RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design

By Dr. Anil Sir

Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

1. What is the main focus of high-level design (HLD) in system design?

A) Implementing code modules.
B) Understanding detailed data structures.
C) Defining the architecture and system flow.
D) Writing test cases for system components.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

2. Which of the following is typically included in low-level design (LLD)?

A) Detailed user requirements.
B) Data flow diagrams.
C) Algorithms and data structures.
D) D) System architecture diagrams.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

3. High-level design is also known as:

A) Architectural Design.
B) Functional Design.
C) Database Design
D) Interface Design.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

4. Which diagram is commonly used in high-level design?

A) Flowchart
B) Entity-Relationship Diagram
C) Class Diagram
D) Pseudocode

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

5. Low-level design typically results in the creation of:

A) UML Class Diagrams.
B) Detailed algorithms.
C) User Interface mockups
D) System architecture blueprints.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

6. Which of the following best describes the relationship between HLD and
LLD?
A) HLD and LLD are independent of each other.
B) HLD is derived from LLD.
C) LLD is derived from HLD.
D) HLD and LLD are merged into one phase.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

7. Which of the following is a key deliverable of high-level design?

A) Database schemas.
B) API specifications.
C) System test plan
D) System architecture.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

8. What is the primary goal of low-level design?

A) To provide a strategic overview of the system.
B) To identify potential hardware and software platforms.
C) To describe the logic of each software module.
D) To ensure user requirements are met.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

9. Which phase of design is more abstract and focuses on system

requirements and architecture?
A) High-Level Design.
B) Low-Level Design.
C) System Implementation.
D) System Testing.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

10. In low-level design, which of the following is often used to describe the
detailed design of a software module?
A) Use Case Diagram.
B) Flowcharts and Pseudocode.
C) ERD.
D) System Flow Diagram.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

11. What is the primary goal of interface design in software development?

A) To write backend code for the system.
B) To design the database schema.
C) To ensure that users can interact with the system effectively and efficiently.
D) To define the hardware requirements for the system.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

12. Which of the following is a key principle of good interface design?

A) Complexity and multiple navigation paths.
B) Consistency in layout and design elements.
C) Using bright colors excessively.
D) Minimizing user feedback during interactions.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

13. Which of the following diagrams is often used during interface design
to represent the interaction between the user and the system?
A) Class Diagram.
B) Sequence Diagram.
C) Wireframe.
D) Entity-Relationship Diagram.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

14. Which of the following best describes modularity in system design?

A) Combining all functionalities into a single large module.
B) Dividing a system into smaller, independent components.
C) Creating complex relationships between modules.
D) Designing a system without any interdependencies.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

Design Concepts
The interest in each concept has varied over the years, each has stood the test
of time. Each provides the software designer with a foundation from which
more sophisticated design methods can be applied. Each helps us answer the
following questions:

1. What criteria can be used to partition software into individual components?

2. How is function or data structure detail separated from a conceptual
representation of the software?
3. What uniform criteria define the technical quality of a software design?

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

1. Abstraction
Abstraction in software design refers to the process of representing complex
systems, ideas, or functionalities in a simplified manner. It involves hiding
unnecessary details while emphasizing essential characteristics to facilitate
understanding and management.
i. Procedural abstraction : Separating the implementation details of
algorithms and procedures from their usage. Users interact with procedures at
a high level without needing to understand the internal workings.
ii. Data abstraction: Focusing on data structures and their operations
without concerning with the underlying implementation details.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

2. Architecture
Software architecture refers to the high-level structure or blueprint of a
software system that outlines its components, their relationships, and how
they interact to fulfil the system's requirements.

3. Patterns
A pattern simply means a repeated form or design in which the same shape is
repeated several times to form a pattern.
A design pattern describes a design structure that solves a particular design
problem within a specific context and amid “forces” that may have an impact
on the manner in which the pattern is applied and used.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

4. Modularity
Modularity specifies to the division of software into separate modules which
are differently named and addressed and are integrated later on in to obtain
the completely functional software.
It is the only property that allows a program to be intellectually manageable.

5. Information Hiding
The principle of information hiding suggests that modules be “characterized by
design decisions that hides from all others.” i.e. modules should be specified
and designed so that information (algorithms and data) contained within a
module is inaccessible to other modules that have no need for such
information.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

6. Refinement
Stepwise refinement is a top-down design strategy originally proposed by
Niklaus Wirth. A program is developed by successively refining levels of
procedural detail. A hierarchy is developed by decomposing a macroscopic
statement of function (a procedural abstraction) in a stepwise fashion until
programming language statements are reached.
Refinement is actually a process of elaboration.

7. Refactoring
Refactoring is a reorganization technique that simplifies the design of a
component without changing its function or behavior. Refactoring is the
process of changing a software system in such a way that it does not alter the
external behavior of the code or design yet improves its internal structure.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

8. Functional Independence
Functional independence is achieved by developing functions that perform
only one kind of task and do not excessively interact with other modules.
Independence is important because it makes implementation more accessible
and faster.

It is measured using two criteria:

1. Cohesion
2. Coupling.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

1. Cohesion:
In software engineering, cohesion refers to the degree of relatedness or unity
among the elements (such as functions, classes, or modules) within a
module. It indicates how strongly the elements within a module are related to
each other and how well they work together to achieve a single, well-defined
purpose.

Cohesion measures the strength of relationships between pieces of

functionality within a given module.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

i. Functional Cohesion: A module is functionally cohesive if every instruction in the

module is related to a single task.
ii. Sequential Cohesion: In this type of cohesion, all instructions in the module are related
to each other through the data that is passed to the module.
iii. Communicational Cohesion: Module consists of all processing elements, which act
upon the same input data set and/or produce the same output data set.
iv. Procedural Cohesion: A module is said to be procedural cohesion if the set of purpose of
the module are all parts of a procedure in which particular sequence of steps has to be
carried out for achieving a goal.
v. Temporal Cohesion: When a module includes functions that are associated by the fact
that all the methods must be executed in the same time.
vi. Logical Cohesion: A module is said to be logically cohesive if all the elements of the
module perform a similar operation.
vii. Coincidental Cohesion: A module is said to have coincidental cohesion if it performs a
set of tasks that are associated with each other very loosely, if at all.
Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

2. COUPLING
The dependency levels between modules should be minimum. This automatically leads
to the design of modules that don’t communicate frequently with each other. Also, the
communication between modules should be through parameters. Of course, Boolean
variables or flags can be used for the purpose of communication. This is called
coupling.
Types of coupling:
1. Data coupling
2. Stamp coupling
3. Control coupling
4. External coupling
5. Common coupling
6. Content coupling
Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

1. Data coupling: When data of one module is passed to another module, this is called
data coupling.
2. Stamp coupling: Stamp coupling occurs when modules communicate by passing
large data structures that contain more information than is necessary for the
recipient module.
3. Control coupling: Control coupling occurs when one module controls the behavior
of another module by passing control information, such as function pointers or
flags.
4. External coupling: External coupling occurs when modules depend on external
interfaces, such as files, databases, or network services.
5. Common coupling: Common coupling occurs when multiple modules share a
global data source, such as a global variable or a database.
6. Content coupling: Content Coupling exists among two modules if they share code,
e.g., a branch from one module into another module.
Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

15. In design concepts, what is the primary focus of cohesion?

A) How related the responsibilities of a module are.
B) The number of interactions between different modules.
C) The complexity of the user interface.
D) The speed of data processing within a module.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

16. Which of the following design concepts helps minimize the impact of
changes in one part of a system on other parts?
A) Cohesion
B) Coupling
C) Modularity
D) Prototyping

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

17. Which design concept ensures that each part of the system only knows
what it needs to know to function properly?
A) Encapsulation
B) Polymorphism
C) Abstraction
D) Modularity

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

18. What does the concept of abstraction in system design aim to achieve?
A) Increasing the complexity of system components.
B) Focusing on the implementation details of a system.
C) Hiding unnecessary details and focusing on essential characteristics.
D) Creating detailed user interfaces.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

19. What is the main purpose of refinement in software design?

A) To completely rewrite the system's architecture.
B) To break down a complex design into more detailed and precise levels.
C) To add new features to an existing module.
D) To change the user interface of the software.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

20. Which of the following best describes the concept of refactoring in

software design?
A) Changing the functionality of a system.
B) Improving the internal structure of the code without changing its external
behavior.
C) Adding new features to an existing codebase.
D) Transforming code from a low-level language to a high-level language.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

21. Which of the following is a primary requirement for effective

modularization in software design?
A) High coupling between modules.
B) Detailed documentation for each module.
C) High cohesion within modules.
D) A large number of interconnected modules.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

22. What is a key benefit of modularization in software design?

A) It reduces the time required for testing individual modules.
B) It simplifies the integration of unrelated functionalities.
C) It makes the system easier to understand, develop, and maintain.
D) It allows modules to be tightly dependent on one another.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

23. Which type of cohesion is considered the strongest and most desirable
in software design?
A) Logical Cohesion
B) Temporal Cohesion
C) Functional Cohesion
D) Coincidental Cohesion

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

24. What type of cohesion is present when elements within a module are
related because they must be executed together within the same time
span?
A) Sequential Cohesion
B) Temporal Cohesion
C) Communicational Cohesion
D) Procedural Cohesion

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

25. Which type of cohesion is characterized by grouping elements that

perform similar functions but are executed based on a control flag or
condition?
A) Logical Cohesion
B) Communicational Cohesion
C) Sequential Cohesion
D) Coincidental Cohesion

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

26. What type of cohesion is present when elements in a module are

grouped because they use the same data or work on the same data
structure?
A) Functional Cohesion
B) Communicational Cohesion
C) Procedural Cohesion
D) Temporal Cohesion

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

27. Which type of cohesion is considered the weakest and least desirable?
A) Functional Cohesion
B) Logical Cohesion
C) Sequential Cohesion
D) Coincidental Cohesion

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

28. Which of the following types of coupling is considered the weakest and
most desirable in software design?
A) Content Coupling
B) Control Coupling
C) Data Coupling
D) Common Coupling

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

29. What type of coupling is present when one module modifies the
internal data or workings of another module?
A) Data Coupling
B) Content Coupling
C) Stamp Coupling
D) Common Coupling

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

30. Which of the following is a characteristic of common coupling?

A) Modules share global data.
B) Modules communicate through parameters.
C) Modules have independent data structures.
D) Modules are connected through a control signal.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

31. What type of coupling occurs when modules pass complex data
structures instead of primitive data types?
A) Data Coupling
B) Stamp Coupling
C) Control Coupling
D) Common Coupling

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

32. In which type of coupling does one module control the behavior of
another module by passing a control flag or command?
A) Data Coupling
B) Control Coupling
C) Stamp Coupling
D) Common Coupling

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

33. A software system has a module that handles user authentication,

including login, password reset, and account creation. Which type of
cohesion is most likely applied here if all functionalities are related to user
authentication?
A) Logical Cohesion
B) Functional Cohesion
C) Temporal Cohesion
D) Sequential Cohesion

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

34. A module in a software system requires access to a global variable that

is used by multiple other modules. What type of coupling is demonstrated
in this scenario?
A) Data Coupling
B) Stamp Coupling
C) Common Coupling
D) Control Coupling

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

35. A developer refactors a module to ensure that it only performs a single

task: calculating the total price of items in a shopping cart. Which concept
is the developer trying to improve?
A) Control Coupling
B) Stamp Coupling
C) Cohesion
D) Coupling

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

36. Two modules in a system interact by passing a simple integer value as

a parameter for calculating a discount rate. Which type of coupling does
this represent?
A) Data Coupling
B) Control Coupling
C) Content Coupling
D) Common Coupling

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

Input-Process-Output (IPO) chart:

• IPO chart stands for input process output chart.
• IPO charts are graphical representations used to document the input,
processing, and output steps of a system's functions or processes.
• IPO charts are particularly useful for analyzing and documenting the logic and
flow of individual functions within the system.
• IPO charts typically represent the sequential flow of input, process, and output
steps within a function or process.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

Hierarchical Input-Process-Output (HIPO)

• The HIPO chart is a tool used to analyze a problem and visualize a solution
using top-down design approach.
• HIPO diagrams were developed by International Business Machines (IBM) in the
1970s as a design notation for representing system design.
• These diagrams further became an excellent input for detailed program design.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

NASSI-SHNEIDERMANN CHARTS (NS)

• This chart was developed by I Nassi and B Schneiderman in 1972.
• It is alternative of pseudocode and flowcharts.
• NS charts are concise and much more compact than program flowcharts.
• NS Diagram is a graphical representation of structured programming
constructs. These diagrams are used to visually represent the logic of
algorithms in a way that avoids the complexities of textual code and flowcharts.
• It is also called structured flowchart.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

WARNIER-ORR DIAGRAMS
• It is a kind of hierarchical flowchart that allows the description of the
organization of data and procedures.
• It is a structured tool used for representing structure of a system, program and
data.
• This diagram was developed by Jean-Dominique Warnier in 1976.
• Kenneth Orr later modified the concept of application to design of database.
• This method aids the design of program by identifying the output and working
backward to determine the program steps and data inputs. Hence this method
uses an output-oriented analysis.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

• First the intended output or results of processing are defined and then in the
next level the steps required to produce the output are shown. Thus Warnier-
Orr diagram includes both process grouping and data requirements.

• Warnier-Orr diagrams uses few symbols like brackets, circles, parenthesis,

dots and bars. Diagrams can depict data dictionary type definitions as well as
detailed program logic.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

Structured design chart

Structured design is a data-flow based methodology that helps identify the input
and output of the developing system.
Its main objective is to minimize the complexity and maximize the modularity of a
program. Structured design also helps describe System Development the
functional aspects of the system.
The objectives of using structured flow charts are
i. Encourage a top-down design
ii. Support the idea of modules and identify the right modules
iii. Identify and limit data couples and control flags that go in between modules
Structure chart modules fall into one of the following three categories:
• Control
• Transformation Contact @ 9001094949
• Function
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

Notations:
1. Module:
Control Module: A control module branches to more than one submodule.
Sub Module: Sub Module is a module which is the part (Child) of another module.
Library Module: Library Module are reusable and invokable from any module.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

ii. Conditional call iii. Loop (Repetitive call of module)

It represents that control module can It represents the repetitive execution of
module by the sub module. A curved
select any of the sub module on the
arrow represents a loop in the module
basis of some condition.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

iv. Data Flow v. Control Flow

It represents the flow of data between It represents the flow of control between
the modules. It is represented by a the modules. It is represented by a
directed arrow with an empty circle at directed arrow with a filled circle at the
the end. end.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

37. Which of the following best describes an Input-Process-Output (IPO)

chart?
A) A chart that only lists the output of a process.
B) A tool used for identifying the flow of data through various system functions.
C) A graphical representation of an entity-relationship model.
D) A method used for creating user interfaces.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

38. In an IPO chart, which of the following would be considered as 'Input'?

A) A report generated by a system.
B) Calculations performed by a function.
C) User-entered data such as a username and password.
D) The final results displayed on a dashboard.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

39. What is the purpose of the 'Process' section in an IPO chart?

A) To specify the users who interact with the system.
B) To detail the steps involved in transforming inputs into outputs.
C) To describe the hardware requirements of the system.
D) To identify external systems that interact with the software.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

40. What does HIPO stand for in the context of software design?
A) Hierarchical Input-Process-Output
B) High-Level Input-Process-Output
C) Hierarchy Input-Process-Output
D) High-Level Process-Oriented

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

41. Which of the following is a primary benefit of using HIPO charts in

system design?
A) They provide detailed pseudocode for programming.
B) They visually represent data flow without showing hierarchies.
C) They help in visualizing the relationship between various system components.
D) They eliminate the need for documentation.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

42. In a HIPO chart, what is typically found at the top level of the
hierarchy?
A) The most detailed module descriptions.
B) The overall system function or main module.
C) Specific input and output data formats.
D) The programming language to be used for implementation.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

43. What is the primary purpose of a Nassi-Shneiderman (NS) chart in

software design?
A) To create a user interface layout.
B) To visually represent control structures of a program.
C) To manage database connections.
D) To perform unit testing of code.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

44. Which of the following statements is true regarding Nassi-Shneiderman

charts?
A) NS charts can only represent linear flows and not branching or loops.
B) NS charts are designed to support object-oriented programming paradigms.
C) NS charts utilize blocks to represent various control structures without
ambiguity.
D) NS charts are only applicable for low-level programming languages.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

45. What is the primary purpose of a Warnier-Orr diagram in system

design?
A) To represent the flow of data in a database.
B) To visually decompose a system into its functional components.
C) To illustrate the user interface of a software application.
D) To detail the control structures in programming.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

46. In a Warnier-Orr diagram, which of the following is typically

represented at the top level of the hierarchy?
A) The individual modules of the system.
B) The system’s overall function or main goal.
C) The input and output data requirements.
D) The detailed flow of control in algorithms.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

47. In a structured chart, which symbol indicates that a module is being

called from another module?
A) Dashed rectangle
B) Solid rectangle
C) Open-ended rectangle
D) Circle with an arrow

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

48. Which structured chart symbol is specifically used to denote an input

or output operation, such as reading from or writing to a file?
A) Circle
B) Rectangle
C) Parallelogram
D) Hexagon

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

49. What does a solid line connecting two modules in a structured chart
typically represent?
A) Control flow direction
B) Data flow direction
C) Module dependency
D) Unidirectional data transfer

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

Structured Walkthrough
• A study of the results of an investigation and the models that are built on the
basis of these results are defined as structured walkthrough.

• It is called ‘Structured’ walkthrough review process as it is formalized into a

collection of processes.
• The purpose of a structured walkthrough is to locate mistakes and issues.
• The basic idea of documentation is to provide a detailed review of any
mistakes, lapses, oversights, irregularities or issues.

• It's a methodical way of reviewing something, like a document, a design plan,

or a piece of code, to make sure it's correct, complete, and meets its
objectives.
Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

Types of Walkthroughs
i. Requirements Walkthrough: Review and validate the project requirements to
ensure they are complete, consistent, and understandable. Clarifying
requirements, identifying ambiguities, verifying feasibility, and confirming
alignment with business goals.
ii. Design Walkthrough: Evaluate the system design, architecture, and
technical specifications to ensure they meet the project requirements and
objectives. Assessing design decisions, identifying potential bottlenecks,
validating system scalability, and ensuring adherence to design principles and
best practices.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

iii. Code Walkthrough: Review the source code to identify defects, coding
errors, and compliance with coding standards and guidelines. Analyzing code
logic, checking for syntax errors, verifying coding standards adherence, and
ensuring code maintainability and readability.
iv. Test Plan Walkthrough: Review the test plan, test cases, and test strategies
to ensure comprehensive test coverage and alignment with project
requirements. Validating test objectives, verifying test coverage, identifying test
dependencies, and ensuring test effectiveness and efficiency.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

50. In a structured chart, which of the following is true regarding the use
of modularization?
A) Modularization reduces complexity and increases the number of symbols
needed.
B) Modularization allows for easier debugging by isolating processes.
C) Modularization increases coupling between components.
D) Modularization eliminates the need for documentation.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

51. Which symbol in a structured chart indicates a loop or iterative

process?
A) Circle
B) Rectangle with a loop arrow
C) Diamond with multiple branches
D) A series of interconnected rectangles

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

52. What is the primary purpose of a structured walkthrough in software

development?
A) To review the final product for user acceptance.
B) To identify defects and gather feedback during the development process.
C) To create marketing strategies for the software.
D) To conduct training sessions for end users.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

53. Which type of structured walkthrough involves a team of developers

walking through the code to ensure it meets design specifications?
A) Peer Review
B) Code Review
C) Design Review
D) Requirement Review

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

54. What distinguishes a formal structured walkthrough from an informal

one?
A) The use of documentation and predefined objectives.
B) The involvement of end-users in the review process.
C) The length of the meeting.
D) The number of participants involved.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

55. In a structured walkthrough, which of the following roles typically acts

as the facilitator, guiding the discussion and ensuring objectives are met?
A) Developer
B) Tester
C) Moderator
D) End-user

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

56. What is a primary benefit of conducting a structured walkthrough

during the software development lifecycle?
A) It decreases the overall cost of development.
B) It eliminates the need for unit testing.
C) It enhances team collaboration and communication.
D) It ensures complete documentation of the software.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

DATA FLOW DIAGRAM (DFD)

Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs) are used to specify how the data flows between the
functions of a system.
The basic purpose of DFDs is to show how the system is currently implemented.
Larry Constantine first developed DFDs as a way of expressing system
requirements in a graphical form.
A DFD is the starting point of the design phase that functionally decomposes
the requirement specifications down to the lowest level of detail.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

Rules for DFD:

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

A DFD can be categorized in the following forms:

1.Context Level DFD:
This is the highest level of abstraction in a DFD. It provides an overview of the
entire system, showing how it interacts with external entities.
2. 0 Level DFD:
This is the next level of detail beneath the context level. It expands on the
context level by breaking down the system into its major processes or
subsystems and showing how they interact with each other and with external
entities.
3.First level DFD:
It provides a detailed overview of the processes and data flows within a system.
It's the first step in breaking down the system into smaller, more manageable
components. Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

DATA DICTIONARY
A data dictionary is a centralized repository of information about data elements
used within a system.
A Data Dictionary consists of data about data. Data Dictionary is the major
component in the structured analysis model of the system. It lists all the data
items appearing in DFD such as data flows, data stores and processes.
Analysts use data dictionaries for the following reasons:
• To manage the detail in large systems.
• To communicate a common meaning for all system elements.
• To document the features of the system.
• To facilitate analysis of the details in order to evaluate characteristics and
determine changes that should be made to the system.
• To locate errors and omissions in the system. Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

Types of data dictionary

1. Active data dictionary
An active data dictionary is integrated directly into the development
environment or system being developed. So, it is called integrated data
dictionary.
It is actively used by various tools and processes throughout the software
development lifecycle to ensure consistency and integrity of data definitions.
2. Passive data dictionary
A passive data dictionary is a separate documentation repository that stores
information about data elements, but it is not directly integrated with the
development environment or system.
Passive data dictionaries are typically maintained manually and may not be
updated in real-time as changes are made to the system.
Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

Decision Tables
Decision table is an excellent tool for expressing complex logical relationships in
a highly understandable and precise manner.
A decision table is a matrix containing rows and columns which are used to
define relationships.
The following are various components of a Decision table:
i. Condition stubs: This portion of table describes the conditions or factors that
will affect the decision or policy making of the organisation.
ii. Action stubs: This portion describes the possible policy actions or decisions in
the form of statements.
iii. Rule: Rules describe which actions are to be taken under a specific
combination of conditions.
Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

In a decision tree:
• Y represents the existence of a condition.
• N represents the condition which is evaluated and is not satisfied.
• A blank space represents the condition involved that has been tested.
Decision tables are useful in situations where the resulting actions depend on
the occurrence of one or several combinations of independent conditions.
Four quadrants of a decision table are summarized in following table:

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

DECISION TREE
• Decision tree is a diagram that represents conditions and actions sequentially,
and thus shows which conditions to consider first, and so on.
• It is also a method of showing the relationship each condition and permissible
subsequent actions.
• The diagram resembles branches on a tree.
• The root of the tree is the starting point of the decision sequence. The
particular branch to be followed depends on the conditions that exist and
decision that will be made.
• Progression from the left to right along a particular branch is the result of
making a series of decisions.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

Structured English
• Structured English is used to analyze decision process. It has a restricted
vocabulary. It uses action-oriented verbs like add, multiply, and so on.
• It does not use a subject and makes use of the terms defined in data
dictionary. It is a tool that enables one to state the rules precisely.
• It uses logical constructs and imperative sentences that are instructive. It is a
special language that uses procedural logic derived from structured
programming.
• Keywords of many programming languages are derived from such strong verbs
in assembly language or other languages sometimes using mnemonics.
Words, for example do, add, sum, etc., are used.
•
Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

Four major considerations for using structured English in decision trees are as
follows:
• Identifying conditions
• Identifying outcomes for every decision
• Identifying actions
• Identifying rules

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

57. Which of the following statements correctly describes a rule for

creating a Data Flow Diagram?
A) Each data flow must have a corresponding process that transforms the data.
B) External entities should not interact directly with data stores.
C) A process can have multiple data flows going in the same direction.
D) Data stores can be represented by circles.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

58. In a Data Flow Diagram, which of the following types of diagrams

provides the most detailed view of a specific process?
A) Level 0 DFD
B) Level 1 DFD
C) Level 2 DFD
D) Context Diagram

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

59. What is the primary purpose of a context diagram in DFDs?

A) To detail internal processes of the system
B) To show data stores and their interactions
C) To provide an overview of the system's interactions with external entities
D) To illustrate the system's data flow over time

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

60. When creating a DFD, which of the following best represents a common
error to avoid?
A) Using consistent symbols for processes and data flows
B) Creating data flows that loop back to the same process
C) Having a process that does not have any inputs or outputs
D) Labeling all data flows clearly

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

61. Which type of DFD would be appropriate to illustrate the flow of data
between different departments within an organization, such as Sales,
Inventory, and Accounting?
A) Context Diagram
B) Level 0 DFD
C) Level 1 DFD
D) Physical DFD

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

62. Which of the following statements best describes a decision table?

A) It is a visual representation of sequential decisions and their possible
outcomes.
B) It lists all possible conditions and the corresponding actions for a decision.
C) It is primarily used for process modeling and flowcharting.
D) It shows the hierarchy of decision-making in an organization.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

63. What is the primary purpose of a decision tree?

A) To visualize the hierarchical structure of an organization.
B) To represent a sequence of events in a process flow.
C) To illustrate decision-making paths and their potential outcomes.
D) To document business rules in a textual format.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

64. In a decision table, what does each column typically represent?

A) A different decision alternative
B) A combination of conditions and the associated actions
C) The outcome of a decision
D) A different stakeholder's input

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

65. Which of the following is an advantage of using decision trees over

decision tables?
A) Decision trees are easier to create than decision tables.
B) Decision trees can handle a large number of conditions without becoming
cluttered.
C) Decision trees are always more accurate than decision tables.
D) Decision trees provide a clear visual representation of the decision-making
process.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

66. In which scenario would it be more appropriate to use a decision table

rather than a decision tree?
A) When there are many sequential decisions to make.
B) When the conditions are complex and interdependent.
C) When you need to outline all possible combinations of conditions leading to
specific actions.
D) When the decisions have a straightforward, linear relationship.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

67. Which of the following is NOT a typical component of a decision table?

A) Conditions
B) Actions
C) Decision criteria
D) Rules

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

68. In a decision table, what does the "rule" section represent?

A) The logical relationship between conditions and actions.
B) The specific conditions that must be met for an action to be executed.
C) A collection of all potential actions for a given condition.
D) A summary of outcomes based on multiple decisions made.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

69. A decision table is created for a loan approval process that considers
three conditions: Credit Score, Annual Income, and Employment Status.
Each condition can take one of two values: "High" or "Low." How many
unique combinations of conditions can be represented in the decision
table?
A) 4
B) 6
C) 8
D) 16

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

70. A decision tree is designed to evaluate whether to approve a loan based

on two criteria: Credit Score and Annual Income. The decision tree splits
based on these two criteria, where each criterion has three possible
outcomes: "Low," "Medium," and "High." How many leaf nodes (final
outcomes) will the decision tree have if both criteria are evaluated?
A) 3
B) 6
C) 9
D) 12

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

71. What is the primary purpose of a data dictionary in database

management?
A) To store actual data used in applications
B) To provide a centralized repository of metadata about the data
C) To create user interfaces for database applications
D) To analyze data trends and generate reports

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

72. Which of the following is NOT typically included in a data dictionary?

A) Data element names
B) Data types
C) User authentication details
D) Relationships between data elements

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

73. In the context of a data dictionary, what does the term "data element"
refer to?
A) A physical storage location for data
B) A single unit of data with a unique identifier
C) A collection of related data fields
D) The process of backing up data

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

74. What is the primary purpose of using structured English in software

development?
A) To create user interfaces for applications
B) To specify the architecture of a system
C) To provide a clear, unambiguous representation of algorithms and business
rules
D) To document system requirements for end users

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

75. Which of the following statements is true about structured English?

A) It uses complex programming syntax and terms.
B) It relies heavily on diagrams to convey information.
C) It is designed to be understandable by both technical and non-technical
users.
D) It is exclusively used for writing code in programming languages.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

76. In structured English, which of the following best describes the format
of a typical statement?
A) It must use only technical jargon and specific programming commands.
B) It should follow a narrative style without clear structure.
C) It often consists of a condition followed by an action, presented in a logical
sequence.
D) It is always presented as a flowchart or graphical representation.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

77. Which type of data dictionary is created and maintained by the users of
the system, typically focusing on how data is used in business processes?
A) Active Data Dictionary
B) Passive Data Dictionary
C) Centralized Data Dictionary
D) Distributed Data Dictionary

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

78. What distinguishes a passive data dictionary from an active data

dictionary?
A) A passive data dictionary is updated in real-time, while an active data
dictionary is not.
B) A passive data dictionary is maintained by the database management system
without user interaction, whereas an active data dictionary requires user input
for updates.
C) A passive data dictionary is focused solely on data relationships, while an
active data dictionary includes user definitions.
D) A passive data dictionary is more complex than an active data dictionary.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

79. Which of these describes stepwise refinement?

a) Nicklaus Wirth described the first software engineering method as stepwise
refinement
b) Stepwise refinement follows its existence from 1971
c) It is a top down approach
d) All of the mentioned

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

80. Detailed design is expressed by ?

(A) CSPEC (B) PSPEC (C) MINI SPEC (D) Code SPEC

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

81. What is(are) the difference(s) between Decision Tables and Decision-
Trees?
(A) Stages in software engineering process at which they are developed.
(B) Form of representation.
(C) One shows the logic while the other shows the process.
(D) All of the above.

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

82. Which of the following is not true?

(A) Content coupling in a module is desirable
(B) Logical cohesion in a module is desirable
(C) Stamp coupling is preferred over functional coupling
(D) All mentioned above

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

83. Document flow diagrams are developed by

(A) systems analyst
(B) programmers
(C) system designers
(D) users and managers of an organization

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

84. A decision table is preferable when the number of

(A) conditions to be checked in a procedure is small
(B) conditions to be checked in a procedure is large
(C) actions to be carried out are large
(D) actions to be carried out are small

Contact @ 9001094949
 RPSC Subject: System Analysis and Design
By Dr. Anil Sir
Programmer Topic: Design + Analysis Tools (MCQs)

85. In a limited entry decision table the condition entries

(A) list X or – corresponding to actions to be executed
(B) list the conditions to be tested
(C) have Y or N or – entries
(D) list the actions to be take

Contact @ 9001094949