BUCK BOOST CHOPPER

A mini project submitted for partial fulfillment of degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN Electrical & Electronics Engineering

K.N.V.D. Maheswari (09101534) N. Sai kiran P. Prathyusha K. Vishnu tejaswi (09101648) (09101542) (09101775)

Under the esteemed guidance of

C.Sudheer babu Asst. Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

K L UNIVERSITY
Green Fields, Vaddeswaram,, Guntur- 522 502, Andhra Pradesh. 2011-2012

K L UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that mini project entitled BUCK BOOST CHOPPER is a bonafide work submitted by the following students in the academic year 2011-2012 under my guidance and supervision. K.N.V.D. Maheswari (09101534) N. Sai kiran P.Prathyusha K.Vishnu tejaswi (09101648) (09101542) (09101775)

Project Guide ( C.Sudheer Babu)

Head of the Department (Dr. M Venu Gopala Rao)

External Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my sincere thanks and gratitude to the Department Head, Dr. M Venu Gopala Rao for his excellent supervision and guidance. I wish to express deep sense of gratitude to our guide C. Sudheer Babu for his co-operation, encouragement and timely suggestions. Project Associates K.N.V.D. Maheswari N.Sai kiran P.Prathyusha K.Vishnu tejaswi (09101534) (09101648) (09101542) (09101775)

INDEX

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

01-02

Chapter 2 WORKING 2.1. DC TO DC CONVERTER 2.2. POSITIVE BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER 2.3 OPERATION OF BUCK-BOOST

03-10 03-07 08-09 09-10

Chapter 3 SIMULATION RESULTS

10-17

CONCLUSION

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ABSTRACT:
This project is concern to achieve a high efficiency control strategy for improving the transients in the output voltage of a dc-dc positive buck- boost converter is presented in this paper. The sophisticated control technique can regulate an output voltage for an input voltage, which is higher, lower or same as output voltage. There are several solutions existing for these problems, but all have their disadvantages. The technique introduced here is unique of its kind from the point of view of ripple content in the output voltage and the reliability in control strategy. The best approach involves a tradeoff among cost, efficiency and output noise or ripple. The main objective of this work is to have a positive buck-boost regulator that automatically transits from one mode to other. The method introduced in this paper is a combination of buck, boost and buck-boost. Basic analytical studies have been made and are presented. In the proposed method , instead of instantaneous transition from buck to boost mode, intermediate combination modes consisting of several buck modes followed by several boost modes are utilized to distribute the voltage transients. This is unique of its kind from the point of view of improving the efficiency and ripple content in the output voltage theoretical considerations are presented. Simulation results are shown to prove the proposed theory.

CHAPTER:1 INTRODUCTION
A very common power-handling problem, especially for portable applications, powered by batteries such as cellular phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), wireless and digital subscriber line (DSL) modems, and digital cameras, is the need to provide a regulated noninverting output voltage from a variable input battery voltage. The battery voltage, when charged or discharged, can be greater than, equal to, or less than the output voltage. But for such smallscale applications, it is very important to regulate the output voltage of the converter with high precision and performance. Thus, a tradeoff among cost, efficiency, and output transients should be considered. A common power-handling issue for space-restrained applications powered by batteries is the regulation of the output voltage in the midrange of a variable input battery voltage. Some of the common examples are 3.3 V output with a 34.2 V Li cell input, 5 V output with a 3.66 V four-cell alkaline input, or a 12 V output with an 815 V leadacid battery input. This paper describes a new method for minimizing the transients in the output of a DCDC converter required for small powered portable electronic applications. The transient problem has been the most serious problem for power supplies needing the output voltage in the midrange of the input voltage. The maximum transient arises when the input voltage becomes almost equal to the output voltage. Selecting the best approach involves a tradeoff among cost, efficiency, and output noise or ripple. There are various techniques used to solve the problem of transients. However, most of the methods have drawbacks such as comparatively higher transients or lower efficiency because of the longer switching operations. This paper describes few methods already been used to solve the transient problem and points out the demerits of those methods. In addition, a new combination method, which combines buck and boost modes during the transition mode, is described in this paper to minimize the transients at the output of the converters when the input voltage is near to the output voltage. Mathematical equations have been put forward to support the proposed idea for the transient minimization. Simulation results have been added to make a comparative analysis of transient response of this method with respect to the other methods

01

With an input voltage range that is above and below the output voltage, the use of a buck or a boost converter can be ruled out unless cascaded. Cascaded combination of converters results in cascaded losses and costs; therefore, this approach is seldom used. In such a range of power demand, the transition of dc voltage from one level to another is generally accomplished by means of dc/dc power converter circuits, such as step-down (buck) or step-up (boost) converter circuits. There are various topologies such as inverting buckboost converters, singleended primary inductance converters (SEPICs),
buck

converters, isolated buckboost converters,

and cascaded buck and boost converters, which can be implemented to maintain a constant output voltage from a variable input voltage. The important points of concern for such low-voltage-range power supplies are output ripple, efficiency, space, and the cost. The aforementioned topologies are generally not implemented for such power supplies due to their lower efficiency, higher size, and cost factors. The most difficult problem is the spikes in the output voltage, which causes the converter to lose efficiency during the transition from buck mode to the boost mode. Cost, size, switching speed, efficiency, and flexibility all need to be considered in designing such power supplies. The advantage of having higher efficiency is longer runtime at a given brightness level from the same set of batteries.

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CHAPTER:2 WORKING
2.1. DC-DC Converters There are three kinds of switching mode DC-DC converters, buck, boost and buck-boost. The buck mode is used to reduce output voltage, whilst the boost mode can increase the output voltage. In the buck-boost mode, the output voltage can be maintained either higher or lower than the source but in the opposite

Fig.2.1. Buck, Boost, Buck-Boost Converter Equivalent Circuit Diagram. These converters consist of the same components, an inductor, L, a capacitor, C and a switch, which has two states u = 1and u = 0. All converters connect to a DC power source with a voltage (unregulated), Vin and provide a regulated voltage, Vo to the load resistor, R by controlling the state of the switch. In some situations, the load also could be inductive, for example a DC motor, or approximately, a current load, for example in a cascade configuration. For simplicity, here, only current and resistive loads are to be considered.
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2.1.1. Working Principles The working principles of the DC-DC converters can be explained as follows. In the buck mode, when the switch is on position 1, the DC source supplies power to the circuit which results an output voltage across the resistor. When the switch changes its position to 0, the energy stored in the inductor and capacitor will discharge through the resistor. Appropriately controlling the switching position can maintain the output voltage at a desired level lower than the source. In the boost mode, when the switch is on position 1, the circuit is separated into two parts: on the left, the source is charging the inductor; meanwhile the capacitor on the right maintains the output voltage using previously stored energy. When the switch changes its position to 0, both the DC source and energy stored in the inductor will supply power to the circuit on the right, hence boost the output voltage. Again, the output voltage can be maintain at desired level by controlling the switching sequence. Finally, for the buck-boost mode, switch positions 1 and 0 represents charging and discharging modes of the inductor. Appropriately controlling the switching sequence can result in output voltage higher or lower than the DC source. Chopper: A chopper is a static device that converts fixed d.c input voltage to a variable d.c output voltage directly. A chopper is a high speed ON/OFF semi-conductor switch. It connects the

source to load and disconnects the load from source at a fast speed. In this manner a chopped load voltage is obtained. A chopper may be thought of d.c equivalent of an a.c transformer having continuously variable turns ratio. Like a transformer, a chopper can be used to step down or step up the fixed d.c input voltage. If the averaged output voltage is less than the supply voltage then it is a step down chopper and is known as a buck chopper. If the averaged output voltage is greater than the supply voltage then it is a step up chopper and is known as a boost chopper.

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Operation of Boost Chopper:

Fig. 2.2. Boost chopper circuit In this chopper, a large inductor L, in series with source voltage Vs is essential as shown in Fig. 4. When the chopper is ON, i.e.., during the period Ton the inductor stores energy as there is closed current path and the load voltage Vo is zero. During the interval Toff as the inductor current cannot die out instantaneously, this current is forced through the diode and load. As a result, voltage across the load is given as, Vo=Vs + L*(di/dt), which exceeds the source voltage Vs indicating a step up chopper. The expression for the output voltage of a boost chopper can be given as, Vo= Vs*T/(T-Ton) = 1/(1- )*Vs Where T = Ton + Toff Operation of Buck Chopper: The circuit representing a buck copper is shown in Fig. 5

L S + Ei D C

Vo

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Fig. 2.3. Buck chopper circuit

When the chopper (switch) is ON, i.e.., during the period Ton, chopper is ON and load voltage is equal to source voltage Vs. During the interval Toff, the load current flows through the free-wheeling diode. As a result load terminals are short-circuited by free-wheeling diode and load voltage is therefore, zero during Toff. In this manner a chopped d.c voltage is produced at the load terminals. The average load voltage Vo, is given by, Vo=Ton/(Ton+Toff)*Vs =(Ton/T)*Vs =*Vs Where Ton=ON time Toff=OFF time =(Ton/T)=duty cycle Thus, the load voltage can be controlled by varying the duty cycle , which implies that if the input voltage Vs is constant and the duty ratio is varied as desired, the output of Buck converter will be as that of . i.e.., where represents the duty ratio Advantages of Buck Over Boost: The advantages of Buck Converter are as mentioned below, 1. In Boost converter, the output voltage is very sensitive to changes in duty cycle and it might be difficult to stabilize the regulator but this is not the case in Buck regulator. 2. The Buck regulator configuration is very simple and has high efficiency greater than 90%. 3. In Boost converter, the averaged output current is less than the averaged inductor current by a factor of () and a much higher R.M.S current would flow through the filter capacitor, resulting in the use of large filter capacitor and a large inductor than those of a Buck converter. 4. Voltage gain of a Buck converter is greater than Boost converter. The voltage gain of Buck converter is where as gain of Boost converter is 1/(1- ) vo = vs

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Because of the aforementioned advantages of Buck converter over the Boost converter, we are using Buck rather than Boost. In order to obtain, a sine wave as the output of the inverter using d.c to d.c topology, the output waveform of the Buck converter circuit should be in the form of a fully rectified sine wave. To obtain this the duty ratio , is varied slowly relative to the switching frequency in the form of a fully rectified sine wave, which is obtained from a bridge rectifier (a.c to d.c converter). Then, obviously the output voltage vo, will be in the form of a fully rectified sine waveform. By passing this through a bridge circuit which is synchronized with the fully rectified sine wave form , the output vo is unfolded into a sinusoidal waveform vac.

Fig. 2.4. Buck converter with duty ratio varying in the form of a fully rectified sine wave By passing this through a bridge circuit which is synchronized with the fully rectified sine wave form , the output Vo is unfolded into a sinusoidal waveform as shown in Fig. 2(b).

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Fig. 2.5. A bridge synchronizer following a Buck converter to obtain a sine wave

2.2 POSITIVE BUCK- BOOST CONVERTER 2.2.1 Circuit Topology:

Fig.3.1. Circuit Topology of a Positive Buck-Boost Converter 2.2.2 Operation of a positive Buck-Boost Converter: The circuit topology of a positive buckboost converter is shown in Figure. In buck boost operating mode, always, two switches, Q1 and Q2 , and two diodes,D1 andD2 , are switching in the circuit. A positive buckboost converter can operate as a buck converter by controlling switch Q1 and diode D1 , when Q2 is OFF and D2 is conducting. It can also work as a boost converter by controlling switch Q2 and diode D2 , while Q1 is ON and D1 is not conducting. When the voltage of the battery is more than the output reference voltage, converter

08

operates as a buck converter. As soon as the voltage of the battery drops to a value less than the output reference voltage, the converter should switch to boost mode. The added advantage of the converter is that the output of such a converter is always positive. Table 2.1. presents the values of 1, 1 , and 1 for the conventional method of transition from buck to buckboost and the values of 2, 2 , and 2 from buckboost to the boost operating conditions. Table-2.1Transition model control parameters (, , and ) for the Conventional method of transition from a buck to boost Operating topology

Table-2.2 Parameters of Positive BuckBoost Converter

2.3 Operation of Positive BuckBoost Converter: The circuit topology of a positive buckboost converter . In buckboost operating mode, always, two switches, Q1 and Q2 , and two diodes,D1 andD2 , are switching in the circuit. A positive buckboost converter can operate as a buck converter by controlling switch Q1 and diode D1 , when Q2 is OFF and D2 is conducting. It can also work as a boost converter by

09

controlling switch Q2 and diode D2 , while Q1 is ON and D1 is not conducting. When the voltage of the battery is more than the output reference voltage, converter operates as a buck converter. As soon as the voltage of the battery drops to a value less than the output reference voltage, the converter should switch to boost mode.The added advantage of the converter is that the output of such a converter is always positive Table presents the values of 1, 1 , and 1 for the conventional method of transition from buck to buckboost and the values of 2, 2 , and 2 from buckboost to the boost operating conditions .The overall system level closed loop control strategy of the proposed method . The control logic for. deciding the modes of operation is based on the idea of Fig. Here, both the input and the output voltages are sensed and the proper duty ratios are applied to the switches Q1 and Q2 based on proper duty setting and the desired mode of operation.

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CHAPTER:3 SIMULATION RESULTS

Fig.3.1. Simulation Model for Positive Buck-Boost Converter.

11

Result:

Fig.3.2. Simulation result of positive buck-boost converter for 3v.

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Simulation Results of the combination method

Fig.3.3. Simulation diagram of the proposed method

13

Result:

Fig.3.4. Output Result for Combination Mode of Buck-Boost Converter.

14

. Fig.3.5. When Input voltage is set to 5V in Simulation diagram

In this particular section when 5v input is given we get 5v as output .for this input voltage the circuit is working in Boost Mode and Buck Mode. The variation of voltage is increased by combining the input voltage with the charge of the capacitor so that the output voltage is the sum of the input voltage and the charge of the capacitor in Boost mode. Duty cycle of boost(D boost) = 1- V in/V out according to this duty cycle formula we can tell that the circuit is working in boost mode .Duty cycle of buck0 and Duty cycle of boost is 1.the circuit is efficient such that it is able to reach the requirement . The variation of voltage is decreased by turning off the switch when required and achieved the output required voltage Buck mode. Duty cycle of buck and boost (D boost-bust) = V out/V out+ V in Duty cycle of buck max is 1 and Duty cycle of boost min is 0.

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Fig.3.6. When Input voltage is set to 7V in Simulation diagram In this particular section when 7v input is given we get 5v as output .for this input voltage the circuit is working in Buck Mode. The Higher voltage is decreased controlling the on time and off time of the switch such that required output voltage is achieved that is 5v. Duty cycle of buck(D buck) = V out/Vin according to this duty cycle formula we can tell that the circuit is working in buck mode . Duty cycle of buck0.5 and Duty cycle of boost is 1.the circuit is efficient such that it is able to reach the required voltage that is 5v.

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Fig.3.7. Simulation results

17

CONCLUSION:
By applying the parameter values from Table II for the calculation of buck and boost samples and using (6), just before vin vout , the rounded ratio of 1 and 1 is 3:1. Similarly, just after vin vout , the ratio of 2 and 2 is found to be 1:2. Thus, we choose 1 = 3or three buck cycles and 1 = 1or one boost cycle for the time period in combination mode A and 2 = 1 or one buck cycle and 2 = 2 or two boost cycles for the time period in combination mode B. This ratio is presented in terms of block diagram in Fig. 15 for solving the addressed problem. 1) Proposed Combination Method With BuckBoost Mode in the Middle: The simulations were carried out on the converter using the exact combination method along with the buckboost in the middle. This method improves the ripple content in the output voltage of the converter when the input voltage becomes almost equal to the output voltage and during other transition modes. The waveforms are shown in Fig. 16. It is seen that the peak transient happening during the transition is about 4%. 2) Without BuckBoost Mode in the Middle: The buck boost mode, in the middle, was neglected to save the efficiency of the converter, since during this mode of operation, both the switches are operated simultaneously. By applying this combination method of control and simulating the converter, the results are obtained. The simulation results show that output voltage transients during transition from combination mode A to combination mode B are somehow similar to transients available in transition from combination mode A to buckboost mode. This voltage variation in this method is about 4%; however, canceling the buckboost operating mode in between significantly improves the efficiency of the converter.

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