BCA IV

Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)

 Syllabus: Unit 2
 Inheritance: Types, Super keyword, method overriding,
covariant return type, abstract class.
 Interfaces and Packages: Creation and implementing
an interface, difference between abstract class and
interface, Packages, and importing a package.
 Exception Handling: Exception Class, built-in checked
and unchecked exceptions, user-defined exceptions, use
of try, catch, throw, throws, finally

Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)

 Java - Inheritance
 Inheritance can be defined as the process where one
class acquires the properties (methods and fields) of
another.
 Inheritance in Java is a mechanism in which one
object acquires all the properties and behaviors of a
parent object. It is an important part of OOPs (Object
Oriented programming system).
 The class which inherits the properties of other is
known as subclass (derived class, child class) and the
class whose properties are inherited is known as
superclass (base class, parent class).
Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)
 Java - Inheritance
 The idea behind inheritance in Java is that you can
create new classes that are built upon existing
classes.
 When you inherit from an existing class, you can
reuse methods and fields of the parent class.
 Moreover, you can add new methods and fields in
your current class also.
 Inheritance represents the IS-A relationship, also
known as parent-child relationship.

Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)

 Terms used in Inheritance
 Class: A class is a group of objects which have common
properties. It is a template or blueprint from which
objects are created.
 Sub Class/Child Class: Subclass is a class which
inherits the other class. It is also called a derived class,
extended class, or child class.
 Super Class/Parent Class: Superclass is the class from
where a subclass inherits the features. It is also called a
base class or a parent class.
 Reusability: As the name specifies, reusability is a
mechanism which facilitates you to reuse the fields and
methods of the existing class when you create a new
class. You can use the same fields and methods already
defined in the previous class.
Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)
 Syntax of Java Inheritance

The extends keyword indicates that you are

making a new class that derives from an
existing class. The meaning of "extends" is to
increase the functionality.
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Example of Inheritance

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 Types of inheritance in java
 On the basis of class, there can be three types of
inheritance in java:
 Single,
 Multilevel
 Hierarchical.

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Types of inheritance in java

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Single Inheritance Example

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Multilevel Inheritance Example

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Hierarchical Inheritance Example

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 Why multiple inheritance is not supported
in java?
 To reduce the complexity and simplify the language,
multiple inheritance is not supported in java.
 Consider a scenario where A, B and C are three classes.
The C class inherits A and B classes. If A and B classes
have same method and you call it from child class object,
there will be ambiguity to call method of A or B class.
 Since compile time errors are better than runtime errors,
java renders compile time error if you inherit 2 classes. So
whether you have same method or different, there will be
compile time error now.

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 Example

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 Important facts about inheritance in
Java
 Default superclass: Except Object class, which has no superclass,
every class has one and only one direct superclass (single
inheritance). In the absence of any other explicit superclass, every
class is implicitly a subclass of the Object class.
 Superclass can only be one: A superclass can have any number of
subclasses. But a subclass can have only one superclass. This is
because Java does not support multiple inheritances with classes.
Although with interfaces, multiple inheritances are supported by
java.
 Inheriting Constructors: A subclass inherits all the members
(fields, methods, and nested classes) from its superclass.
Constructors are not members, so they are not inherited by
subclasses, but the constructor of the superclass can be invoked
from the subclass.
 Private member inheritance: A subclass does not inherit the
private members of its parent class. However, if the superclass has
public or protected methods(like getters and setters) for accessing
its private fields, these can also be used by the subclass.
Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)
 Advantages Of Inheritance in Java
 Code Reusability: Inheritance allows for code reuse and
reduces the amount of code that needs to be written. The
subclass can reuse the properties and methods of the
superclass, reducing duplication of code.
 Abstraction: Inheritance allows for the creation of
abstract classes that define a common interface for a
group of related classes. This promotes abstraction and
encapsulation, making the code easier to maintain and
extend.
 Class Hierarchy: Inheritance allows for the creation of a
class hierarchy, which can be used to model real-world
objects and their relationships.
 Polymorphism: Inheritance allows for polymorphism,
which is the ability of an object to take on multiple forms.
Subclasses can override methods of the superclass, which
allows them to change their behavior in different ways.
Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)
 Disadvantages of Inheritance in Java

 Complexity: Inheritance can make the code more

complex and harder to understand. This is especially
true if the inheritance hierarchy is deep or if multiple
inheritances is used.
 Tight Coupling: Inheritance creates a tight coupling
between the superclass and subclass, making it
difficult to make changes to the superclass without
affecting the subclass.

Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)

 super keyword in java
 The super keyword in Java is a reference variable that
is used to refer to immediate parent class objects.
 Whenever you create the instance of a subclass, an
instance of the parent class is created implicitly i.e.
referred by the super reference variable.

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Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)
 Characteristics of super keyword
 Super is used to call a superclass constructor: When
a subclass is created, its constructor must call the
constructor of its parent class. This is done using the
super() keyword, which calls the constructor of the
parent class.
 Super is used to call a superclass method: A subclass
can call a method defined in its parent class using the
super keyword. This is useful when the subclass wants to
invoke the parent class’s implementation of the method
in addition to its own.
 Super is used to access a superclass field: A subclass
can access a field defined in its parent class using the
super keyword. This is useful when the subclass wants to
reference the parent class’s version of a field.
Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)
 Characteristics of super keyword
 Super must be the first statement in a constructor:
When calling a superclass constructor, the super()
statement must be the first statement in the constructor of
the subclass.
 Super cannot be used in a static context: The super
keyword cannot be used in a static context, such as in a
static method or a static variable initializer.
 Super is not required to call a superclass method:
While it is possible to use the super keyword to call a
method in the parent class, it is not required. If a method is
not overridden in the subclass, then calling it without the
super keyword will invoke the parent class’s
implementation.

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super is used to refer immediate parent class
instance variable.

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super can be used to invoke the parent class method

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super is used to invoke the parent class constructor

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super example: real use

Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)

 Advantages of Super Keywords
 Enables reuse of code: Using the super keyword allows
subclasses to inherit functionality from their parent
classes, which promotes reuse of code and reduces
duplication.
 Supports polymorphism: Because subclasses can
override methods and access fields from their parent
classes using super, polymorphism is possible. This
allows for more flexible and extensible code.
 Provides access to parent class behavior: Subclasses
can access and use methods and fields defined in their
parent classes through the super keyword, which allows
them to take advantage of existing behavior without
having to reimplement it.
Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)
 Advantages of Super Keywords
 Allows for customization of behavior: By
overriding methods and using super to call the parent
implementation, subclasses can customize and extend
the behavior of their parent classes.
 Facilitates abstraction and encapsulation: The use
of super promotes encapsulation and abstraction by
allowing subclasses to focus on their own behavior
while relying on the parent class to handle lower-level
details.

Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)

 Method Overriding in Java
 If the subclass (child class) has the same method
as declared in the parent class, it is known
as method overriding in Java.
 In other words, If a subclass provides the specific
implementation of the method that has been
provided by one of its parent classes, it is known as
method overriding.

Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)

Usage of Java Method Overriding

 Method overriding is used to provide specific

implementation of a method that is already
provided by its super class.
 Method overriding is used for runtime
polymorphism

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Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)
Understanding the problem without
method overriding

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Example of Method Overriding

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Difference between Method Overloading and Method Overriding

 Method Overloading  Method Overriding

 Method overloading is  Method overriding is
used to increase the used to provide the specific
readability of the program. implementation of the
 Method overloading is method that is already
performed within class. provided by its super class.
 In case of method  Method overriding
overloading, parameter occurs in two classes that
must be different. have an IS-A (inheritance)
 Method overloading is the
relationship.
example of compile time  In case of method
polymorphism. overriding, the parameter
must be the same.
 Method overriding is an
example of run time
polymorphism.

Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)

 Interface in Java
 An interface in Java is a blueprint of a class. It has static
constants and abstract methods.
 The interface in Java is a mechanism to achieve
abstraction.
 There can be only abstract methods in the Java
interface, not the method body.
 It is used to achieve abstraction and multiple
inheritances in Java.
 In other words, you can say that interfaces can have
abstract methods and variables.
 It cannot have a method body. Java Interface also
represents the IS-A relationship.
Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)
Why use Java interface?

Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)

 How to declare an interface?
 An interface is declared by using the interface keyword.
 It provides total abstraction; means all the methods in an
interface are declared with the empty body, and all the
fields are public, static and final by default.
 A class that implements an interface must implement all
the methods declared in the interface.

Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)

 How work interface?
 The Java compiler adds public and abstract keywords
before the interface method.
 Moreover, it adds public, static and final keywords
before data members.

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The relationship between classes and
interfaces

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Difference Between Class and Interface

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Java Interface Example

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Java Interface Example: Drawable

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Java Interface Example: Drawable
 The Drawable interface has only one method. Its
implementation is provided by Rectangle and Circle
classes.
 In a real scenario, an interface is defined by someone
else, but its implementation is provided by different
implementation providers.
 Moreover, it is used by someone else.
 The implementation part is hidden by the user who
uses the interface.

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Java Interface Example: Bank

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Multiple inheritance in Java by interface

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Multiple inheritance in Java by interface

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 Multiple inheritance is not
supported through class in
java, but it is possible by an
interface, why?

Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)

 Multiple Inheritance in Java
 Multiple inheritance is not supported in the case of
class because of ambiguity.
 However, it is supported in case of an interface
because there is no ambiguity.
 It is because its implementation is provided by the
implementation class

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Multiple Inheritance in Java

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Interface inheritance

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 Why do we use an Interface?
 It is used to achieve total abstraction.
 Since java does not support multiple inheritances in
the case of class, by using an interface it can achieve
multiple inheritances.
 Any class can extend only 1 class but can any class
implement infinite number of interface.
 It is also used to achieve loose coupling.
 Interfaces are used to implement abstraction.

Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)

 Advantages of Interfaces in Java
 Without bothering about the implementation part, we
can achieve the security of the implementation.
 In Java, multiple inheritances is not allowed, however,
you can use an interface to make use of it as you can
implement more than one interface.

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Difference Between Abstract Class
And Interface

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Difference Between Abstract Class
And Interface

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 Java Package
 A java package is a group of similar types of classes,
interfaces and sub-packages.
 Package in java can be categorized in two form, built-
in package and user-defined package.
 There are many built-in packages such as java, lang,
awt, javax, swing, net, io, util, sql etc.

Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)

 Advantage of Java Package
 Preventing naming conflicts. For example there can be
two classes with name Employee in two packages,
college.staff.cse.Employee and college.staff.ee.Employee
 Making searching/locating and usage of classes, interfaces,
enumerations and annotations easier
 Providing controlled access: protected and default have
package level access control. A protected member is
accessible by classes in the same package and its subclasses.
A default member (without any access specifier) is
accessible by classes in the same package only.
 Packages can be considered as data encapsulation (or data-
hiding).
Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)
Advantage of Java Package
 Reusability: While developing a project in java, we
often feel that there are few things that we are writing
again and again in our code. Using packages, you can
create such things in form of classes inside a package
and whenever you need to perform that same task, just
import that package and use the class.
 Better Organization: Again, in large java projects
where we have several hundreds of classes, it is always
required to group the similar types of classes in a
meaningful package name so that you can organize
your project better and when you need something you
can quickly locate it and use it, which improves the
efficiency.
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Types of packages

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 Built-in Packages
 These packages consist of a large number of classes which are a
part of Java API.Some of the commonly used built-in packages
are:
 java.lang: Contains language support classes(e.g classed which
defines primitive data types, math operations). This package is
automatically imported.
 java.io: Contains classed for supporting input / output
operations.
 java.util: Contains utility classes which implement data
structures like Linked List, Dictionary and support ; for Date /
Time operations.
 java.applet: Contains classes for creating Applets.
 java.awt: Contain classes for implementing the components
for graphical user interfaces (like button , ;menus etc).
 java.net: Contain classes for supporting networking
operations.
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 User-defined packages
These are the packages that are defined by the user.
First we create a directory myPackage (name should be
same as the name of the package).
Then create the MyClass inside the directory with the
first statement being the package names.

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 How to access a package from
another package?

 There are three ways to access the package from

outside the package.

 import package.*;
 import package. Class name;
 fully qualified name.

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Sequence of the program must be
package then import then class.

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 1) Using packagename.*
 If you use package.* then all the classes and
interfaces of this package will be accessible
but not subpackages.
 The import keyword is used to make the
classes and interface of another package
accessible to the current package.

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Example of package that import
the packagename.*

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 2) Using packagename.classname
 If you import package.classname then only declared
class of this package will be accessible.

Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)

 3) Using fully qualified name
 If you use fully qualified name then only declared class
of this package will be accessible. Now there is no need
to import. But you need to use fully qualified name
every time when you are accessing the class or
interface.
 It is generally used when two packages have same class
name e.g. java.util and java.sql packages contain Date
class.

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Example of package by import fully
qualified name

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 What is exception handling
 The exception handling in java is one of the
powerful mechanism to handle the runtime errors so
that normal flow of the application can be maintained.

 Exception Handling is a mechanism to handle runtime

errors such as ClassNotFound, IO, SQL, Remote etc.

Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)

 What is exception

 Dictionary Meaning: Exception is an abnormal

condition.
 In java, exception is an event that disrupts the normal
flow of the program. It is an object which is thrown at
runtime.

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The core advantage of exception handling
 Advantage of Exception Handling

 The core advantage of exception handling

is to maintain the normal flow of the
application. Exception normally disrupts
the normal flow of the application.

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Hierarchy of Java Exception classes

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Types of Exception

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 Checked Exception
 A checked exception is an exception that occurs at the
compile time, these are also called as compile time
exceptions.
 These exceptions cannot simply be ignored at the time
of compilation, the programmer should take care of
(handle) these exceptions.
 For example, if you use FileReader class in your
program to read data from a file, if the file specified in
its constructor doesn't exist, then
a FileNotFoundException occurs, and the compiler
prompts the programmer to handle the exception.

Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)

 Unchecked Exceptions
 An unchecked exception is an exception that occurs at the
time of execution.
 These are also called as Runtime Exceptions.
 These include programming bugs, such as logic errors or
improper use of an API.
 Runtime exceptions are ignored at the time of compilation.
 For example, if you have declared an array of size 5 in your
program, and trying to call the 6th element of the array then
an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsExceptionexception occurs.

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 Errors
 These are not exceptions at all, but problems that
arise beyond the control of the user or the
programmer.
 Errors are typically ignored in your code because
you can rarely do anything about an error.
 For example, if a stack overflow occurs, an error
will arise.
 They are also ignored at the time of compilation.

Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)

Common scenarios where exceptions may occur
 1) Scenario where ArithmeticException occurs
If we divide any number by zero, there occurs an
ArithmeticException.

 2) Scenario where NullPointerException occurs

If we have null value in any variable, performing any operation
by the variable occurs an NullPointerException.

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Common scenarios where exceptions may occur
 3) Scenario where NumberFormatException occurs
The wrong formatting of any value, may occur
NumberFormatException.

 4) Scenario where ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException occurs

If you are inserting any value in the wrong index, it would
result ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException as shown below:

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Java Exception Handling Keywords
 There are 5 keywords used in java exception
handling.
 try
 catch
 finally
 throw
 throws

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Java Exception Handling Keywords

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 Java try-catch
Java try block is used to enclose the code that might throw
an exception. It must be used within the method.
Java try block must be followed by either catch or finally
block.

Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)

 Java catch block
 Java catch block is used to handle the Exception by
declaring the type of exception within the parameter.
 The declared exception must be the parent class
exception ( i.e., Exception) or the generated exception
type.
 Java catch block is used to handle the Exception. It
must be used after the try block only.
 You can use multiple catch block with a single try.

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Internal Working of Java try-catch block

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Problem without exception handling

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Solution by exception handling

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Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)
Java catch multiple exceptions

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Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)
Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)
 Java finally block
 Java finally block is a block used to execute
important code such as closing the connection,
etc.
 Java finally block is always executed whether an
exception is handled or not.
 Therefore, it contains all the necessary statements
that need to be printed regardless of the exception
occurs or not.
 The finally block follows the try-catch block.

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Java finally block

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 Why use Java finally block?

 finally block in Java can be used to put

"cleanup" code such as closing a file,
closing connection, etc.
 The important statements to be printed can
be placed in the finally block.

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 Usage of Java finally
 Case 1: When an exception does not occur

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 Case 2: When an exception occur but not handled by
the catch block

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 Java throw keyword
 The Java throw keyword is used to explicitly throw an
exception.
 We can throw either checked or unchecked exception in
java by throw keyword.
 The throw keyword is mainly used to throw custom
exception.
 The syntax of java throw keyword is given below.

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java throw keyword example (Throwing Unchecked Exception)

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java throw keyword example (Throwing Unchecked Exception)

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java throw keyword example (Throwing User-defined Exception)

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 Java throws keyword
 The Java throws keyword is used to declare an
exception.
 It gives an information to the programmer that there
may occur an exception so it is better for the
programmer to provide the exception handling code
so that normal flow can be maintained.

Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)

 Java throws keyword

 Which exception should be declared

 Ans) checked exception only, because:
 unchecked Exception: under your control so correct
your code.
 error: beyond your control e.g. you are unable to do
anything if there occurs VirtualMachineError or
StackOverflowError.

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Java throws Example

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 Java throws keyword
 There are two cases:
1. Case 1: We have caught the exception i.e. we
have handled the exception using try/catch
block.
2.Case 2: We have declared the exception i.e.
specified throws keyword with the method.

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Case 1: Handle Exception Using try-catch block

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 Case 2: Declare Exception

• In case we declare the exception if the exception

does not occur, the code will be executed fine.
• In case we declare the exception and the exception
occurs, it will be thrown at runtime
because throws do not handle the exception.

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A) If exception does not occur

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B) If exception occurs

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 Difference between throw and throws in Java
Basis of throw throws
Differences

Definition Java throw keyword is used Java throws keyword is

throw an exception explicitly in used in the method
the code, inside the function or signature to declare an
the block of code. exception which might be
thrown by the function
while the execution of the
code.
Type of exception Using throw keyword, we can Using throws keyword,
only propagate unchecked we can declare both
exception i.e., the checked checked and unchecked
exception cannot be propagated exceptions. However, the
using throw only. throws keyword can be
used to propagate
checked exceptions only.

Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)

 Difference between throw and throws in Java
Basis of throw throws
Differences

Syntax The throw keyword is followed The throws keyword is

by an instance of Exception to followed by class names
be thrown. of Exceptions to be
thrown.

Declaration throw is used within the method. throws is used with the
method signature.

Internal We are allowed to throw only We can declare multiple

implementation one exception at a time i.e. we exceptions using throws
cannot throw multiple keyword that can be
exceptions. thrown by the method.
For example, main()
throws IOException,
SQLException.

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Difference between throw and throws in Java

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Difference between final, finally and finalize

Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)

Java final example

Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)

Java finally example

Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)

Java finalize example

Ms. Sushma Malik, Assistant Professor (IINTM)