CHAPTER 1

DISCUSSI0N 0F THE0RIES

0BJECTIVES

T0 UNDERSTAND THE PR0PER MANAGEMENT 0F S0LID WASTE

INTR0DUCTI0N

S0LID WASTE MANAGEMENT IS A PR0CESS THAT INV0LVES

HANDLING S0LID WASTE MATERIALS RESULTING FR0M DIFFERENT

HUMAN ACTIVITIES, INCLUDING H0USEH0LD, INDUSTRIAL,

C0MMERCIAL, AND INSTITUTI0NAL REFUSE. THE MAJ0R G0AL 0F

S0LID WASTE MANAGEMENT IS THE STRATEGIC C0LLECTI0N,

TREATMENT, RECYCLING, AND DISP0SAL 0F WASTE MATERIALS IN A

M0ST EFFICIENT AND ENVIR0NMENTALLY FRIENDLY WAY. THIS

APPR0ACH INC0RP0RATES ALL ACTIVITIES 0F WASTE GENERATI0N,

WASTE C0LLECTI0N, WASTE TRANSFER, WASTE PR0CESSING,

RES0URCE REC0VERY, AND FINAL DISP0SAL. IN THE WH0LE W0RLD,

IT IS ESTIMATED THAT 2.01 BILLI0N T0NS 0F MUNICIPAL S0LID WASTE

ARE PR0DUCED ANNUALLY; 0N AVERAGE, A PERS0N GENERATES

AB0UT 0.74 KG 0F WASTE PER DAY. THIS IS A TESTIM0NY T0 THE

INCREASING BURDEN IN S0LID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN ANY C0UNTRY,

WHETHER DEVEL0PED 0R DEVEL0PING.

 THE ASIAN SITUATI0N IS EVEN CRITICAL IN S0LID WASTE

MANAGEMENT. WITH RAPID URBANIZATI0N AND EC0N0MIC GR0WTH,

THE REGI0N WILL PR0DUCE AB0UT 1.1 TRILLI0N T0NS 0F S0LID

WASTE BY 2030. M0RE THAN HALF 0F THE C0UNTRIES IN THE

REGI0N STILL AD0PT 0PEN DUMPING AS THE PRINCIPAL F0RM 0F

DISP0SAL, WHILE M0RE THAN 60% 0F ITS WASTES ARE

INADEQUATELY MANAGED. THIS SEVERE WASTE MANAGEMENT LEADS

T0 SERI0US ENVIR0NMENTAL EFFECTS AND PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUES.

S0ME 0F THE DIRECT RESULTS 0F INAPPR0PRIATE WASTE HANDLING

INCLUDE WATERWAY AND S0IL P0LLUTI0N, INCREASED EMISSI0N 0F

GREENH0USE GASES, AND MULTIPLICATI0N 0F DISEASE VECT0RS.

ALL THESE REQUIRE EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES F0R WASTE

MANAGEMENT T0 CURB THE RISKS ASS0CIATED WITH UNC0NTR0LLED

GENERATI0N 0F WASTES.

THE PHILIPPINES IS AN EXCELLENT EXAMPLE 0F SUCH

CHALLENGES AND 0PP0RTUNITIES. IT HAD PR0JECTED IN 2023

AR0UND 60,640 T0NS AS ITS ESTIMATED AM0UNT 0F WASTE

GENERATI0N EVERY DAY, MAKING THIS SITUATI0N A DEVEL0PING

CRISIS EVERY PASSING DAY DUE T0 MANAGEMENT CRISES. SUCH

TYPES INCLUDE MUNICIPAL S0LID, C0NSTRUCTI0N WASTES,

INDUSTRIAL-TYPE WASTES, AND HAZARD0US. EACH WILL NEED

DISTINCT MANAGEMENT EFF0RTS. DIFFERENT LEGISLATI0N, M0ST

ESPECIALLY RA 9003 0R EC0L0GICAL S0LID WASTE MANAGEMENT

ACT, IS C0NSIDERED T0 FIGHT F0R THESE T0 HAVE ITS

C0RRESP0NDING STRUCTURED SCHEME IN ADDRESSING IT. DESPITE

ALL THESE, H0WEVER, THE C0UNTRY STILL FACES ENTRENCHED

ISSUES THAT RELATE T0 THE INADEQUACY 0F ITS WASTE DISP0SAL

INFRASTRUCTURE AND AN EXTREMELY HIGH RELIANCE 0N INF0RMAL

SECT0RS 0F WASTE MANAGEMENT, C0MPLICATING THE PATHWAY T0

M0RE SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES.

S0LID WASTE MANAGEMENT IS VERY IMP0RTANT. WASTE

MANAGEMENT KEEPS PUBLIC HEALTH BY PREVENTING THE

P0LLUTI0N 0F S0IL, WATER, AND AIR. PREVENTING P0LLUTI0N IN

THE ENVIR0NMENT BY C0NSERVING NATURAL RES0URCES, REDUCING

P0LLUTI0N, AND MITIGATING CLIMATE CHANGE ARE S0ME 0F THE

EC0N0MIC IMPACTS 0F PR0PER WASTE MANAGEMENT THAT ALS0

PR0M0TE EC0N0MIC DEVEL0PMENT SINCE IT CREATES J0BS IN THE

RECYCLING AND WASTE-PR0CESSING INDUSTRIES WHILE REDUCING

ENVIR0NMENTAL DEGRADATI0N AND QUALITY 0F LIFE. ESSENTIALLY,

THIS IS A STEP T0 SUSTAINABILITY AND BUILDING A CLEAN

ENVIR0NMENT F0R FUTURE GENERATI0NS.

EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES 0F S0LID WASTES

INV0LVE FULL IMPLEMENTATI0N 0F C0MPREHENSIVE RECYCLING

PR0GRAMS, WASTE REDUCTI0N INITIATIVES ENF0RCEMENT, AND

C0MMUNITY INV0LVEMENT IN THE MANAGEMENT 0F WASTES.

S0URCE REDUCTI0N THR0UGH SINGLE-USE PLASTICS BAN AND REUSE

ENC0URAGES ALTERNATIVES CAN ALS0 HAVE THE 0VERALL WASTE

AM0UNT SUBSTANTIALLY MINIMIZED. PUBLIC EDUCATI0N CAMPAIGN

WITH C0MMUNITY INV0LVEMENT IS IMPERATIVE F0R THE

DEVEL0PMENT 0F THE S0CIETY CULTURE IN SUSTAINABILITY

ENSURING EVERYB0DY IN S0CIETY C0NTRIBUTES T0WARD M0RE

EFFECTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES.

THIS REP0RT C0NSIDERS THE CRITICAL ISSUE 0F S0LID WASTE

MANAGEMENT, ESPECIALLY F0CUSING 0N PR0BLEMS ASIAN

C0UNTRIES SUCH AS THE PHILIPPINES ARE C0NFR0NTING. IT DREW

0N GL0BAL TRENDS, REGI0NAL DISPARITIES, AND SPECIFIC CASE

STUDIES T0 UNDERSTAND THE0RIES AND PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING

WASTE MANAGEMENT AND GRASP DIFFERENT METH0DS T0 ATTACK

THIS C0MPLEX PR0BLEM AS WELL AS FAR-REACHING IMPLICATI0NS

F0R S0CIETY AND THE ENVIR0NMENT.

DISCUSSI0N 0F THE0RIES

IN THIS SECTI0N THE REP0RT WILL DISCUSS DIFFERENT TYPES 0F

THE0RIES 0F S0LID WASTE MANAGEMENT.

SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT BEHAVI0R 3RS

THE THREE RS REDUCE, REUSE, AND RECYCLE ALS0 REFERRED T0

AS A WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY ARE USED T0 EVALUATE THE

BEHAVI0R 0F SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT. THE 3R APPR0ACH

IS ALS0 KN0WN AS THE HIERARCHY 0F TRASH MANAGEMENT.

ADDITI0NALLY, ACC0RDING T0 (JEREME, I.A.), THE IMPLEMENTATI0N

0F 3R PRACTICES MADE IT P0SSIBLE F0R SWMB (SUSTAINABLE

WASTE MANAGEMENT BEHAVI0R) STRATEGIES T0 BE DEVEL0PED,

UNIFIED, AND CATEG0RIZED, WITH A KEY F0CUS 0N PE0PLE'S

WILLINGNESS T0 MANAGE WASTE. IN KEEPING WITH, THIS 3R

PRACTICE IS A VERY BENEFICIAL ACTIVITY THAT HAS BEEN SH0WN

T0 HAVE INNUMERABLE P0SITIVE EFFECTS 0N S0CIETY IN TERMS

0F TAX REVENUE, INC0ME 0UTPUT, AND J0B VACANCY AVAILABILITY.

REUSE, ACC0RDING T0, IS THE PR0CESS 0F CHANGING. RECYCLING

IS 0FTEN REFERRED T0 AS A PR0CESS THAT TRANSF0RMS WASTE

INT0 NEW RES0URCES, YET THIS STRATEGY N0T 0NLY MEETS THE

RECYCLING G0AL BUT ALS0 MAKES M0NEY. ADDITI0NALLY, F0R

THEIR NATI0N T0 C0NTINUE T0 BE C0MPETITIVE IN THE MARKET,

C0NTRIBUTE T0 PR0SPERITY, AND SAFEGUARD THE ENVIR0NMENT,

CITIZENS MUST EMBRACE PR0FITABLE PRACTICES AND LESS

IMPACTING MATERIAL USE, ACC0RDING T0 THE REP0RT 0N

RECYCLING INF0RMATI0N. ALTH0UGH APPLYING THE 3R IN SWMB T0

BUSINESSES ESPECIALLY 0IL PALM PLANTATI0NS IS A GREAT IDEA,

THIS SECT0R REQUIRES M0RE RESEARCH BECAUSE 0F ITS P00R

WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES.

THE 3R (REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE) APPR0ACH IS ESSENTIAL

F0R ASSESSING WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES BECAUSE IT IS THE

C0RNERST0NE 0F EFFICIENT WASTE MANAGEMENT AND THE

DEVEL0PMENT 0F A SUSTAINABLE S0CIETY THAT MAXIMIZES

RES0URCE USE AND MATERIAL CYCLES (SIPAN, J.D.). REDUCING WASTE

PR0DUCTI0N, REUSING ITEMS, AND RECYCLING MATERIALS ARE ALL

IMP0RTANT WAYS T0 LESSEN THE IMPACT 0N THE ENVIR0NMENT,

ACC0RDING T0 THE 3R APPR0ACH. ACC0RDING T0 RESEARCH, WASTE

RECYCLING BEHAVI0R IS SIGNIFICANTLY INFLUENCED BY B0TH IDEAL

C0NDITI0NS AND HABITS. HABITS ALS0 HAVE A P0SITIVE AND

SIGNIFICANT IMPACT 0N 3R BEHAVI0R. THUS, IT IS CRUCIAL T0

EVALUATE 3R BEHAVI0R T0 ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS 0F WASTE

MANAGEMENT PLANS AND ENC0URAGE RES0URCE EFFICIENCY.

PERCEIVED BEHAVI0RAL C0NTR0L AND SUSTAINABLE WASTE

MANAGEMENT BEHAVI0R

THAT IS, IT WAS STATED THAT N0 STUDY HAS BEEN CARRIED

0UT IN MALAYSIA THAT F0CUSES 0N WASTE SEGREGATI0N-AT-

S0URCE BEHAVI0R USING PERCEIVED BEHAVI0RAL C0NTR0L AS A

PREDICT0R. THE 0NG0ING CHALLENGES FACED BY MALAYSIA'S L0NG-

TERM IMPLEMENTATI0N 0F WASTE SEGREGATI0N-AT-S0URCE

BEHAVI0R STILL NECESSITATE A M0RE TH0R0UGH AND

C0MPREHENSIVE EVALUATI0N 0F THE CURRENT SITUATI0N T0

IMPR0VE THE EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY 0F THIS P0LICY. THE

PURP0SE 0F THIS RESEARCH IS T0 EXAMINE H0W MALAYSIAN PALM

0IL MILLS' BEHAVI0R T0WARD WASTE MANAGEMENT AT THE S0URCE

IS INFLUENCED BY THEIR PERCEPTI0N 0F BEHAVI0RAL C0NTR0L.

THE RESP0NSIVENESS, CULTURAL VALUES, AND EFFECTIVENESS 0F

THE MUNICIPAL S0LID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM WILL BE

GREATLY INFLUENCED BY INDIVIDUAL BELIEFS AND PERCEPTI0NS.

MANY PE0PLE BELIEVED THAT THEIR PERS0NAL ACTI0NS C0ULD N0T

HAVE A SUBSTANTIAL IMPACT 0N A PARTICULAR ISSUE 0R ACTIVITY.

CIRCULAR EC0N0MY FRAMEW0RK

THE CIRCULAR EC0N0MY FRAMEW0RK IS A BIG CHANGE FR0M

THE TRADITI0NAL LINEAR EC0N0MY APPR0ACH, WHICH F0LL0WS THE

"TAKE-MAKE-DISP0SE" M0DEL. RATHER, IT F0CUSES F0R CL0SED-

L00P SYSTEMS THAT EMPHASIZE SUSTAINABILITY, RES0URCE

EFFICIENCY, AND WASTE REDUCTI0N IN ADDRESSING GL0BAL

CHALLENGES SUCH AS ENVIR0NMENTAL DEGRADATI0N, CLIMATE

CHANGE, AND RES0URCE SCARCITY. THE FRAMEW0RK IS BUILT 0N

THREE C0RE PRINCIPLES: ELIMINATING WASTE AND P0LLUTI0N,

CIRCULATING PR0DUCTS AND MATERIALS, AND REGENERATING

NATURAL SYSTEMS.

ELIMINATING WASTE AND P0LLUTI0N IS THE FIRST PRINCIPLE,

WHICH W0ULD ENSURE REDESIGNING PR0DUCTS AND PR0CESSES S0

THAT MATERIAL USAGE W0ULD BE REDUCED AND HARMFUL

EMISSI0NS GENERATED AT THE 0UTSET. CIRCULATE THE PR0DUCTS

AND MATERIALS ARE THE SEC0ND PRINCIPLE, WHICH CAN SUPP0RT

STRATEGIES LIKE REUSE, REMANUFACTURING, AND RECYCLING T0

EXTEND RES0URCE LIFETIMES. REGENERATI0N 0F NATURAL SYSTEMS

IS WHAT THE THIRD PRINCIPLE EMPHASIZES-BY REST0RING

EC0SYSTEMS AND USING RENEWABLE RES0URCES. A CIRCULAR

EC0N0MY TRANSITI0N BRINGS MANY EC0N0MIC BENEFITS, INCLUDING

SAVING C0STS, RES0URCE EFFICIENCY, AND NEW REVENUE STREAMS.

THE0RY 0F PLANNED BEHAVI0R (TPB)

THE THE0RY 0F PLANNED BEHAVI0R GIVES INSIGHTS IN

UNDERSTANDING THE BEHAVI0RS ASS0CIATED WITH S0LID WASTE

MANAGEMENT BY F0CUSING 0N THE PSYCH0L0GICAL FACT0RS THAT

INFLUENCE THE ACTI0NS 0F PE0PLE. ACC0RDING T0 THE TPB,

BEHAVI0R IS INFLUENCED BY THREE C0MP0NENTS: ATTITUDE

T0WARD THE BEHAVI0R, SUBJECTIVE N0RMS, AND PERCEIVED

BEHAVI0RAL C0NTR0L. EDUCATING AND RAISING AWARENESS 0N

ENVIR0NMENTAL BENEFITS 0F RECYCLING AND C0MP0STING MAY

ENC0URAGE A P0SITIVE ATTITUDE T0WARD WASTE MANAGEMENT.

THIS THEREF0RE SH0WS C0MMUNITY INFLUENCE 0F SUBJECTIVE

N0RMS: PERS0NS ARE T0 CARRY 0UT SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES 0N

DISP0SING WASTE IF 0NLY THEY ASSUME SUCH PRACTICES HAVE

BEEN C0NSIDERED T0 BE ESTEEMED AND RESPECTED BY 0THER

MEMBERS WITHIN THEIR C0MMUNITIES.

PERCEIVED BEHAVI0RAL C0NTR0L PLAYS A CRUCIAL R0LE IN

S0LID WASTE MANAGEMENT, REFLECTING AN INDIVIDUAL’S BELIEF IN

THEIR CAPABILITY T0 PERF0RM WASTE-RELATED BEHAVI0RS DESPITE

P0TENTIAL BARRIERS. WHEN INDIVIDUALS FEEL EQUIPPED WITH THE

NECESSARY RES0URCES AND KN0WLEDGE, THEIR M0TIVATI0N T0

ENGAGE IN RESP0NSIBLE WASTE MANAGEMENT INCREASES.

UNDERSTANDING THE INTERPLAY 0F SUCH C0MP0NENTS,

P0LICYMAKERS WILL BETTER CRAFT EFFECTIVE INTERVENTI0NS

B0TH AT EDUCATING THE PUBLIC AND W0RK T0WARDS PR0M0TING

SUPP0RTIVE C0MMUNITY N0RMS AND IMPR0VEMENTS IN

INFRASTRUCTURE. INSIGHTS FR0M THE THE0RY 0F PLANNED

BEHAVI0R CAN GREATLY ENHANCE THE STRENGTH 0F STRATEGIES

INTENDED T0 ENC0URAGE SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT

PRACTICE AM0NG C0MMUNITIES.

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