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Signal Transmission Encoding

The document discusses signal transmission and encoding, highlighting the differences between analog and digital signals, as well as various line encoding schemes such as unipolar, polar, and bipolar. It explains the properties of signals, the concept of data rate versus signal rate, and provides details on specific encoding methods like NRZ, Manchester, and AMI. The content is aimed at understanding how data is represented and transmitted in communication systems.

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1 views15 pages

Signal Transmission Encoding

The document discusses signal transmission and encoding, highlighting the differences between analog and digital signals, as well as various line encoding schemes such as unipolar, polar, and bipolar. It explains the properties of signals, the concept of data rate versus signal rate, and provides details on specific encoding methods like NRZ, Manchester, and AMI. The content is aimed at understanding how data is represented and transmitted in communication systems.

Uploaded by

dev.2226ec1168
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Signal transmission and

encoding

by
Mr. Naveen Chauhan
(M. Tech.)
KIET Group of Institutions
Contents
❑ Signal transmission
❑ Analog and Digital signals
❑ Data rate vs signal rate
❑ Line encoding
❑ Unipolar
❑ Polar
❑ Bipolar
Signals

❑Signals are the electric or electromagnetic encoding of data


(telephone conversation).
❑Analog and digital
❑Analog signals are continuous, non-discrete
❑Digital signals are non-continuous, discrete
Signals

❑All signals are composed of three properties:


❑Amplitude
❑Frequency
❑Phase
Signal element versus data element

❑The baud or signal rate can be expressed as:


❑S = c x N x 1/r bauds
❑where N is data rate
Line coding schemes

❑ Mainly line coding schemes are divided into 5 broad categories.


❑ Unipolar
❑ Converting a string of 1’s and 0’s
❑ Polar (digital data) into a sequence of
❑ Bipolar signals that denote the 1’s and 0’s.
❑ For example a high voltage level (+V)
❑ Multilevel
could represent a “1” and a low
❑ Multitransition voltage level (0 or -V) could
represent a “0”.
Unipolar

❑ All the signal level are on one side of the time axis, either above
or below.
❑NRZ (non-Return-to-zero) Non Return to Zero scheme is an
example of this code. The signal level does not return to zero
during a symbol transmission.
❑Scheme is prone to baseline wandering and DC components. It
has no synchronization or any error detection. It is simple but
costly in power consumption.
Polar schemes
❑The voltages are on both sides of the time axis.
❑Polar NRZ scheme can be implemented with two voltages. E.g.
+V for 1 and -V for 0.
❑There are two versions:
❑NRZ - Level (NRZ-L) - positive voltage for one symbol and negative for
the other
❑NRZ - Inversion (NRZ-I) - the change or lack of change in polarity
determines the value of a symbol. E.g. a “1” symbol inverts the polarity a
“0” does not.
Polar NRZ

❑ InNRZ-L the level of the voltage determines


the value of the bit.
❑In NRZ-I the inversion or the lack of inversion
determines the value of the bit.
Polar schemes
❑ Polar- RZ (Return-to-zero)
❑The Return to Zero (RZ) scheme uses three voltage values. +, 0, -.
❑Each symbol has a transition in the middle. Either from high to zero or from low to
zero.
❑This scheme has more signal transitions (two per symbol) and therefore requires a
wider bandwidth.
Polar schemes
❑ Polar - Biphase: Manchester and Differential Manchester.
❑Manchester coding consists of combining the NRZ-L and RZ schemes.
❑Every symbol has a level transition in the middle: from high to low or low to high. Uses only
two voltage levels.

❑Differential Manchester coding consists of combining the NRZ-I and RZ schemes.


❑Every symbol has a level transition in the middle. But the level at the beginning of
the symbol is determined by the symbol value. One symbol causes a level change
the other does not.
Polar schemes
❑ Polar - Biphase: Manchester and Differential Manchester.
❑In Manchester and differential Manchester encoding, the transition at the middle of the bit is
used for synchronization.
Bipolar - AMI and Pseudoternary
❑Code uses 3 voltage levels: - +, 0, -, to represent the symbols (note not transitions to
zero as in RZ).
❑Voltage level for one symbol is at “0” and the other alternates between + & -.
❑Bipolar Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) - the “0” symbol is represented by zero
voltage and the “1” symbol alternates between +V and -V.
❑Pseudoternary is the reverse of AMI.
References
❑ B. Forouzan, “Data Communications and Networking”, 5th ed., Mcgraw
hill.
Thank
You

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