ (aq) ⭢ ZnCℓ2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Dependent variable: Reaction rate

3.EFFECTIVE collisions
4.Reaction rate

Solid ( Zn ) Mass of Zn Volume HCℓ Concentration Temperature

State of ( gram ) ( dm3 ) of HCℓ of reaction
division (mol.dm-3) mixture
Experiment 1 METAL STRIP 150 g 150 2 40 °C

Experiment 2 METAL STRIP 200 g 150 2 40 °C

Experiment 3 GRAINS 150 g 150 2 40 °C

Experiment 4 METAL STRIP 150 g 200 2 40 °C

Experiment 5 METAL STRIP 150 g 150 4 40 °C

Experiment 6 METAL STRIP 150 g 150 2 60 °C

 Compare two experiments
H2

HCℓ
Zn

1. Identify difference
2.Collision theory Zn(s) + 2HCℓ (aq) ⭢ ZnCℓ2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Dependent variable: Reaction rate

3.EFFECTIVE collisions
4.Reaction rate

Solid ( Zn ) Mass of Zn Volume HCℓ Concentration Temperature

State of ( gram ) ( dm3 ) of HCℓ of reaction
division (mol.dm-3) mixture
Experiment 1 METAL STRIP 150 g 150 2 40 °C

Experiment 6 METAL STRIP 150 g 150 2 60 °C

• When the temperature is increased, the

Experiment 6 average kinetic energy of the molecules
increase.
[Product]

⬤
Experiment 1
⬤
• More particles have sufficient kinetic energy to
overcome the activation energy
• more EFFECTIVE collisions can occur per unit
time.
t • Higher reaction rate in E6.
Quantitative Chemistry
Quantitative Chemistry
H2

HCl
Zn

Zn(s) + 2HCl (aq) ⭢ ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g).

Solid ( Zn ) Mass of Zn Volume HCl Concentration Temperature

State of ( gram ) ( dm3 ) of HCl of reaction
division (mol.dm-3) mixture
Experiment 1 METAL STRIP 150 g 150 2 40 °C 120 s

Experiment 2 METAL STRIP 200 g 150 2 40 °C

Experiment 3 GRANULES 150 g 150 2 40 °C

Experiment 4 METAL STRIP 150 g 200 2 40 °C

Experiment 5 METAL STRIP 150 g 150 4 40 °C

Experiment 6 METAL STRIP 150 g 150 2 60 °C

Quantitative Chemistry
H2

HCℓ
Zn

Zn(s) + 2HCℓ (aq) ⭢ ZnCℓ2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Solid ( Zn ) Mass of Zn Volume HCℓ Concentration Temperature

State of ( gram ) ( dm3 ) of HCℓ of reaction
division (mol.dm-3) mixture
Experiment 1 METAL STRIP 150 g 150 2 40 °C 120 s
Quantitative Chemistry
H2

HCℓ
Zn

Zn(s) + 2HCℓ (aq) ⭢ ZnCℓ2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Solid ( Zn ) Mass of Zn Volume HCℓ Concentration Temperature

State of ( gram ) ( dm3 ) of HCℓ of reaction
division (mol.dm-3) mixture
120 s
Experiment 1 METAL STRIP 150 g 150 2 40 °C

Zn 2HCℓ ZnCℓ2 H2
1 2 1 1
Quantitative Chemistry
H2

HCℓ
Zn

Zn(s) + 2HCℓ (aq) ⭢ ZnCℓ2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Solid ( Zn ) Mass of Zn Volume HCℓ Concentration Temperature

State of ( gram ) ( dm3 ) of HCℓ of reaction
division (mol.dm-3) mixture
120 s
Experiment 1 METAL STRIP 150 g 150 2 40 °C

Zn 2HCℓ ZnCℓ2 H2
1 2 1 1
n = m/M
n = 150/65
n = 2,30769 mol
Quantitative Chemistry
H2

HCℓ
Zn

Zn(s) + 2HCℓ (aq) ⭢ ZnCℓ2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Solid ( Zn ) Mass of Zn Volume HCℓ Concentration Temperature

State of ( gram ) ( dm3 ) of HCℓ of reaction
division (mol.dm-3) mixture
120 s
Experiment 1 METAL STRIP 150 g 150 2 40 °C

Zn 2HCℓ ZnCℓ2 H2
1 2 1 1
n = m/M n = V/Vm
n = 150/65 2,30769 = V/22,4
n = 2,30769 mol V = 51,69 dm3
Quantitative Chemistry
H2

HCℓ
Zn

Zn(s) + 2HCℓ (aq) ⭢ ZnCℓ2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Solid ( Zn ) Mass of Zn Volume HCℓ Concentration Temperature

State of ( gram ) ( dm3 ) of HCℓ of reaction
division (mol.dm-3) mixture
120 s
Experiment 1 METAL STRIP 150 g 150 2 40 °C

Zn 2HCℓ ZnCℓ2 H2
1 2 1 1
n = m/M n = V/Vm
n = 150/65 2,30769 = V/22,4
n = 2,30769 mol V = 51,69 dm3
 Practical demonstration:
QUESTION 1 Reaction rate https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fM8y1wSu3JU

The reaction of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and EXCESS dilute hydrochloric acid (HCℓ) is used to
investigate one of the factors that affects reaction rate. The balanced equation for the reaction is:

CaCO3(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → CaCℓ2(aq) + H2O(ℓ) + CO2(g)

The same mass of CaCO3 is used in all the experiments and the temperature of the
hydrochloric acid in all experiments is 40 °C.

The reaction conditions for each experiment are summarised in the table below..

1.1 For this investigation, write down the:

1.1.1 Dependent variable

(1)

1.1.2 Independent variable

(1)
QUESTION 1 Reaction rate

The carbon dioxide gas, CO2(g), produced during EXPERIMENT A, is collected in a gas syringe.
The volume of gas collected is measured every 20 s and the results obtained are shown in the
graph below.

1.2 What can be deduced from the graph regarding the RATE OF THE REACTION during the
time interval:
1.2.1 20 s to 40 s
(1)
1.2.2 60 s to 120 s
(1)

1.3 Calculate the average rate (in cm3∙s-1) at which CO2(g) is produced in the experiment.
QUESTION 1 Reaction rate

1.4 How will the volume of CO2(g) produced in experiment B compared to that produced in
experiment A? Choose from GREATER THAN, SMALLER THAN or EQUAL TO.
(1)

1.5 A graph is now drawn for experiment C on the same set of axes. How will the gradient of
this graph compare to the gradient of the graph for experiment A?
Choose from GREATER THAN, SMALLER THAN or EQUAL TO.

Use the collision theory to fully explain the answer.

(4)

1.6 Assume that the molar gas volume at 40 °C is 25,7 dm3∙mol-1. Calculate the mass of
CaCO3(s) used in experiment A.
(4)
QUESTION 1 Reaction rate

1.1.1 (Reaction) rate

(1)

1.1.2 Surface area/state of division /particle size (1)

1.2.1 (Decreasing gradient indicates) rate of reaction is decreasing. (1)

1.2.2 (Gradient is zero, indicates) reaction rate is zero

(1)

1.3
(3)

1.4 Equal to
(1)
QUESTION 1 Reaction rate

1.5 Greater than/Groter as

Experiment C/Eksperiment C:
• Surface area of CaCO3 powder is greater than that of CaCO3 granules./More
particles are exposed /More particles with correct orientation
• More effective collisions per unit time/Higher frequency of effective collisions.
• Increase in reaction rate.

OR/OF
Experiment A/Eksperiment A:
• Surface area of CaCO3 granules is smaller/Fewer particles are exposed (than that of
powdered CaCO3). Less particles with correct orientation
• Less effective collisions per unit time./Lower frequency of effective collisions.
• Decrease in reaction rate.

(4)
QUESTION 1 Reaction rate

1.6
QUESTION 2 Reaction rate

Consider the following decomposition

reaction that takes place in a sealed 2
dm3 container:

2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

The graph below shows how the

concentrations of N2O5(g) and NO2(g)
change with time.

2.1 Refer to the graph above and give a

reason why curve A represents the
change in the concentration of
NO2(g). (1)

2.2 Consider the statement below:

The rate of decomposition of N2O5(g)
is half the rate of formation of NO2(g).
Is this statement TRUE or FALSE? Give
a reason for the answer.
(2)
QUESTION 2 Reaction rate

2.3 Calculate the:

2.3.1 Mass of NO2(g) present in the

container at 400 s
(4)

2.3.2 Average rate of production of

O2(g) in mol∙dm-3∙s-1 in 700 s (4)
QUESTION 2 Reaction rate

2.4 The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curve for the N2O5(g) initially present in the container is
shown below.

The initial concentration of the N2O5(g) is now INCREASED.

2.4.1 Redraw the distribution curve above in the ANSWER BOOK and label this curve as P. On the
same set of axes, sketch the curve that will be obtained for the higher concentration of
N2O5(g). Label this curve as Q.
(2)

2.4.2 Will the rate of decomposition of N2O5(g) at the higher concentration be HIGHER THAN,
LOWER THAN or EQUAL TO the original rate of decomposition? Explain the answer using the
collision theory.
(3)

[16]
QUESTION 2 Reaction rate

2.1 Initial concentration is 0 (of NO2)./Concentration increases./Curve starts at 0.

OR

Curve B has an initial concentration and is the reactant as its concentration decreases. (1)

2.2 True
n mol of N2O5 forms 2n mol of NO2 per unit time.

OR

Gradient of graph for NO2 is twice the gradient of graph for N2O5.

NOTE:
If gradients calculated correctly award mark
(2)
QUESTION 2 Reaction rate

2.3.1

2.3.2
QUESTION 2 Reaction rate

2.4.1

2.4.2 Higher than

• When the concentration of N2O5 is higher there are more N2O5 particles per unit volume.
• More effective collisions per unit time/second.
OR
• Higher frequency of effective collisions.
(3)

[16]
 Practical demonstration:
QUESTION 3 Reaction rate https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gl6LVl7oAlU

The reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3) is used to
investigate one of the factors that influences reaction rate. The balanced equation for the
reaction is:
Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCℓ(aq) → 2NaCℓ(aq) + S(s) + H2O(ℓ) + SO2(g)
The hydrochloric acid solution is added to the sodium thiosulphate solution in a flask. The flask is
placed over a cross drawn on a sheet of white paper, as shown in the diagram below. The time
that it takes for the cross to become invisible is measured to determine the reaction rate.

Four experiments, A to D, are conducted during this investigation. The volumes of reactants used
in each of the four experiments and the times of the reactions are summarised in the table
below.
QUESTION 3 Reaction rate

Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCℓ(aq) → 2NaCℓ(aq) + S(s) + H2O(ℓ) + SO2(g)

3.1 State TWO factors that can influence the rate of the reaction above.
(2)

3.2 Write down the NAME or FORMULA of the product that causes the cross to become invisible.(1)

3.3 Give a reason why water is added to the reaction mixture in experiments B to D.
(1)

3.4 Write down an investigative question for this investigation.

(2)

3.5 In which experiment (A, B, C or D) is the reaction rate the highest?

(1)

3.6 Use the collision theory to explain the difference in reaction rate between experiments B and D.

(3)
3.7 The original Na2S2O3 solution was prepared by dissolving 62,50 g Na2S2O3 crystals in distilled water
in a 250 cm3 volumetric flask.

Calculate the mass of sulphur, S, that will form in experiment D if Na2S2O3 is the limiting reactant.
QUESTION 3 Reaction rate

Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCℓ(aq) → 2NaCℓ(aq) + S(s) + H2O(ℓ) + SO2(g)

3.1 ANY TWO/ENIGE TWEE:

Temperature (of reaction mixture)
(Addition of a) catalyst
Concentration (of reactants)
(2)

3.2 Sulphur/S
(1)

3.3 Water is used to dilute/change the concentration (of the Na2S2O3(aq))

(1)

3.4 What is the relationship between concentration and reaction rate?

How does the reaction rate change with change in concentration

(2)

3.5 A
(1)
QUESTION 3 Reaction rate

Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCℓ(aq) → 2NaCℓ(aq) + S(s) + H2O(ℓ) + SO2(g)

3.6 Experiment B:
• The concentration of Na2S2O3(aq) is higher./More Na2S2O3 particles per unit volume.
Accept: higher volume of Na2S2O3(aq) is used
• More particles with correct orientation
• More effective collisions per unit time
Meer EFFECTIVE collisions per eenheid tyd.

OR/OF

Experiment D:
• The concentration of Na2S2O3(aq) is lower./Less Na2S2O3 particles per unit volume.
• Less particles with correct orientation.
• Less effective collisions per unit time./Lower frequency of effective collisions.
(3)
QUESTION 3 Reaction rate

Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCℓ(aq) → 2NaCℓ(aq) + S(s) + H2O(ℓ) + SO2(g)

3.7
QUESTION 4 Reaction rate

The calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in antacid tablets reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid (HCℓ)
according to the following balanced equation:

CaCO3(s) + 2HCℓ(aq) → CaCℓ2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ) H<0

4.1 Is the above reaction EXOTHERMIC or ENDOTHERMIC? Give a reason for the answer. (2)

An antacid tablet of mass 2 g is placed in HCℓ(aq). After 30 s the mass of the tablet was found to
be 0,25 g.

4.2 Calculate the average rate (in g∙s-1) of the above reaction.
(3)

The antacid tablet contains 40% calcium carbonate. Another antacid tablet of mass 2 g is allowed
to react completely with HCℓ(aq).

4.3 Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide, CO2(g) that will be collected at STP. Assume that all
the CO2(g) produced is from the calcium carbonate.
(5)
QUESTION 4 Reaction rate

The reaction rate of similar antacid tablets with excess HCℓ(aq) of concentration 0,1 mol∙dm-3 at
DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES is measured. The graph below was obtained.

Use the information in the graph to answer the following questions.

4.4 Write down ONE controlled variable for this investigation.

(1)

4.5 Write down a conclusion that can be made from the graph.
(2)

4.6 Use the collision theory to fully explain the answer to QUESTION 4.5
(3)

4.7 Redraw the graph above in your BOOK. On the same set of axes, sketch the curve that will be
obtained if HCℓ(aq) of concentration 0,2 mol∙dm-3 is now used. Label this curve Y. (2)
QUESTION 4 Reaction rate

4.1 Exothermic/Eksotermies
H < 0/Energy is released/Energie word vrygestel
(2)

4.2
QUESTION 4 Reaction rate

4.6
• Increase in temperature increases the average kinetic energy/molecules move faster.
• More molecules have enough/sufficient kinetic energy/More molecules have Ek > Ea.
• More effective collisions per unit time/second. /Frequency of effective collisions increases.

(3)

4.7
QUESTION 4 Reaction rate

4.3

4.4 ANY ONE/ENIGE EEN:

• Concentration (of acid)
• Size/mass of tablet/Identical tablet /Type of tablet.
• State of division / Surface area
(1)
QUESTION 4 Reaction rate

4.5

Examples:
• Reaction rate (1/time) increases with increase in temperature.
• Reaction rate (1/time) decreases with decrease in temperature.
• Time taken for reaction decreases when temperature increases.
• Time taken for reaction increases when temperature decreases.
The end Education

Course: PHYSICAL SCIENCES / FISIESE WETENSKAPPE (westerncape.gov.za)

PHSC: TOETS (RoR-1) (westerncape.gov.za)

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