Unit-5

VIRTUAL MACHINE:
A Virtual Machine (VM) is a computer resource that uses
software instead of a physical computer to run programs and
deploy apps.
One or more virtual machines run on a one physical
machine. Each virtual machine runs its own operating system
and functions separately.
More recently, public cloud services are using virtual
machines to provide virtual application resources to multiple
users at once.
VMs can run multiple operating system environments on
a single physical computer, saving physical space, time and
management costs.
Benefits of VMs:
• Portability: VMs can be moved between hypervisors on
different machines instantly.
• Multi-tenant cloud architecture: VMs allow customers
to share resources in cloud computing.
• Hybrid cloud environments: VMs can be used to create
hybrid cloud environments which is combination of
private cloud, and public cloud.
Network functions virtualization (NFV):
It is an approach to network architecture that involves
replacing dedicated network hardware devices with
software-based virtualized network functions (VNFs).
In traditional networking, specialized hardware devices
such as routers, firewalls, and load balancers are used to
perform specific network functions. With NFV, these
functions are virtualized and can be run as software in VM.
NFV enables network operators to quickly and easily
deploy and scale network functions as they needed, without
the need for any physical hardware installation.
NFV improves scalability and agility by allowing service
providers to deliver new network services and applications on
demand, without requiring additional hardware resources.

Benefits of Network Function Virtualization:

1. Cost savings: NFV can help organizations reduce costs by
replacing dedicated hardware devices with software-
based virtualized network functions.
2. Agility and flexibility: NFV enables network operators to
quickly and easily deploy and scale network functions as
needed, without the need for physical hardware
installation
 3. Scalability: NFV can help to improve network scalability
by enabling organizations to scale up or down the
capacity of virtualized network functions as needed.
4. Enhanced network security: NFV can help to improve
network security by enabling virtualized network
functions that can detect and correct security threats,
such as firewalls and encryption services.
5. Service innovation: NFV can enable organizations to
innovate and introduce new network services and
applications.

Network Function Virtualization (NFV) REQUIREMENTS:

• High performance: NFV platforms should be able to
handle high performance, up to 100Gbps or more.
• High reliability: NFV platforms should have a high
success ratio of 99.999% or more.
• Scalability: NFV platforms should be able to scale upto
millions of users.
• Low latency: NFV platforms should be able to deliver
real-time applications with low latency
• High-performance servers: NFV architecture relies on
reliable, high-performance servers.
• Virtualization layer: NFV architecture uses server
virtualization technology, with VMware, OpenStack.
NVF ARCHITECTURE:

1. Virtualization layer: This layer provides the virtualization

environment that enables multiple VNFs to run on the
same physical infrastructure.
2. Virtual network functions (VNFs): These are the
software-based network functions that perform specific
network tasks, such as routing, switching, firewalling,
load balancing, and encryption.
3. NFV infrastructure (NFVI): Describes the hardware and
software components used in NFV on which virtual
networks are built.
4. Management and orchestration (MANO): This
component provides the management and orchestration
functions needed to deploy, monitor, and manage the
VNFs running on the NFVI.
Virtualized Network Functions (VNFs)
Virtualized Network Functions (VNFs) are software
applications that perform network functions, such as
firewalls, routers, and load balancers, on virtual machines
(VMs).

Benefits of VNFs:
• Reduced costs: VNFs can reduce the need for physical
hardware, which can lower operating expenses.
• Improved network scalability: VNFs can help increase
network scalability and agility, without the need to
purchase more hardware.
• Better use of network resources: VNFs can help
operators better use network infrastructure resources.
• Improved network control: VNFs provide a centralized
view of all network functions, which can help operators
steer traffic and workloads.
NFV Management And Network Orchestration (MANO)
It is a framework developed by a European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).
NFV MANO coordinates resources of NFVI as well as
VNFs
NFV Management and Orchestration products are fully
cloud-native

NFV MANO comprises three functional blocks:

• NFV Orchestrator (NFVO):
• On-boarding of new Network Service (NS) and VNF
Packages
• NS lifecycle management
• Resource management
• Policy management for NS instances
 • VNF Manager (VNFM):
• Lifecycle management of VNF instances
• Coordination of configuration and event reporting
between NFVI and the E/NMS
• Virtualized Infrastructure Manager (VIM):
• Controlling and managing the NFVI compute,
storage and network resources
• Collection and forwarding of performance
measurements and events

NFV Use Cases

Network Virtualization
This process creates a virtual network on top of the
physical network and allows service providers to expand and
accelerate development.
Mobile edge computing (MEC):
It is also known as multi-access edge computing is a
type of edge computing that extends the capabilities of cloud
computing by bringing it to the edge of the network.
Video Analytics:
Video analytics seen a huge increase in its potential
since the inception of the Internet of Things.
Orchestration engine
An orchestration engine is a tool that automates and
manages complex workflows and processes. They can help
improve efficiency, streamline operations, and ensure
seamless integration across different systems.
Network Slicing
This technology aims to slice a physical network into
multiple networks.

NFV and SDN:

SDN NFV

SDN architecture mainly NFV is targeted at service

focuses on data centres. providers or operators.

SDN separates control plane

NFV helps service providers or
and data forwarding plane
operators to virtualize functions
by centralizing control and
like load balancing, routing, and
programmability of
policy management
network.

SDN uses OpenFlow as a There is no protocol determined

communication protocol. yet for NFV.
SDN NFV

SDN supports Open NFV is driven by ETSI NFV

Networking Foundation. Working group.

SDN applications run on

NFV applications run on industry-
industry-standard servers or
standard servers.
switches.

NFV increases scalability and

SDN reduces cost of agility as well as speed up time-
network because now there to-market as it dynamically allot
is no need of expensive hardware a level of capacity to
switches & routers. network functions needed at a
particular time.

Application of NFV:
• Routers, firewalls, gateways
Application of SDN: • WAN accelerators
• Networking • SLA assurance
• Cloud orchestration • Video Servers
• Content Delivery Networks
(CDN)
Network Virtualization (NV)
Network virtualization is a process that combines
hardware and software network resources into a single
virtual network or it can divide one hardware or software
network into separate independent virtual networks.
Network virtualization can:
• Combine physical networks
• Divide physical networks
• Move virtual machines
• Scale resources
• Deploy networks
Types of Network Virtualization
• Software-Defined Networking (SDN): SDN is the form of
network virtualization which is a separation of the
control and data plane.
• Virtual LANs (VLANs): VLANs (Virtual Local Area
Networks) represent a way to provide virtualization of a
network, which separates a physical network to different
logical ones.
• Virtual Private Networks (VPNs): VPNs are a way to
secure users or networks connecting through the
internet. Encryption and tunneling protocols give an
ability to make virtual the network.

VLAN and VPN

VLAN:
VLAN stands for Virtual Local Area Network. It is a way
to logically separate a group of computers into a separate
network, so that they only communicate with each other.
VLAN ranges:
• VLAN 0, 4095: These are reserved VLAN which cannot
be seen or used.
• VLAN 1: It is the default VLAN of switches. By default, all
switch ports are in VLAN. This VLAN can’t be deleted or
edit but can be used.
• VLAN 2-1001: This is a normal VLAN range. We can
create, edit and delete these VLAN.
• VLAN 1002-1005: These are CISCO defaults for FDDI and
token rings. These VLAN can’t be deleted.
• VLAN 1006-4094: This is the extended range of VLAN.
Types of VLANs:
• Data VLAN: Used to separate and prioritize data traffic
within a network
• Voice VLAN: Designed to handle voice over IP (VoIP)
traffic, which includes voice calls and other real-time
communication services
• Static VLAN: A common type of VLAN, where switch
ports are manually assigned
• Protocol-based VLAN: Classifies VLAN membership
according to the traffic protocol in use
VPN:
VPN stands for Virtual Private Network. It allows you to
connect your computer to a private network, creating an
encrypted connection that masks your IP address to securely
share data.
VPN Connection Diagram

Routers R1 and R2 use VPN technology.

Characteristics of VPN
• Encryption: VPNs employ several encryption standards
to maintain the confidentiality of the transmitted data.
• Anonymity: VPN effectively hides the users IP address.
• Remote Access: VPNs provide the means for secure
remote connection to business.
• Geo-Spoofing: The user can also change the IP address
to another country using the VPN hence breaking the
regional restrictions of some sites.
Types of VPN
• Remote Access VPN
• Cloud VPN
• Mobile VPN
• SSL VPN
Requirements for designing a VPN system
A 5-tier model

Advantages:
1. Privacy
2. Security
3. Accessing Geo blocked website
4. Network scalability