1.

Write a program to Extract Image Properties (Metadata & Dimensions)

Code:
img = imread('/MATLAB Drive/pexels-lilartsy-2058498.jpg');% Read the
image from the drive
imageInof = imfinfo('/MATLAB Drive/pexels-lilartsy-2058498.jpg'); %
get image information
disp(imageInof);
[height,width,numChannels] = size(img);
fprintf('Image dimension: %d %d\n',height,width);
fprintf('Number of channels:%d\n',numChannels);
redChannel = img(:,:,1);
greenChannel =img(:,:,2);
blueChannel =img(:,:,3)
imshow(blueChannel);
title('blue Channel');
imwrite(img,'/MATLAB Drive/Output_image.png');

2.Write a program to convert an RGB image to Grayscale, HSV, and LAB color spaces and save
the results
Code:
image = imread('/MATLAB Drive/index.png');

% Save and display the original image

imwrite(image, '\MATLAB Drive\original.jpg');
subplot(221); imshow(image); title('Original Image');

% Convert to grayscale and save

grayscale = rgb2gray(image);
imwrite(grayscale, '\MATLAB Drive\grayscale.jpg');
subplot(222); imshow(grayscale); title('Grayscale Image');

% Convert to HSV and save as an RGB representation for visualization

hsvImage = rgb2hsv(image);
hsvAsRGB = hsv2rgb(hsvImage); % Convert to RGB format for saving
imwrite(hsvAsRGB, '\MATLAB Drive\hsvimage.jpg');
subplot(223); imshow(hsvAsRGB); title('HSV Image');

% Convert to LAB and save as an RGB representation for visualization

labImage = rgb2lab(image); % Use RGB input for LAB conversion
% LAB cannot be saved directly, so normalize and convert to RGB for saving
labNormalized = (labImage + [0, 128, 128]) ./ [100, 255, 255];
labAsRGB = lab2rgb(labNormalized); % Convert normalized LAB to RGB
imwrite(labAsRGB, '\MATLAB Drive\\labimage.jpg');
subplot(224); imshow(labAsRGB); title('LAB Image');
3. Write a program to Access Pixel Values in RGB Images
Code:
image = imread('/MATLAB Drive/pexels-lilartsy-2058498.jpg');
imshow(image);
title('Orginal RGB Image');

if size(image,3) == 3
newImage = rgb2gray(image);
end
imshow(newImage);
title('Converted GrayScale Image');

yrow = 100;
xcol = 150;
pixel_value = newImage(yrow,xcol);

disp(['The pixel value at pint: (',num2str(yrow),',',num2str(xcol),') =',

num2str(pixel_value)])

4. Write a program to Extract RGB Channels from an Image

Code:
image = imread('/MATLAB Drive/pexels-lilartsy-2058498.jpg');

imshow(image);
title('RGB Image');

row = 100; % Row index (Y-coordinate)

col = 150; % Column index (X-coordinate)
% Access the pixel values

redvalue = image(row,col,1);
greenvalue = image(row, col,2);
bluevalue = image(row,col,3);

% Display the pixel values

disp(['Pixel value at (', num2str(row), ',', num2str(col), '):']);
disp(['Red: ', num2str(redvalue)]);
disp(['Green: ', num2str(greenvalue)]);
disp(['Blue: ', num2str(bluevalue)]);
5. Write a program for Histogram Equalization (Contrast Adjustment)
Code:
img = imread('/MATLAB Drive/pexels-lilartsy-2058498.jpg');

% Resize image
resized_img = imresize(img, 0.5);
subplot(232); imshow(resized_img);
title('Resized Image');

% Convert to grayscale
gray_img = rgb2gray(img);
subplot(223); imshow(gray_img);
title('Grayscale Image');

% Histogram Equalization
equalized_img = histeq(gray_img);
subplot(231); imshow(equalized_img);
title('Histogram Equalized Image');

6. Write a program for Gaussian Filtering (Noise Smoothing)

Code:
img = imread('/MATLAB Drive/pexels-lilartsy-2058498.jpg');
figure
imshow(img)
title('Original Image');

% 2. Resize
resized_img = imresize(img, 0.5);
figure
imshow(resized_img)
title('Resized Image');

% Convert to grayscale
gray_img = rgb2gray(img);
figure
imshow(gray_img)
title('Grayscale Image');

% Gaussian Filtering
smoothed_img = imgaussfilt(gray_img, 2);
figure
imshow(smoothed_img)
title('Gaussian Smoothed Image');
7. Write a program for sobel and canny method.
code:
img = imread('/MATLAB Drive/pexels-lilartsy-2058498.jpg');
figure
imshow(img)
title('Original Image');

gray_img = rgb2gray(img);
figure, imshow(gray_img), title('Grayscale Image');

Edge Detection
edges_sobel = edge(gray_img, 'sobel');
edges_canny = edge(gray_img, 'canny');

figure
subplot(1,2,1)
imshow(edges_sobel)
title('Sobel Edge Detection');

subplot(1,2,2)
imshow(edges_canny)
title('Canny Edge Detection');

8. Write a program for Gray-level Thresholding (Manual Threshold)

Code:
img = imread('/MATLAB Drive/pexels-lilartsy-2058498.jpg');
% Convert to grayscale
grayImg = rgb2gray(img);
% Thresholding
level = 105;
bwImg = grayImg < level; % Binary mask
holeImg = grayImg .* uint8(bwImg); % Masked grayscale image
% Show images
subplot(1, 3, 1); imshow(grayImg); title('Grayscale Image');
subplot(1, 3, 2); imshow(bwImg); title('Thresholded Image');
subplot(1, 3, 3); imshow(holeImg); title('Binary Map × Grayscale');

% Save images
imwrite(uint8(bwImg) * 255, 'Graylevel_Thresholding_thresholded.png');
% Convert logical to uint8 for saving
imwrite(holeImg, 'Graylevel_Thresholding_blend.png');
9. Write a program for Global Thresholding using Otsu's Method (Automatic
Threshold)
Code:
img = rgb2gray(imread('/MATLAB Drive/pexels-lilartsy-2058498.jpg'));

% Perform Otsu thresholding

level = graythresh(img);
otsuThresh = round(level * 255);
bwImg = imbinarize(img, level); % use imbinarize instead of im2bw

% Show images
subplot(1, 3, 1); imshow(img); title('Original Image');
subplot(1, 3, 2); imshow(bwImg); title('Otsu Thresholded');
subplot(1, 3, 3); imshow((1-bwImg).*im2double(img)); title('Overlay');

% Save binary thresholded image

imwrite(bwImg, 'Global_Thresholding_bw.png');

% Plot histogram
figure;
[counts, x] = imhist(img);
bar(x, counts); hold on;
plot([otsuThresh otsuThresh], [0 max(counts)], 'r-', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Histogram with Otsu Threshold');
xlabel('Intensity Level'); ylabel('Pixel Count');
axis([0 255 0 max(counts)]);
set(gca, 'FontSize', 14);
set(gcf, 'Color', 'white');

% Save histogram
saveas(gcf, 'Global_Thresholding_hist.png');
10.Write a program for region labeling
code:
% Load test image
img = imread('/MATLAB Drive/pexels-lilartsy-2058498.jpg');

% Convert to grayscale if image is RGB

if size(img, 3) == 3
img = rgb2gray(img);
end

% Binarize image using Otsu's method (note: invert foreground)

level = graythresh(img);
bwImg = ~imbinarize(img, level); % foreground = white (objects),
background = black

% Region labeling
L = bwlabel(bwImg, 8); % 8-connectivity
rgbLabel = label2rgb(L, 'jet', 'k'); % Assign colors

% Show images
subplot(1, 3, 1); imshow(img); title('Grayscale Image');
subplot(1, 3, 2); imshow(bwImg); title('Binarized Image');
subplot(1, 3, 3); imshow(rgbLabel); title('Labeled Regions');

% Save images
imwrite(bwImg, 'Region_Labeling_bw.png');
imwrite(rgbLabel, 'Region_Labeling_rgbLabel.png');

11. Write a program for Hole Filling in Binary Images

code:
% Load test image
img = imread('/MATLAB Drive/pexels-lilartsy-2058498.jpg');

% Convert to grayscale if needed

if size(img, 3) == 3
img = rgb2gray(img);
end

% Binarize using a fixed threshold

level = 105;
bwImg = img < level; % Foreground = white (logical 1), Background =
black (logical 0)

% Fill holes in the binary image

filledBwImg = imfill(bwImg, 'holes');
% Show images
subplot(1, 2, 1), imshow(bwImg); title('Original Binary Image');
subplot(1, 2, 2), imshow(filledBwImg); title('Filled Binary Image');

% Save images
imwrite(uint8(bwImg) * 255, 'Hole_Filling_bw.png');
imwrite(uint8(filledBwImg) * 255, 'Hole_Filling_filled.png');

12. Write a program for Image Dilation (Expanding Objects)

Code:
% Load test image
img = imread('/MATLAB Drive/pexels-lilartsy-2058498.jpg');

% Perform dilation with small disk

se1 = strel('disk', 10);
BW1 = imdilate(img,se1);

% Perform dilation with larger disk

se2 = strel('disk', 20);
BW2 = imdilate(img, se2);

% Show images
subplot(1, 3, 1), imshow(img); title('Original Image');
subplot(1, 3, 2), imshow(BW1); title('Dilation by Small Disk');
subplot(1, 3, 3), imshow(BW2); title('Dilation by Larger Disk');

% Save images
imwrite(BW1, 'Dilation_disk_10.png');
imwrite(BW2, 'Dilation_disk_20.png')
13. Write a program for Image Erosion (Shrinking Objects)
code:
% Load test image
img = imread('/MATLAB Drive/pexels-lilartsy-2058498.jpg');

% Perform dilation with small disk

se1 = strel('disk', 3);
BW1 = imerode(img,se1);

% Perform dilation with larger disk

se2 = strel('disk', 7);
BW2 = imerode(img, se2);

% Show images
subplot(1, 3, 1), imshow(img); title('Original Image');
subplot(1, 3, 2), imshow(BW1); title('Erosion by Small Disk');
subplot(1, 3, 3), imshow(BW2); title('Eorsion by Larger Disk');

% Save images
imwrite(BW1, 'Erosion_disk_3.png');
imwrite(BW2, 'Erosion_disk_7.png');

14. Write a program for Roberts Edge Detection (Diagonal Gradients)

Code:
% Load and convert to grayscale
img = imread('/MATLAB Drive/pexels-lilartsy-2058498.jpg');
if size(img, 3) == 3
img = rgb2gray(img);
end
img = double(img);

% Apply Roberts filters

h1 = [1, 0; 0, -1];
h2 = [0, 1; -1, 0];
filteredImg1 = imfilter(img, h1, 'replicate');
filteredImg2 = imfilter(img, h2, 'replicate');

% Normalize and visualize

filteredImg1 = log(abs(filteredImg1) + 1);
filteredImg1 = filteredImg1 / max(filteredImg1(:));
filteredImg2 = log(abs(filteredImg2) + 1);
filteredImg2 = filteredImg2 / max(filteredImg2(:));

% Show results
figure,
subplot(1, 3, 1), imshow(uint8(img)); title('Original Image');
subplot(1, 3, 2), imshow(filteredImg1); title('Roberts Diagonal');
subplot(1, 3, 3), imshow(filteredImg2); title('Roberts Anti-Diagonal');

% Save filtered results

imwrite(im2uint8(filteredImg1), 'Roberts_face_vertical.png');
imwrite(im2uint8(filteredImg2), 'Roberts_face_horizontal.png');

%% Edge Magnitude and Thresholding

% Recalculate edge magnitude

edgeSum = filteredImg1.^2 + filteredImg2.^2;
logEdgeSum = log(edgeSum + 1);
logEdgeSum = logEdgeSum / max(logEdgeSum(:));

% Apply thresholds
bwEdge1 = edgeSum > 0.1;
bwEdge2 = edgeSum > 0.3;
bwEdge3 = edgeSum > 0.6;

% Show thresholded results

figure,
subplot(2, 2, 1), imshow(logEdgeSum); title('Edge Magnitude (Log)');
subplot(2, 2, 2), imshow(bwEdge1); title('Threshold > 0.1');
subplot(2, 2, 3), imshow(bwEdge2); title('Threshold > 0.3');
subplot(2, 2, 4), imshow(bwEdge3); title('Threshold > 0.6');

% Save images
imwrite(im2uint8(logEdgeSum), 'Roberts_face_logEdgeSum.png');
imwrite(bwEdge1, 'Roberts_face_bwEdge1.png');
imwrite(bwEdge2, 'Roberts_face_bwEdge2.png');
imwrite(bwEdge3, 'Roberts_face_bwEdge3.png');

15. Write a program for Sobel Edge Detection (Horizontal & Vertical)
Code:
%% Sobel Edge Detection

clear, clc, close all

% Load and preprocess

img = imread('/MATLAB Drive/pexels-lilartsy-2058498.jpg');
if size(img, 3) == 3
img = rgb2gray(img);
end
img = double(img);

% Apply Sobel filters

h = fspecial('sobel');
filteredImg1 = imfilter(img, h', 'replicate'); % Vertical edges
filteredImg2 = imfilter(img, h, 'replicate'); % Horizontal edges

% Compute edge magnitude and log-normalize

edgeSum = filteredImg1.^2 + filteredImg2.^2;
logEdgeSum = log(edgeSum + 1);
logEdgeSum = logEdgeSum / max(logEdgeSum(:));

% Apply thresholds
bwEdge1 = edgeSum > 1600;
bwEdge2 = edgeSum > 8000;
bwEdge3 = edgeSum > 12800;

% Display results
figure(4), clf;
subplot(2, 2, 1), imshow(logEdgeSum); title('Edge Magnitude (Log)');
subplot(2, 2, 2), imshow(bwEdge1); title('Threshold > 1600');
subplot(2, 2, 3), imshow(bwEdge2); title('Threshold > 8000');
subplot(2, 2, 4), imshow(bwEdge3); title('Threshold > 12800');

% Save results
imwrite(im2uint8(logEdgeSum), 'Sobel_face_logEdgeSum.png');
imwrite(bwEdge1, 'Sobel_face_bwEdge1.png');
imwrite(bwEdge2, 'Sobel_face_bwEdge2.png');
imwrite(bwEdge3, 'Sobel_face_bwEdge3.png');

16. Write a program for Prewitt Edge Detection (Horizontal & Vertical with abs
& with log scaling & thresholding)
code:
%% Prewitt - pexels-lilartsy-2058498.jpg

clear, clc, close all

% Load and convert image to grayscale if needed

img = imread('/MATLAB Drive/pexels-lilartsy-2058498.jpg');
if size(img, 3) == 3
img = rgb2gray(img);
end
img = double(img);

% Create Prewitt filter

h = fspecial('prewitt');

% Vertical edges (h')

filteredImg1 = imfilter(img, h', 'replicate');
filteredImg1 = abs(filteredImg1);
filteredImg1 = filteredImg1 / max(filteredImg1(:));

% Horizontal edges (h)

filteredImg2 = imfilter(img, h, 'replicate');
filteredImg2 = abs(filteredImg2);
filteredImg2 = filteredImg2 / max(filteredImg2(:));

% Display
figure(1), clf;
subplot(1, 3, 1), imshow(uint8(img)); title('Original');
subplot(1, 3, 2), imshow(filteredImg1); title('Prewitt Vertical');
subplot(1, 3, 3), imshow(filteredImg2); title('Prewitt Horizontal');

% Save
imwrite(im2uint8(filteredImg1), 'Prewitt_bike_vertical.png');
imwrite(im2uint8(filteredImg2), 'Prewitt_bike_horizontal.png');

%% Prewitt - berndsface.png (log scaled)

clear, clc, close all

% Load and convert image to grayscale if needed

img = imread('/MATLAB Drive/pexels-lilartsy-2058498.jpg ');
if size(img, 3) == 3
img = rgb2gray(img);
end
img = double(img);

% Create Prewitt filter

h = fspecial('prewitt');

% Vertical edges (h')

filteredImg1 = imfilter(img, h', 'replicate');
filteredImg1 = log(abs(filteredImg1) + 1);
filteredImg1 = filteredImg1 / max(filteredImg1(:));

% Horizontal edges (h)

filteredImg2 = imfilter(img, h, 'replicate');
filteredImg2 = log(abs(filteredImg2) + 1);
filteredImg2 = filteredImg2 / max(filteredImg2(:));
% Display
figure(2), clf;
subplot(1, 3, 1), imshow(uint8(img)); title('Original');
subplot(1, 3, 2), imshow(filteredImg1); title('Prewitt Vertical
(log)');
subplot(1, 3, 3), imshow(filteredImg2); title('Prewitt Horizontal
(log)');

% Save
imwrite(im2uint8(filteredImg1), 'Prewitt_face_vertical.png');
imwrite(im2uint8(filteredImg2), 'Prewitt_face_horizontal.png');

%% Prewitt Edge Detection with Thresholding

clear, clc, close all

% Load image
img = imread('/MATLAB Drive/pexels-lilartsy-2058498.jpg ');
if size(img, 3) == 3
img = rgb2gray(img);
end
img = double(img);

% Create Prewitt kernels

h = fspecial('prewitt');

% Apply filters in vertical and horizontal directions

filteredImg1 = imfilter(img, h', 'replicate'); % Vertical edges
filteredImg2 = imfilter(img, h, 'replicate'); % Horizontal edges

% Compute edge magnitude and normalize (log scale)

edgeSum = filteredImg1.^2 + filteredImg2.^2;
logEdgeSum = log(edgeSum + 1);
logEdgeSum = logEdgeSum / max(logEdgeSum(:));

% Apply thresholds
bwEdge1 = edgeSum > 900;
bwEdge2 = edgeSum > 4500;
bwEdge3 = edgeSum > 7200;

% Show results
figure(3), clf;
subplot(2, 2, 1), imshow(logEdgeSum); title('Edge Magnitude (Log)');
subplot(2, 2, 2), imshow(bwEdge1); title('Threshold > 900');
subplot(2, 2, 3), imshow(bwEdge2); title('Threshold > 4500');
subplot(2, 2, 4), imshow(bwEdge3); title('Threshold > 7200');

% Save results
imwrite(im2uint8(logEdgeSum), 'Prewitt_face_logEdgeSum.png');
imwrite(bwEdge1, 'Prewitt_face_bwEdge1.png');
imwrite(bwEdge2, 'Prewitt_face_bwEdge2.png');
imwrite(bwEdge3, 'Prewitt_face_bwEdge3.png');

17. Write a program for Canny Edge Detection (Multi-step Optimal Edges)
Code:
%% Canny Edge Detection 1

clear, clc, close all

% Load and convert image to grayscale if needed

img = imread('/MATLAB Drive/pexels-lilartsy-2058498.jpg');
if size(img, 3) == 3
img = rgb2gray(img);
end

% Parameters
sigmaArray = [sqrt(2), sqrt(8), sqrt(32)];
thresh = 0.3;

% Plot original and filtered images

figure(1), clf;
subplot(2, 2, 1), imshow(img); title('Original');

for i = 1:numel(sigmaArray)
sigma = sigmaArray(i);
bw = edge(img, 'canny', thresh, sigma);
subplot(2, 2, i+1), imshow(bw); title(sprintf('Canny σ = %.2f',
sigma));

% Save result
filename = sprintf('Canny_face_sigma%.2f.png', sigma);
imwrite(bw, filename);
end

%% Canny Edge Detection - 2

% Load and convert image to grayscale if needed

img = imread('/MATLAB Drive/pexels-lilartsy-2058498.jpg');
if size(img, 3) == 3
img = rgb2gray(img);
end

% Use first sigma value from above

sigma = sigmaArray(1);
bw = edge(img, 'canny', thresh, sigma);

% Display
figure(2), clf;
subplot(1, 2, 1), imshow(img); title('Original');
subplot(1, 2, 2), imshow(bw); title(sprintf('Canny σ = %.2f', sigma));

% Save result
filename = sprintf('Canny_bike_sigma%.2f.png', sigma);
imwrite(bw, filename);