Unit I, Part A Questions:

1. What is Python?
Python is a high-level, interpreted, interactive, object-oriented
programming language. It was created by Guido van Rossum and released
in 1991. Python is known for its simplicity, readability, and
versatility.

2. List out the Applications of Python:

● Web Development (Django, Flask)

● Data Science and Machine Learning (Pandas, NumPy, Scikit-learn)
● Scripting and Automation
● Game Development (Pygame)
● Desktop Application Development
● Network Programming
● Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning (TensorFlow, PyTorch)
● Scientific Computing
● IoT Applications

3. What is a variable? Write the syntax of a variable.

A variable is a named location in memory used to store data. It can
hold different types of data and can be changed during program
execution.

Syntax:

python
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variable_name = value

Example:

python
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x = 10
name = "John"
4. State the naming rules of variables:

● Variable names can contain letters, digits, and underscores (_).

● They must start with a letter or an underscore.
● They cannot start with a digit.
● Reserved keywords cannot be used as variable names.
● Variable names are case-sensitive (e.g., myVar and myvar are
different).

5. Write any two data types used in Python:

● int: Represents integers (e.g., 10, -5).

● str: Represents strings (e.g., "Hello", 'Python').

6. Write some keywords used in Python:

● if, else, elif

● for, while, break, continue
● def, return, lambda
● class, try, except, import
● True, False, None

7. What is operator precedence?

Operator precedence determines the order in which operators are
evaluated in an expression. For example, multiplication (*) and
division (/) have higher precedence than addition (+) and subtraction
(-).

Example:

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result = 10 + 2 * 3 # result = 16 (multiplication evaluated first)

8. Define function:
A function is a block of reusable code designed to perform a specific
task. Functions make code modular, easier to debug, and reusable.
Syntax:

python
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def function_name(parameters):
# Function body
return value

9. What is an IDE?
An Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a software application
that provides comprehensive facilities to programmers for software
development. It includes a code editor, debugger, and build automation
tools.

Examples: PyCharm, VS Code, Jupyter Notebook.

10. What is an expression? Give some examples.

An expression is a combination of values, variables, operators, and
function calls that are evaluated to produce a result.

Examples:

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3 + 5 # 8
x * 2 # Evaluates to twice the value of x
max(10, 20) # 20

11. What are the elements? List the elements of Python:

Python elements refer to its fundamental building blocks, such as:

● Variables
● Data types
● Operators
● Functions
● Control Structures (loops, conditionals)
● Modules and Packages
12. List the different types of operators in Python:

● Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, %, //, **

● Comparison Operators: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=
● Logical Operators: and, or, not
● Bitwise Operators: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>
● Assignment Operators: =, +=, -=, *=, /=, etc.
● Membership Operators: in, not in
● Identity Operators: is, is not

13. What is a ternary operator?

A ternary operator allows you to evaluate an expression in a single
line based on a condition. It uses the syntax:

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value_if_true if condition else value_if_false

Example:

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x = 10
y = 20
result = x if x > y else y # result = 20

14. What is a bitwise operator?

Bitwise operators perform operations on binary representations of
numbers.

Examples:

● & (AND): 0101 & 0011 = 0001

● | (OR): 0101 | 0011 = 0111
● ^ (XOR): 0101 ^ 0011 = 0110
● ~ (NOT): ~0101 = 1010
● << (Left Shift)
 ● >> (Right Shift)

15. Create a Python program to add and subtract 2 numbers:

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# Program to add and subtract 2 numbers
a = int(input("Enter first number: "))
b = int(input("Enter second number: "))

addition = a + b
subtraction = a - b

print("Addition:", addition)
print("Subtraction:", subtraction)

Sample Output:

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Enter first number: 10
Enter second number: 5
Addition: 15
Subtraction: 5

Part B Questions:

1. Explain about building blocks of an algorithm:

An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure to solve a problem. The
primary building blocks of an algorithm include:

● Input: Data that is provided to the algorithm.

● Output: Result produced by the algorithm.
● Definiteness: Each step of the algorithm must be clear and
unambiguous.
 ● Finiteness: The algorithm must terminate after a finite number of
steps.
● Effectiveness: All operations must be simple enough to perform
with basic computational means.

2. Write pseudo code to find the greatest of three numbers:

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START
INPUT num1, num2, num3
IF num1 > num2 AND num1 > num3 THEN
PRINT "num1 is the greatest"
ELSE IF num2 > num1 AND num2 > num3 THEN
PRINT "num2 is the greatest"
ELSE
PRINT "num3 is the greatest"
END IF
END

3. What is an IDE? Brief the modes and types of IDLE in Python:

An Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a software suite that

provides comprehensive tools for software development, including:

● Code Editor
● Debugger
● Build Automation Tools

IDLE (Integrated Development and Learning Environment) is Python’s

IDE.

Modes in IDLE:

1. Interactive Mode:
○ Used for quick experiments and debugging.
○ Outputs results immediately.
2. Script Mode:
○ Used to write and save Python programs in .py files.
 ○ Can be executed later.

4. Illustrate about the elements of Python:

Python's core elements include:

● Variables and Data Types: Store and handle data (e.g., int,
float, str).
● Operators: Perform operations on variables (e.g., +, -, *).
● Control Structures: Allow flow control (e.g., if, for, while).
● Functions: Reusable blocks of code.
● Modules and Libraries: Extend Python's functionality (e.g., math,
random).
● Exception Handling: Handle runtime errors gracefully (try-
except).

5. What is a scope? Explain types of scope with neat examples:

Scope defines the visibility of variables in different parts of the
program.

Types of Scope:

1. Local Scope: Variables declared inside a function.

2. Global Scope: Variables declared outside any function, accessible
throughout the script.
3. Nonlocal Scope: Used inside nested functions to refer to
variables in the enclosing function.

Example:

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x = 10 # Global scope

def outer():
y = 20 # Local to outer
def inner():
nonlocal y
y = 30 # Refers to y in outer
global x
x = 40 # Refers to global x
 inner()
print("Outer y:", y)

outer()
print("Global x:", x)

6. Write in detail about operators and its types:

Operators in Python perform operations on variables and values.

Types of Operators:

1. Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, %, //, **

2. Comparison Operators: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=
3. Logical Operators: and, or, not
4. Bitwise Operators: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>
5. Assignment Operators: =, +=, -=, *=
6. Membership Operators: in, not in
7. Identity Operators: is, is not

7. Explain the data types in detail:

Python supports various data types:

● Numeric Types: int, float, complex

● Sequence Types: str, list, tuple
● Mapping Type: dict
● Set Types: set, frozenset
● Boolean Type: bool
● None Type: Represents a null value

Each type has unique properties and methods.

8. Write about membership and identity operators with sample programs:

Membership Operators:

● in: Checks if a value exists in a sequence.

● not in: Checks if a value does not exist.

Example:
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x = [1, 2, 3]
print(2 in x) # True
print(5 not in x) # True

Identity Operators:

● is: Checks if two variables point to the same object.

● is not: Checks if they do not point to the same object.

Example:

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a = [1, 2]
b = a
c = [1, 2]

print(a is b) # True
print(a is c) # False

9. Tabulate the operator precedence with example:

Operato Description Example

r

** Exponentiation 2 ** 3 = 8

*, /, Multiplication, 10 / 2 = 5.0
%, // Division

+, - Addition, 5 + 3 = 8
Subtraction

==, !=, Comparison 5 > 3 = True

>, < Operators

not Logical NOT not True =

 False

and Logical AND True and

False

or Logical OR True or False

Example:

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result = 10 + 2 * 3 ** 2 # 10 + 2 * 9 = 28

10. Explain the functions in Python with example programs:

A function is a reusable block of code that performs a specific task.

Syntax:
python
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def function_name(parameters):
# body of the function
return value

Example:

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def add_numbers(a, b):
return a + b

result = add_numbers(5, 10)

print("Sum:", result)

Types of Functions:

● Built-in Functions: e.g., print(), len().

● User-defined Functions: Functions defined by the user.
 ● Anonymous Functions (Lambda): Short functions defined with
lambda.

Example:

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square = lambda x: x ** 2
print(square(5)) # 25

Part C Answers:

1. Demonstrate the symbols and their usage in a flowchart with an

example:

A flowchart is a graphical representation of an algorithm. Below are

the standard symbols used:

Symbol Purpose

Oval Represents the Start/End of

a process.

Rectangle Represents a Process/Action.

Diamond Represents a Decision

(yes/no).

Parallelogr Represents Input/Output.

am

Arrow Indicates the Flow of

Control.

Example: Flowchart for Finding the Largest of Two Numbers

1. Start
2. Input two numbers, A and B.
 3. Compare A and B:
○ If A > B, print "A is largest".
○ Otherwise, print "B is largest".
4. End

Diagram:
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O — Start
↓
⊞ — Input A, B
↓
◆ — Is A > B?
↙ ↘
Yes No
↓ ↓
⊞ Print "A" ⊞ Print "B"
↓ ↓
O — End

2. Write the algorithm for selection sort and insertion sort.

Illustrate the working mechanism:

Selection Sort Algorithm

1. Start
2. For i from 0 to n-1:
○ Find the minimum element in the unsorted part of the array.
○ Swap it with the element at index i.
3. Repeat until the array is sorted.
4. End

Example Working:
For array [64, 25, 12, 22, 11]:

● Pass 1: [11, 25, 12, 22, 64]

● Pass 2: [11, 12, 25, 22, 64]
● Pass 3: [11, 12, 22, 25, 64]

Insertion Sort Algorithm

 1. Start
2. For i from 1 to n-1:
○ Compare the current element with the previous elements.
○ Shift elements that are greater than the current element.
○ Insert the current element at the correct position.
3. Repeat until the array is sorted.
4. End

Example Working:
For array [12, 11, 13, 5, 6]:

● Pass 1: [11, 12, 13, 5, 6]

● Pass 2: [11, 12, 13, 5, 6]
● Pass 3: [5, 11, 12, 13, 6]

3. Discuss in detail about different data types using variables with

Python program:

Data Types in Python:

1. Numeric Types
○ int: Whole numbers
○ float: Decimal numbers
○ complex: Complex numbers

Example:

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a = 5 # int
b = 3.14 # float
c = 2 + 3j # complex

2. Sequence Types
○ str: Sequence of characters
○ list: Ordered collection of items
○ tuple: Immutable ordered collection

Example:

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s = "Hello" # str
l = [1, 2, 3] # list
t = (1, 2, 3) # tuple

3. Mapping Type
○ dict: Collection of key-value pairs

Example:

python
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d = {"key": "value", "age": 25}

4. Set Types
○ set: Unordered collection of unique items
○ frozenset: Immutable set
5. Boolean Type
○ bool: Represents True or False
6. None Type
○ Represents a null value

Example:

python
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x = None

4. Elaborate on various operators in Python with suitable examples:

Types of Operators
Arithmetic Operators: Perform basic math operations.
Examples:
python
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print(5 + 3) # 8
print(10 - 4) # 6
print(2 * 3) # 6
print(10 / 5) # 2.0
 1.

Comparison Operators: Compare two values.

Examples:
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print(5 > 3) # True
print(4 == 4) # True

2.

Logical Operators: Combine conditional statements.

Examples:
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print(True and False) # False
print(True or False) # True

3.

Bitwise Operators: Perform operations on bits.

Examples:
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print(5 & 3) # 1

4.

Membership Operators: Test for membership in a sequence.

Examples:
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print('a' in 'apple') # True

5.

Identity Operators: Check if two variables point to the same object.

Examples:
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x = [1, 2, 3]
y = x
print(x is y) # True

6.

5. Discuss functions and explain the various types of function

arguments with examples:

Functions in Python

A function is a block of reusable code.

Syntax:

python
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def function_name(parameters):
# body
return value

Types of Function Arguments:

1. Required Arguments:
○ Arguments passed in the correct positional order.

Example:

python
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def greet(name):
print(f"Hello, {name}!")

greet("Alice")

2. Default Arguments:
○ Arguments that take default values if not provided.

Example:

python
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def greet(name="Guest"):
print(f"Hello, {name}!")

greet()

3. Keyword Arguments:
○ Pass arguments as key=value.

Example:

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def greet(name, msg):
print(f"{msg}, {name}!")

greet(name="Bob", msg="Good Morning")

4. Variable-Length Arguments:
○ Accept arbitrary numbers of arguments.

Example:

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def sum_all(*args):
print(sum(args))

sum_all(1, 2, 3, 4)

5. Keyword Variable-Length Arguments:

○ Accept arbitrary keyword arguments.

Example:

python
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def display_info(**kwargs):
for key, value in kwargs.items():
print(f"{key}: {value}")
display_info(name="John", age=25)

UNIT 2

Unit II, Part A Questions:

1. What is an expression? Write a syntax and example.

An expression is a combination of values, variables, operators, and
function calls that evaluates to a result.

Syntax:

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result = value1 + value2

Example:

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x = 10 + 5 # x will be 15

2. What is a statement? Write a syntax and example.

A statement is an instruction that the Python interpreter can execute.
Examples include assignment, loops, and function definitions.

Syntax:

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variable = value # Assignment statement
Example:

python
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x = 10 # Assigning value 10 to x

3. State the use of comments in Python. Write syntax.

Comments are used to explain the code and make it more readable. They
are ignored by the Python interpreter.

Syntax:

python
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# This is a single-line comment

Example:

python
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# Calculate the sum
sum = 10 + 5

4. How to take input from users in Python? Write the syntax for it.
The input() function is used to take input from users.

Syntax:

python
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variable = input("Enter your input: ")

Example:

python
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name = input("Enter your name: ")
print("Hello, " + name)

5. What are branching statements? Write its types.

Branching statements allow altering the flow of execution based on
conditions.

Types:

1. if
2. if-else
3. if-elif-else

Example:

python
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if x > 0:
print("Positive")
else:
print("Non-positive")

6. What is a nested loop?

A nested loop is a loop inside another loop. The inner loop runs
completely for every iteration of the outer loop.

Example:

python
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for i in range(3):
for j in range(2):
print(f"i: {i}, j: {j}")

7. Write some of the Python exit commands.

● quit(): Terminates the program.

● exit(): Similar to quit().
● sys.exit(): Exits the program and raises SystemExit exception.
 ● os._exit(): Exits immediately without cleanup.

Example:

python
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import sys
sys.exit("Exiting the program")

8. What is the use of find()? Write its syntax.

The find() method returns the index of the first occurrence of a
substring in a string. If not found, it returns -1.

Syntax:

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string.find(sub[, start[, end]])

Example:

python
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text = "Hello, world!"
print(text.find("world")) # Output: 7

9. How can counting be done in Python using a function?

Counting can be done using the count() method for strings or
collections.

Example using count():

python
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text = "banana"
print(text.count("a")) # Output: 3
10. State the purpose of using blocks and indentation in Python.
Blocks and indentation define the structure of the code. Python uses
indentation to indicate blocks of code instead of braces {}.

Example:

python
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if x > 0:
print("Positive")
print("This is indented")

11. Give the syntax of while loop.

The while loop repeats as long as a condition is True.

Syntax:

python
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while condition:
# Loop body

Example:

python
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i = 1
while i <= 5:
print(i)
i += 1

12. Give the syntax of for loop.

The for loop is used to iterate over a sequence.

Syntax:

python
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for variable in sequence:
# Loop body

Example:

python
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for i in range(5):
print(i)

13. What is the use of range() function? Write its syntax.

The range() function generates a sequence of numbers.

Syntax:

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range(start, stop[, step])

Example:

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print(list(range(1, 10, 2))) # Output: [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]

14. Write a Python program to iterate integers from 1 to 100 using a

for loop.

python
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for i in range(1, 101):
print(i)

15. What is the use of return statement?

The return statement exits a function and optionally returns a value.
Example:

python
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def add(a, b):
return a + b

result = add(5, 3)
print(result) # Output: 8

Part B Answers:

1. Explain the input and output process in Python:

Input Process:
Python uses the input() function to take input from the user.
Syntax:
python
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variable = input("Prompt message")
Example:
python
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name = input("Enter your name: ")

Output Process:
Python uses the print() function to display output to the console.
Syntax:
python
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print("Message", variable)
Example:
python
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print("Hello,", name)

2. How to use the % operator? Explain it with examples:

The % operator in Python is used to calculate the remainder of a

division.

Syntax:

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result = dividend % divisor

Example:

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print(10 % 3) # Output: 1
print(25 % 7) # Output: 4

3. What is a jump statement? Explain its types with an example or flow

chart:

Jump statements alter the flow of a loop or a function.

Types:

1. break: Exits the loop prematurely.

2. continue: Skips the current iteration and moves to the next
iteration.
3. pass: Placeholder for future code; does nothing.

Example:

python
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for i in range(5):
 if i == 3:
break
print(i) # Output: 0, 1, 2

4. How to assign values in Python:

a. Same value to multiple variables:

python
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x = y = z = 10

b. Multiple values to multiple variables:

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a, b, c = 1, 2, 3

5. Explain exit commands with examples:

● quit(): Terminates the program.

● exit(): Similar to quit().
● sys.exit(): Exits with an exception, used in production.
● os._exit(): Exits without cleanup.

Example:

python
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import sys
sys.exit("Program terminated")

6. Explain the use of blocks and indentation using an example:

Python uses indentation to define blocks of code, replacing {} used in

other languages. Indentation improves readability.
Example:

python
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if True:
print("This is a block") # Indented block

7. Draw a flowchart and explain for loop with example:

Flowchart Explanation:

1. Start
2. Initialize loop variable.
3. Check the loop condition.
4. Execute loop body if condition is true.
5. Increment the variable.
6. Repeat or end loop.

Example:

python
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for i in range(5):
print(i)

8. Draw a flowchart and explain while loop:

Flowchart Explanation:

1. Start
2. Check the condition.
3. If true, execute loop body.
4. Update loop variable.
5. Repeat or exit.

Example:

python
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i = 0
while i < 5:
print(i)
i += 1

9. Draw a flowchart and explain if-else, if-elif-else statements:

Flowchart Explanation for if-else:

1. Start
2. Check condition.
3. If true, execute if block.
4. Else, execute else block.

Example:

python
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x = 10
if x > 5:
print("Greater")
else:
print("Smaller")

10. Write a Python program to find the maximum of a list of numbers:

python
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# Program to find maximum of a list
numbers = [3, 1, 7, 9, 5]
maximum = max(numbers)
print("The maximum number is:", maximum)

Output:

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The maximum number is: 9
Answers for Part C:

1. Demonstrate the structure of a Python program with an example:

A Python program typically follows a standard structure:

1. Module Import Section:

○ Import built-in or external modules as needed.
2. Function Definitions Section:
○ Define reusable functions for specific tasks.
3. Global Code Section:
○ Contains the main logic of the program, including function
calls and global variable initialization.

Example of Python Program Structure:

python
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# Step 1: Module Import
import math

# Step 2: Function Definition

def calculate_area(radius):
"""Function to calculate area of a circle."""
return math.pi * radius ** 2

def display_area(radius):
"""Function to display area."""
area = calculate_area(radius)
print(f"Area of the circle with radius {radius}: {area}")

# Step 3: Global Code

if __name__ == "__main__":
radius = float(input("Enter radius: "))
display_area(radius)
Explanation:

● import math: Imports the math module.

● def calculate_area(radius): Defines a reusable function to
calculate the area of a circle.
● if __name__ == "__main__":: Ensures that the code under it runs
only when the script is executed directly, not when imported as a
module.

2. Categorize the different types of control flow statements available

in Python with flowcharts:

Control Flow Statements

1. Conditional Statements:
Used to execute certain blocks of code based on conditions.
○ if statement: Executes a block if the condition is true.
○ if-else statement: Executes one block if true, another if
false.
○ if-elif-else statement: Checks multiple conditions.

Flowchart:
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Start
|
v

2.

Condition | +-----+ | Yes |------> Execute True Block +-----+ | No | v

Execute False Block

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---

2. **Looping Statements:**
Used to repeat a block of code.
- **for loop**: Iterates over a sequence.
- **while loop**: Repeats as long as a condition is true.

**Flowchart for `for` loop:**

```plaintext
Start
|
v
Initialize
|
v
Condition True?
|
+-----+
| Yes |------> Execute Loop Block
+-----+
|
No
|
v
End

3. Jump Statements:
Alter the normal flow of loops.
○ break: Terminates the loop.
○ continue: Skips the current iteration.
○ pass: Placeholder for future code.

3. Explain in detail about while and for loop statements with

examples. Differentiate break, continue, and pass:

While Loop

Executes a block as long as the condition is true.

Syntax:

python
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while condition:
# Loop body

Example:

python
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i = 1
while i <= 5:
print(i)
i += 1

For Loop

Iterates over sequences like lists, tuples, strings, etc.

Syntax:

python
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for variable in sequence:
# Loop body

Example:

python
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for i in range(1, 6):
print(i)

Difference between break, continue, and pass:

Statemen Purpose Example
t

break Terminates the loop and python\nfor i in range(5):\n

moves control outside the if i == 3:\n break\n print(i)
 loop. # Output: 0, 1, 2

continue Skips the rest of the code python\nfor i in range(5):\n

for the current iteration if i == 3:\n continue\n
and moves to the next print(i) # Output: 0, 1, 2
iteration.

pass Does nothing and allows the python\nfor i in range(5):\n

program to continue if i == 3:\n pass\n print(i)
executing. Used as a # Output: 0, 1, 2, 3
placeholder.

4. Discuss in detail about the following:

a. Methods to exit a function:

return Statement:
Exits the function and optionally returns a value.
Example:
python
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def square(num):
return num ** 2
print(square(4)) # Output: 16

1.

sys.exit() Function:
Terminates the program by raising a SystemExit exception.
Example:
python
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import sys
sys.exit("Exiting the program")

2.
3. quit() and exit():
Used for terminating programs during interactive sessions.
4. os._exit():
Exits immediately without performing cleanup tasks.
b. Syntax and Usage of find() Function:

The find() function searches for a substring within a string and

returns the index of its first occurrence. Returns -1 if not found.

Syntax:

python
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string.find(substring, start=0, end=len(string))

Parameters:

● substring: The string to search for.

● start: The starting index of the search (optional).
● end: The ending index of the search (optional).

Example:

python
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text = "Python programming"
print(text.find("program")) # Output: 7
print(text.find("java")) # Output: -1

Explanation:

● "program" starts at index 7.

● "java" is not found, so -1 is returned.

UNIT 3
1. Syntax for Slicing Operation in List
The syntax for slicing a list in Python is as follows:
python
Copy
list
● start: The starting index of the slice.
● stop: The ending index (exclusive) of the slice.
● step: The interval between elements in the slice (optional, defaults to 1).
Example:
python
Copy
L =
print(L) # Prints

2. Cloning a List in Python

To clone a list in Python, you can use the following methods:
● Using the list() constructor:
● python
● Copy
● cloned_list = list(original_list)
● Using slicing:
● python
● Copy
● cloned_list = original_list
3. Concatenating Strings
Strings can be concatenated using the + operator.
Example:
python
Copy
a = "Hello"
b = "Python"
result = a + b # "HelloPython"

4. Accessing and Printing a Specific Character in a String

To access a specific character in a string, you use indexing:
Example:
python
Copy
s = "foobar"
print(s[2]) # Prints 'o'

5. Purpose of len()
The len() function returns the total number of items in an object, such as a list or
string.
Example:
python
Copy
s = "foobar"
print(len(s)) # Prints 6

6. Syntax of replace()
The syntax for the replace() method in strings is:
python
Copy
string.replace(old, new, count)
● old: The substring to be replaced.
● new: The substring to replace with.
● count: Optional. A number specifying how many occurrences of the old
substring to replace.
Example:
python
Copy
s = "Hello World"
new_s = s.replace("World", "Python") # "Hello Python"

7. Using count() Function in Strings

The count() function returns the number of occurrences of a substring in a string.
Example:
python
Copy
s = "Hello Hello"
count = s.count("Hello") # Returns 2

8. Repeating a String
You can repeat a string using the multiplication operator (*).
Example:
python
Copy
s = "Hi!"
result = s * 4 #

9. Using capitalize()
The capitalize() method returns a copy of the string with its first character
capitalized and the rest lowercased.
Example:
python
Copy
s = "hello"
new_s = s.capitalize() # "Hello"

10. Using center()

The center() method returns a centered string of a specified width.
Example:
python
Copy
s = "test"
new_s = s.center(10) # " test "

11. Using encode()

The encode() method encodes the string using the specified encoding.
Example:
python
Copy
s = "Hello"
encoded_s = s.encode('utf-8') # b'Hello'

12. Using decode()

The decode() method decodes the bytes using the specified encoding.
Example:
python
Copy
b = b'Hello'
decoded_s = b.decode('utf-8') # "Hello"

13. Syntax of strip() Method

The syntax of the strip() method is:
python
Copy
string.strip()
● chars: Optional. A string specifying the set of characters to be removed.
14. Syntax of startswith() Method
The syntax for startswith() is:
python
Copy
string.startswith(prefix])
 ● prefix: The substring to check.
● start: Optional. The position to start the search.
● end: Optional. The position to end the search.
15. Python Program to Swap Two Numbers Using Tuple
Here is a simple Python program to swap two numbers using a tuple:
python
Copy
a = 5
b = 10
a, b = b, a # Swap using tuple unpacking
print(a, b) # Outputs: 10 //

PART B
1. Updating and Deleting Lists in Python
In Python, lists can be updated by assigning new values to specific indices. For
example:
python
Copy
list1 =
print("Value available at index 2:", list1[2])
list1[2] = 2001
print("New value available at index 2:", list1[2])
Output:
Copy
Value available at index 2: 1997
New value available at index 2: 2001
To delete an element from a list, you can use the del statement or the remove()
method. For example:
python
Copy
list1 =
print(list1)
del list1[2] # Deletes the element at index 2
print("After deleting value at index 2:")
print(list1)
Output:
Copy

After deleting value at index 2:

The remove() method can be used to delete an element by its value 2.

##. Basic List Operations
Basic list operations in Python include:
1. Concatenation (+): Combines two lists.
● Example: + results in ``.
2. Repetition (*): Repeats the list.
● Example: * 4 results in ``.
3. Length (len()): Returns the total number of items in a list.
● Example: len() results in 3.
4. Slicing (``): Accesses a portion of the list.
● Example: L retrieves elements from index 1 to 3.
5. Membership (in and not in): Checks if an item exists in the list.
● Example: 3 in returns True.
6. Iteration: Using a loop to go through each item in the list.
7. Indexing: Accessing an element by its index.
8. Negative Indexing: Accessing elements from the end of the list 2.

3. Built-in Functions and Methods for Lists

Built-in Functions:
1. cmp(list1, list2): Compares elements of both lists.
2. len(list): Returns the number of elements in the list.
3. max(list): Returns the maximum value in the list.
4. min(list): Returns the minimum value in the list.
5. list(seq): Converts a sequence (like a tuple) into a list.
List Methods:
 1. list.append(obj): Adds an object to the end of the list.
2. list.count(obj): Counts how many times an object appears in the list.
3. list.extend(seq): Appends elements from another sequence to the list.
4. list.index(obj): Returns the first index of an object in the list.
5. list.insert(index, obj): Inserts an object at a specified index.
6. list.pop(obj=list): Removes and returns the last object or the specified
object.
7. list.remove(obj): Removes the first occurrence of an object in the list.
8. list.reverse(): Reverses the elements of the list in place 24.

4. String Slicing and Operations

String slicing allows extraction of a portion of a string using the syntax string. For
example:
python
Copy
L =
print(L) # Prints
You can also specify a step to skip elements:
python
Copy
print(L) # Prints
Example Program:
python
Copy
L = "Hello, World!"
print(L) # Output: 'ello'
print(L) # Output: '!dlroW ,olleH' (reversing the string)

5. Built-in String Methods

Here are 10 built-in string methods with examples:

Method Description Example

str.lower() Converts all characters "HELLO".lower() → "hello"
to lowercase.

str.upper() Converts all characters "hello".upper() → "HELLO"

to uppercase.

str.strip() Removes whitespace " hello ".strip() → "hello"

from the beginning and
end.

str.split() Splits the string into a `"a,b,c".split(",") → ``

list.

str.join() Joins a list of strings ",".join() → "a,b,c"

into a single string.

str.replace() Replaces a substring "hello".replace("e", "a") →

with another substring. "hallo"

str.find() Returns the lowest "hello".find("e") → 1

index of the substring.

str.isalnum() Returns True if all "hello123".isalnum() → True

characters are
alphanumeric.

str.isalpha() Returns True if all "hello".isalpha() → True

characters are
alphabetic.

str.capitalize Capitalizes the first "hello".capitalize() →

() character of the string. "Hello"

6. Encode and Decode Methods

The encode() method converts a string into bytes, using a specified encoding (default
is UTF-8), while decode() converts bytes back into a string.
Example:
python
Copy
# Encoding
original_string = "Hello"
encoded_string = original_string.encode('utf-8')
print(encoded_string) # Output: b'Hello'

# Decoding
decoded_string = encoded_string.decode('utf-8')
print(decoded_string) # Output: Hello

7. isalnum() and isalpha() Methods

● isalnum(): Checks if all characters in the string are alphanumeric (letters and
numbers).
● Example: "hello123".isalnum() returns True.
● isalpha(): Checks if all characters in the string are alphabetic.
● Example: "hello".isalpha() returns True, while
"hello123".isalpha() returns False 2.

8. Recursion
Recursion is a programming technique where a function calls itself to solve smaller
instances of the same problem.
Stack Diagram:
A stack diagram for a recursive function shows the function calls stacked on top of each
other until the base case is reached.
python
Copy
def factorial(n):
if n == 1:
return 1
else:
return n * factorial(n - 1)
# Calling factorial(3) would look like:
# factorial(3)
# └─ factorial(2)
# └─ factorial(1)

9. list.append() and list.extend()

● list.append(obj): Adds an object to the end of the list.
● list.extend(seq): Appends each element of the sequence to the list.
Example:
python
Copy
# Using append
list1 =
list1.append(4)
print(list1) # Output:

# Using extend
list1.extend()
print(list1) # Output:

10. list.pop() and list.remove()

● list.pop(): Removes and returns the element at the given index (or the last
element if no index is specified).
● list.remove(obj): Removes the first occurrence of the specified object.
Example Program:
python
Copy
list1 =
popped_value = list1.pop()
print(popped_value) # Output: 5
print(list1) # Output:
list1.remove(3)
print(list1) # Output:

Part c:

Accessing Strings and String

Manipulation in Python
Methods for Accessing Strings
In Python, strings can be accessed using indexing and slicing.
1. Indexing: Each character in a string has a unique index, starting from 0. For
example:
● var1 = 'Hello World!'
● var1[0] returns H.
2. Slicing: Allows extraction of a substring. The syntax is string, where the start
index is inclusive, and the end index is exclusive. For example:
● var1 returns ello.
3. Negative Indexing: You can also access characters from the end of the string
using negative indices. For example:
● var1 returns !, the last character.
String Operators
● Concatenation (+): Combines two strings. For example, 'foo' + 'bar' results
in 'foobar'.
● Repetition (*): Repeats a string a specified number of times. For example,
'foo' * 2 results in 'foofoo'.

String Manipulation Examples

You can manipulate strings by updating them or using built-in methods:
● Updating a string:
● python
● Copy
var1 = 'Hello World!'
● updated_string = var1 + 'Python' # Results in 'Hello
Python'
● Common string methods include upper(), lower(), replace(), etc. For
instance:
● var1.replace('World', 'Python') results in 'Hello Python!'
81217.

Arithmetic Calculator in Python

To create a simple arithmetic calculator in Python, you can use the following program:
python
Copy
def calculator():
operation = input("Enter operation (+, -, *, /): ")
num1 = float(input("Enter first number: "))
num2 = float(input("Enter second number: "))

if operation == '+':
print(f"The result is: {num1 + num2}")
elif operation == '-':
print(f"The result is: {num1 - num2}")
elif operation == '*':
print(f"The result is: {num1 * num2}")
elif operation == '/':
if num2 != 0:
print(f"The result is: {num1 / num2}")
else:
print("Error! Division by zero.")
else:
print("Invalid operation.")

calculator()
Operations in Python Lists
Python lists allow various operations, which include:
1. Indexing: Access elements using their index. For example, L[0] returns the first
element.
2. Slicing: Extract a portion of the list. For example, L returns elements from index 1
to 3.
3. Appending: Add an element using L.append(value).
4. Inserting: Insert an element at a specific index using L.insert(index,
value).
5. Removing: Remove an element with L.remove(value) or L.pop(index).
6. Sorting: Sort the list in place using L.sort().
7. Reversing: Reverse the list with L.reverse().
8. Counting: Count occurrences of an element using L.count(value).
Example
python
Copy
L =
print(L) # Prints
L.append('f') # Now L is

Recursion and Fibonacci Series

Definition of Recursion
Recursion occurs when a function calls itself to solve a problem. It typically consists of a
base case and a recursive case.
Fibonacci Series Recursive Program
Here is a simple recursive Python function to print the Fibonacci series:
python
Copy
def fibonacci(n):
if n <= 1:
 return n
else:
return fibonacci(n-1) + fibonacci(n-2)

# Print Fibonacci series up to n

n = 10
for i in range(n):
print(fibonacci(i))

Linear and Binary Search Concepts in

Python
Linear Search
Linear search checks each element in a list until the desired element is found or the list
ends. It is simple but inefficient for large lists.
Linear Search Example
python
Copy
def linear_search(arr, target):
for index, value in enumerate(arr):
if value == target:
return index
return -1

Binary Search
Binary search is faster and works on sorted lists. It divides the search interval in half
repeatedly.
Binary Search Example
python
Copy
def binary_search(arr, target):
low = 0
 high = len(arr) - 1
while low <= high:
mid = (low + high) // 2
if arr < target:
low = mid + 1
elif arr > target:
high = mid - 1
else:
return mid
return -1

UNIT 4

1. What is object-oriented programming?

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a method of structuring a program by
bundling related properties and behaviors into individual objects. It emphasizes
using objects and classes to design and build applications, leading to faster
execution, clearer program structure, easier maintenance, and the ability to
create reusable applications with less code and shorter development time 1.

2. Define object in class.

An object is a collection of data (variables) and methods (functions) that act on
that data. It is an instance of a class, which serves as a blueprint for creating
objects 3.

3. What is a data member?

A data member refers to the variables that hold data within a class. These
members can be accessed and modified using methods defined in the class 3.

4. Differentiate a class and class variable.

A class is a blueprint or template for creating objects, defining a set of attributes
and methods. A class variable is a variable that is shared among all instances of
a class, rather than being unique to each object 4.

5. How to create a class in Python? Give an example.

To create a class in Python, you use the class keyword followed by the class
name and a colon. Here is an example:
python
Copy
class Dog:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name

my_dog = Dog("Buddy")
In this example, Dog is a class with a constructor that initializes the name attribute
3.

6. Define instantiation.
Instantiation is the process of creating an instance (object) of a class. When a
class is instantiated, the constructor method is called to initialize the object's
attributes 3.

7. What is Tuple? Give an example.

A tuple is an immutable sequence type in Python that can hold a collection of
items. Unlike lists, tuples cannot be modified after creation. An example of a tuple
is:
python
Copy
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3)
This tuple contains three integers 9.

8. List out the built-in tuple functions in Python.

The built-in tuple functions in Python include:
1. count()
 2. index()
3. len()
4. min()
5. max()
6. sum()
7. sorted() (returns a sorted list)
8. Tuple concatenation and repetition 9.

9. How will you access and delete the elements from a

tuple?
You can access elements in a tuple using indexing, like my_tuple[0] to access
the first element. However, you cannot delete elements from a tuple directly since
they are immutable. To "delete," you would typically create a new tuple that
excludes the unwanted element 9.

10. List the file object attributes.

File object attributes in Python include:
1. name - the name of the file.
2. mode - the mode in which the file was opened (e.g., read, write).
3. closed - indicates if the file is closed.
4. readable() - checks if the file is readable.
5. writable() - checks if the file is writable.
6. seekable() - checks if the file supports random access.
7. fileno() - returns the file descriptor for the file.
8. softspace - used in older versions of Python 3.

11. How will you open and close a file in Python?

To open a file in Python, use the open() function, and to close it, use the
close() method. Example:
python
Copy
file = open("example.txt", "r") # open for reading
file.close() # close the file
You can also use a with statement to automatically close the file:
python
Copy
with open("example.txt", "r") as file:
data = file.read()
This ensures the file is closed when the block is exited 3.

12. Define dictionary in Python.

A dictionary in Python is an unordered collection of key-value pairs, where each
key is unique. It allows for fast access and modification of data. For example:
python
Copy
my_dict = {"name": "Alice", "age": 30}
In this dictionary, "name" and "age" are keys 3.

13. What is an exception? List out exception handling

mechanisms.
An exception is an error that occurs during the execution of a program,
disrupting its normal flow. Exception handling mechanisms in Python include:
1. try - to test a block of code for errors.
2. except - to handle the error if it occurs.
3. finally - to execute code regardless of whether an exception occurred.
4. raise - to trigger an exception manually.
5. assert - to test conditions and raise exceptions if they fail 3.

14. State the use of Except clause.

The except clause is used to catch and handle exceptions that occur in the try
block. It allows the program to continue running or handle the error gracefully
instead of crashing 3.

15. Write the syntax for Try? Finally clause.

The syntax for the try and finally clause in Python is as follows:
python
Copy
try:
# Code that may cause an exception
finally:
# Code that will run no matter what

PART B

11. Overview of OOP Terminology

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) revolves around several fundamental

concepts:
- Class: A blueprint for creating objects, defining their attributes and
methods.
- Object: An instance of a class, representing real data and behavior.
- Encapsulation: Bundling data and methods within a class, restricting direct
access to some methods and variables.
- Abstraction: Hiding complex implementation details and exposing only the
necessary functionalities.
- Inheritance: Mechanism where a new class derives from an existing class,
inheriting its attributes and behaviors.
- Polymorphism: Ability to present the same interface for different underlying
data types, enabling methods to perform differently based on the object type.

12. Creating a Class with an Example

To create a class in Python, you use the class keyword followed by the class
name. Here is a simple example:

```python
class Dog:
def init(self, name):
 self.name = name

def bark(self):
print("Woof! My name is", self.name)

Creating an object of the class

my_dog = Dog("Buddy")
my_dog.bark() # Output: Woof! My name is Buddy
``
In this example,Dogis a class with a constructor (init) and a method
(bark). Themy_dogobject is an instance of theDog` class.

13. Accessing Attributes of a Class with an Example

Attributes of a class can be accessed using the dot . operator. Here’s an

example:

```python
class Cat:
def init(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age

my_cat = Cat("Whiskers", 3)
print(my_cat.name) # Output: Whiskers
print(my_cat.age) # Output: 3
``
In this example,nameandageare attributes of theCatclass, accessed
bymy_cat.nameandmy_cat.age`.

14. Class Inheritance with an Example

Inheritance allows a class to inherit methods and properties from another

class. Here’s an example:
```python
class Animal:
def speak(self):
print("Animal speaks")

class Dog(Animal):
def bark(self):
print("Woof!")

my_dog = Dog()
my_dog.speak() # Output: Animal speaks
my_dog.bark() # Output: Woof!
``
In this example,Doginherits fromAnimal, allowing it to use thespeak`
method.

15. Program to Read a File and Count Words

Here’s a simple program to read a text file and count the number of words:

```python
def count_words_in_file(filename):
with open(filename, 'r') as file:
text = file.read()
words = text.split() # Splitting text into words
print("Number of words:", len(words))

Call the function with the filename

count_words_in_file('example.txt')
```

This program defines a function that opens a text file, reads its content, splits
the content into words, and counts them.

16. Accessing, Updating, and Deleting Elements Within Tuple

Accessing: You can access tuple elements using indexing. python
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 4)
print(my_tuple[1]) # Output: 2
●
● Updating: Tuples are immutable, so they cannot be updated directly.
Deleting: You cannot delete individual elements, but you can delete the entire
tuple. python
del my_tuple # This will delete the entire tuple.
●
17. Built-in Functions of Tuple with Simple Programs

Python provides several built-in functions for tuples:

● len(): Returns the number of items in a tuple.

● max(): Returns the largest item.
● min(): Returns the smallest item.
Example:
python
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 4)
print(len(my_tuple)) # Output: 4
print(max(my_tuple)) # Output: 4
print(min(my_tuple)) # Output: 1

18. Accessing, Updating, and Deleting Dictionary

Accessing: Use keys to access values. python

my_dict = {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 25}
print(my_dict['name']) # Output: Alice
●
Updating: Assign a new value using the key. python
my_dict['age'] = 26
●
Deleting: Use del to remove key-value pairs. python
del my_dict['age']
●
19. Built-in Functions of the Dictionary

Python dictionaries support several built-in functions:

- len(): Returns the number of key-value pairs.
- get(): Returns the value for a specified key.
- keys(): Returns a view object displaying a list of all keys.
- values(): Returns a view object displaying a list of all values.

20. Methods in Dictionary with Example Program

Here are some common methods:

- items(): Returns a view object of the dictionary's key-value pairs.
- update(): Updates the dictionary with elements from another dictionary.

Example:
```python
my_dict = {'name': 'Bob', 'age': 30}
my_dict.update({'age': 31, 'city': 'New York'})

for key, value in my_dict.items():

print(key, value)

Output:

name Bob
age 31
city New York
```

PART C
Part C
1. Discuss object-oriented programming in Python.

Object-oriented programming (OOP) in Python is a method of structuring a

program by bundling related properties and behaviors into individual objects.
It focuses on using objects and classes to design and build applications. Key
features of OOP include:

● Classes: Blueprints for creating objects that can include attributes

(data) and methods (functions).
● Objects: Instances of classes that contain real data.
● Encapsulation: Bundling data and methods into a single unit to restrict
access to certain components.
● Abstraction: Hiding the internal details of an object and exposing only
what is necessary.
● Inheritance: Creating new classes that inherit attributes and methods
from existing classes.
● Polymorphism: Allowing one interface to be used for a general class of
actions, enabling multiple forms/purposes (e.g., method overriding and
operator overloading).
The advantages of OOP include faster execution, easier maintenance, clearer
structure, and reusable code, leading to shorter development time (Pages 1,
2, and 3).

2. What is a tuple? How will you access the elements and delete the elements
of a tuple?

A tuple in Python is an immutable sequence type that is used to store a

collection of items. Tuples are defined using parentheses () and can contain
mixed data types.

To access elements in a tuple, you can use indexing, which starts at 0. For
example:

python
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 4)
print(my_tuple[0]) # Output: 1
However, since tuples are immutable, you cannot delete an individual
element. You can delete the entire tuple using the del keyword:

python
del my_tuple # This deletes the tuple entirely.

Attempting to delete individual elements will raise an error (Pages 14).

3. What is a Dictionary? Explain Python dictionaries in detail discussing its

operations and methods.

A dictionary in Python is an unordered collection of items that store key-value

pairs. Each key is unique and is used to access its corresponding value.
Dictionaries are defined using curly braces {}.

Key operations and methods associated with Python dictionaries include:

Creation: python
my_dict = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
●
Accessing values: python
value = my_dict['key1'] # Output: 'value1'
●
Adding items: python
my_dict['key3'] = 'value3'
●
Removing items: python
del my_dict['key1'] # Removes key1
●
● Methods:
○ keys(): Returns a view of keys in the dictionary.
 ○ values(): Returns a view of values in the dictionary.
○ items(): Returns a view of (key, value) pairs.
○ get(): Accesses the value associated with a key safely.
Dictionaries are flexible and widely used for data manipulation in Python due
to their speed and simplicity (Pages 12 and 13).

4. Describe Handling Exceptions in detail with examples.

Handling exceptions in Python allows a program to respond to errors

gracefully without crashing. This is done using try, except, else, and finally
blocks.

Example:
python
try:
number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
except ValueError:
print("That's not a valid number!")
else:
print("You entered:", number)
finally:
print("Execution completed")

In this example:
- The try block contains code that may raise an exception.
- The except block catches specific exceptions that can occur during
execution.
- The else block executes if no exceptions are raised.
- The finally block executes regardless of whether an exception occurred,
useful for cleanup actions (Pages 14 and 15).

5. Explain in detail about Python Files, its types, functions, and operations
that can be performed on files with examples.
Python supports file handling, allowing you to read from and write to files.
The main types of files are text files and binary files.

Common functions and operations associated with file handling include:

Open a file: python

file = open('example.txt', 'r') # r for read, w for write, a for append
●
Read from a file: python
content = file.read() # Reads the entire file
●
Write to a file: python
file.write("Hello, World!")
●
Close a file: python
file.close()
●
With statement: Using with ensures proper resource management. python
with open('example.txt', 'r') as file:
content = file.read()
●
File handling in Python enables effective data storage and retrieval, essential
for many applications

UNIT 5

Part A

16. What is an identifier? Give an example.

An identifier is a name used to identify a variable, function, class, module, or

other object in Python. Identifiers must begin with a letter or an underscore,
followed by letters, numbers, or underscores.

Example: myVariable

17. What are reserved words? List some reserved words.

Reserved words, also known as keywords, are words that have a special
meaning in Python and cannot be used as identifiers.

Some reserved words: if, else, while, for, import, True, False

18. How to make multi-line statements? Explain it with an example.

Multi-line statements can be made using parentheses, brackets, or

backslashes.

Example:

python
total = (first_value +
second_value +
third_value)

19. Write a syntax to import a module.

The syntax to import a module is:

python
import module_name

20. What is CGI?

The Common Gateway Interface (CGI) is a set of standards that define how
information is exchanged between the web server and a custom script.

21. What is a module in Python?

A module in Python is a file that contains Python code, such as functions,

classes, and variables, which can be reused in other programs.

22. What is the use of the math module?

The math module provides access to mathematical functions and constants,

allowing for complex mathematical calculations.

23. Write a program to find the area of the triangle.

```python
def area_of_triangle(base, height):
return 0.5 * base * height

Example usage:

area = area_of_triangle(5, 10)

print("Area of Triangle:", area)
```

24. Write a program to find the area and the perimeter of the square.

```python
def area_and_perimeter_of_square(side):
area = side * side
perimeter = 4 * side
return area, perimeter

Example usage:

area, perimeter = area_and_perimeter_of_square(4)

print("Area:", area, "Perimeter:", perimeter)
```

25. Define Generators.

Generators are a type of iterable, created using a function that yields values
one at a time, allowing for iteration over potentially large sets of data without
loading everything into memory at once.

26. Define Closures.

Closures are functions that remember the values of variables from their
enclosing lexical scope, even when the function is executed outside that
scope.

27. Write the programming cycle for Python?

The programming cycle for Python generally includes the following steps:

1. Planning: Define the problem and outline the solution.

2. Coding: Write the code based on the plan.
3. Testing: Run the code to find and fix any bugs.
4. Deployment: Deliver the software to users.
5. Maintenance: Update the code and fix any issues that arise.

28. Define Multithreading.

Multithreading is a concurrent execution technique that allows multiple

threads to run simultaneously within a single process, helping to optimize
resource use and improve performance.

29. Write the syntax for index().

The syntax for the index() method is:

python
list.index(element, start, end)

30. What is a Boolean expression?

A Boolean expression is an expression that evaluates to either True or False,

often used in conditional statements and loops for decision-making in
programs.

PART B

Part B

21. Write a program to print the product of two matrices.

```python
def matrix_product(A, B):
result = [[0, 0], [0, 0]] # Assuming 2x2 matrices for simplicity
for i in range(len(A)):
for j in range(len(B[0])):
for k in range(len(B)):
result[i][j] += A[i][k] * B[k][j]
return result

A = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]

B = [[5, 6], [7, 8]]
product = matrix_product(A, B)
print("Product of matrices:", product)

```

22. Write a program to print the grade of an examination.

```python
def calculate_grade(score):
if score >= 90:
return 'A'
elif score >= 80:
return 'B'
elif score >= 70:
return 'C'
elif score >= 60:
return 'D'
else:
return 'F'

score = 85
grade = calculate_grade(score)
print("Grade:", grade)

```

23. Write a program to find whether the given number is integer or not.

```python
def is_integer(num):
return isinstance(num, int)

number = 10.5
print("Is the number an integer?", is_integer(number))

```

24. Write a program to analyze the sales outcome in a business.

```python
def analyze_sales(sales):
total_sales = sum(sales)
average_sales = total_sales / len(sales)
print("Total Sales:", total_sales)
 print("Average Sales:", average_sales)

sales_data = [1500, 2200, 1800, 2700, 3000]

analyze_sales(sales_data)

```

25. What is a threading module? List and compare the types of threading
module.

The threading module in Python allows the creation, management, and

control of threads in a program. It provides a way to perform concurrent
operations in a single program. The two main types of threading are:

- **Threading**: Basic threads that are used to perform a task concurrently.

- **Multiprocessing**: An alternative that uses separate memory space to
execute processes in parallel, which is beneficial for CPU-bound tasks.

Comparison:

| Feature | Threading | Multiprocessing |

|-----------------------|---------------------------------|---------------------------------|
| Memory | Shares memory | Separate memory |
| Use Case | I/O-bound tasks | CPU-bound tasks |

| Overhead | Lower overhead | Higher overhead

|

26. How will you create a Package & import it? Explain it with an example
program.

To create a package, you must create a directory with an __init__.py file.

Assume we have a package called `mypackage` with a module
`mymodule.py`.
Directory structure:
```
mypackage/
__init__.py
mymodule.py
```

Example content in mymodule.py:

```python
def hello():
return "Hello from mymodule!"
```

To import and use the module:

```python
from mypackage.mymodule import hello
print(hello())

```

27. What are the eight factors that affect the performance of students from
Schools and Colleges?

1. Personal motivation and goals

2. Quality of teaching and instructional methods
3. Curriculum relevance and rigor
4. Environmental factors (home and classroom climate)
5. Student's study habits and skills
6. Peer influence and social interactions
7. Availability of resources (books, technology)

8. Family support and involvement in education

28. Write a program to print first n prime numbers.

```python
def is_prime(num):
if num < 2:
return False
for i in range(2, int(num**0.5) + 1):
if num % i == 0:
return False
return True

def print_n_primes(n):
count = 0
num = 2
while count < n:
if is_prime(num):
print(num)
count += 1
num += 1

print_n_primes(10)

```

29. Write a program to find the GCD of two numbers.

```python
import math

def find_gcd(a, b):

return math.gcd(a, b)

num1 = 48
num2 = 18
gcd = find_gcd(num1, num2)
print("GCD:", gcd)

```
30. Write a program to find whether the given number is odd or even.

```python
def is_even(num):
return num % 2 == 0

number = 25
if is_even(number):
print("The number is even.")
else:
print("The number is odd.")

```

PART C

1. a. Brief the CGI architecture with a neat diagram.

The CGI architecture is a standard method for web servers to interface with
external programs, commonly referred to as CGI scripts. The architecture
involves the following components:

1. Web Browser: The client's interface for sending requests to web

servers.
2. Web Server: Handles client requests and communicates with the CGI
scripts.
3. CGI Script: The custom program executed by the server, which
processes the request and generates a response.
4. Data Source: External data sources that the CGI script may access,
such as databases.

Diagram:

Web Browser
 |
Request
|
+--------------+
| Web Server |
+--------------+
|
Executes
|
CGI Script
|
Accesses Data
|
+--------------+
| Data Source |
+--------------+

b. Explain the CGI environment variables and methods.

CGI environment variables are key-value pairs passed by the web server to
the CGI script that contain data about the request. Some common CGI
environment variables include:

● REQUEST_METHOD: Indicates the method used to access the script

(GET, POST, etc.).
● CONTENT_TYPE: Specifies the media type of the data being sent.
● QUERY_STRING: Contains the query string information if the method
is GET.
● REMOTE_ADDR: The IP address of the client making the request.
● SERVER_NAME: The hostname of the server.
The methods used in CGI include:

● GET Method: Sends data appended to the URL as a query string.

● POST Method: Sends data as part of the request body, allowing for
larger amounts of data to be sent more securely.

2. List out the types of Modules and Explain any two types in detail.

There are several types of modules in Python, including:

1. Built-in Modules
2. User-defined Modules
3. Third-party Modules
4. Standard Library Modules
5. Dynamic Modules

Explanation of Two Types:

● Built-in Modules: These are modules that come pre-installed with

Python and provide a wide range of functionalities without the need
for additional installation. Examples include math for mathematical
operations and os for operating system interactions.
● User-defined Modules: These modules are created by users to
encapsulate specific functionalities or sets of functions. Users can
define a module by creating a Python file and placing functions,
classes, or variables within it to be reused in other scripts.

3. How will you create a Package & import it? Explain it with an example
program.

To create a package, follow these steps:

1. Create a directory for the package with the desired package name.
2. Add an init.py file to the directory (can be empty).
3. Create modules inside the package directory.
Example:
- Directory structure:

mypackage/
__init__.py
calculator.py

- Content of calculator.py:
```python
def add(a, b):

return a + b

def subtract(a, b):

return a - b

- To import and use the package:

python

from mypackage.calculator import add, subtract

print("Addition:", add(5, 3))

print("Subtraction:", subtract(5, 3))

```

4. What are the eight factors that affect performance of students from
Schools and Colleges?

1. Personal motivation and goals

2. Quality of teaching and instructional methods

3. Curriculum relevance and rigor

4. Environmental factors (home and classroom climate)

5. Student's study habits and skills

6. Peer influence and social interactions

7. Availability of resources (books, technology)

8. Family support and involvement in education

5. What are all the 9 types of sales analysis methods available in Business?

The types of sales analysis methods include:

1. Trend Analysis: Analyzing sales trends over time.

2. Comparative Analysis: Comparing sales across different products,
regions, or timeframes.
3. Product Performance Analysis: Evaluating the performance of
individual products.
4. Customer Segmentation Analysis: Understanding sales by different
customer segments.
5. Seasonal Analysis: Assessing sales patterns throughout different
seasons or times of year.
6. Win/Loss Analysis: Analyzing the reasons for sales successes and
failures.
7. Regional Sales Analysis: Comparing sales data across different
geographical areas.
8. Sales Forecasting: Predicting future sales based on historical data.
9. Channel Sales Analysis: Evaluating performance across different
sales channels (online, retail, wholesale).
10.