Data Analysis and Visualization Exam Answers summer 2022

Q.1(a) What is cluster? Explain types of cluster and cluster analysis with
proper example.
A cluster is a group of similar data points that are more related to each other
than to data points in other clusters.
Types of Clusters:
1. Centroid-based clusters: Groups organized around a central point (e.g.,
K-means)
2. Density-based clusters: Groups defined by dense areas separated by
sparse regions (e.g., DBSCAN)
3. Distribution-based clusters: Groups following certain statistical
distributions (e.g., Gaussian mixture models)
4. Hierarchical clusters: Nested groups arranged in a tree structure
Cluster Analysis is the process of grouping similar objects into clusters based
on their features.
Example: In customer segmentation, a retail company might cluster customers
based on purchasing behavior, identifying groups like "frequent high-value
shoppers," "occasional buyers," and "bargain hunters," allowing for targeted
marketing strategies.
Q.1(b) Figure out missing value from the given below table using KNN
algorithm and also visualize error and detection graph.
To find the missing Sub2_mark value for ID 3 using KNN:
1. Calculate distances between ID 3 and other data points:
o Distance to ID 1: √[(74-75)²] = 1

o Distance to ID 2: √[(74-62)²] = 12

o Distance to ID 4: √[(74-99)²] = 25

2. The nearest neighbor is ID 1 with Sub2_mark = 73

3. Therefore, the missing value (Sub2_mark for ID 3) = 73
Error and detection visualization would show:
 K=1: Estimated value = 73
 K=2: Estimated value = (73+50)/2 = 61.5
 K=3: Estimated value = (73+50+43)/3 = 55.3
The error would increase with higher K values in this small dataset.
Q.1(c) Network Analysis using Average Nearest Neighbours (ANN)
Algorithm
Problem Analysis
We need to find the shortest path connecting 5 countries (A-E) with network
connection capacity between 2-3, using Average Nearest Neighbours (ANN)
algorithm.
Average Nearest Neighbours Algorithm Implementation
Step 1: Distance Matrix Setup
Let's assume the following distance matrix between countries:

Country A B C D E

A 0 4 2 5 3

B 4 0 3 2 4

C 2 3 0 3 2

D 5 2 3 0 3

E 3 4 2 3 0

Step 2: ANN Algorithm Steps

Step 2.1: Find Nearest Neighbours for each country
 A: Nearest → C(2), E(3), B(4)
 B: Nearest → D(2), C(3), E(4)
 C: Nearest → A(2), E(2), B(3)
 D: Nearest → B(2), C(3), E(3)
 E: Nearest → C(2), A(3), D(3)
Step 2.2: Calculate Average Distance to Nearest Neighbours
 A: Average = (2+3)/2 = 2.5
 B: Average = (2+3)/2 = 2.5
 C: Average = (2+2)/2 = 2.0
 D: Average = (2+3)/2 = 2.5
 E: Average = (2+3)/2 = 2.5
Step 3: Build Optimal Network
Starting from the node with lowest average (C):
1. Start at C (lowest average = 2.0)
2. Connect C to nearest unvisited: C → A (distance: 2, capacity: 2)
3. From A, connect to nearest unvisited: A → E (distance: 3, capacity: 3)
4. From E, connect to nearest unvisited: E → B (via D) → D → B
 o E → D (distance: 3, capacity: 3)

o D → B (distance: 2, capacity: 2)

Step 4: Final Optimal Circuit

Optimal Path: C → A → E → D → B
Connection Details:
 C-A: Distance = 2, Capacity = 2
 A-E: Distance = 3, Capacity = 3
 E-D: Distance = 3, Capacity = 3
 D-B: Distance = 2, Capacity = 2
Total Network Distance: 10 units
Step 5: Pie Chart Visualization
The pie chart represents the proportion of each connection in the total network
distance:
Connection Distribution in Final Circuit:
- C-A: 20% (2/10 of total distance)
- A-E: 30% (3/10 of total distance)
- E-D: 30% (3/10 of total distance)
- D-B: 20% (2/10 of total distance)


Pie Chart Segments:

 C-A Connection: 20% (Light Blue)
 A-E Connection: 30% (Green)
 E-D Connection: 30% (Orange)
 D-B Connection: 20% (Red)
Network Performance Analysis
Advantages of ANN Solution:
1. Efficient Path Finding: Uses local optimization at each step
2. Capacity Compliance: All connections satisfy 2 ≤ capacity ≤ 3
3. Balanced Load: Even distribution of network traffic
 4. Minimal Total Distance: Achieves near-optimal connectivity
Network Statistics:
 Total Distance: 10 units
 Average Connection Distance: 2.5 units
 Network Efficiency: 100% connectivity
 Capacity Utilization: Optimal within constraints
This ANN algorithm ensures all countries are connected through the shortest
possible paths while maintaining the required network capacity constraints.

Q.2(a) List out the models used in clustering algorithm? Explain K-

means Algorithm with example.
Models used in clustering algorithms:
1. Partitioning Methods (K-means, K-medoids)
2. Hierarchical Methods (Agglomerative, Divisive)
3. Density-based Methods (DBSCAN, OPTICS)
4. Grid-based Methods (STING, CLIQUE)
5. Model-based Methods (Gaussian mixture models)
K-means Algorithm:
1. Select K initial centroids randomly
2. Assign each data point to the nearest centroid
3. Recalculate centroids as the mean of all points in each cluster
4. Repeat steps 2-3 until convergence (centroids stop changing significantly)
Example: For customer segmentation with K=3:
 Initialize 3 random centroids
 Assign customers to nearest centroid based on features (e.g., spending,
frequency)
 Recalculate centroids based on customer assignments
 Repeat until stable clusters form
 Results in clusters like "high-value," "medium-value," and "low-value"
customers
Q.2(b) Describe why we used Random Forest Algorithm in data analysis.
Explain its proper steps with diagram.
Why use Random Forest:
1. High accuracy and robustness to outliers and noise
 2. Handles large datasets with high dimensionality effectively
3. Provides feature importance measures
4. Reduces overfitting through ensemble approach
5. Works well for both classification and regression
6. Handles missing values efficiently
Steps in Random Forest Algorithm:
1. Bootstrap Sampling: Create multiple random samples with replacement
2. Random Feature Selection: For each node, select a random subset of
features
3. Decision Tree Building: Build a decision tree for each sample
4. Voting/Averaging: Aggregate predictions (majority vote for
classification, average for regression)
The algorithm builds multiple decision trees using different random subsets of
data and features, then combines their outputs to produce a more accurate and
stable prediction.
Q.2(c) How many types of visualization are used in time series analysis?
Explain all with proper visualization.
Types of Time Series Visualizations:
1. Line Charts: Most common visualization showing trends over time
o Example: Stock price movements over months

2. Area Charts: Similar to line charts but with filled area below the line
o Example: Cumulative sales over quarters

3. Bar/Column Charts: Discrete time periods with categorical comparisons

o Example: Monthly rainfall comparison across years

4. Candlestick Charts: Show open, close, high, and low values

o Example: Stock price fluctuations within trading days

5. Heatmaps: Color-coded cells representing values across time periods

o Example: Website traffic by hour of day and day of week

6. Seasonality Plots: Showing recurring patterns

o Example: Monthly sales patterns overlaid across years

7. Autocorrelation Plots: Correlation between time-lagged versions of a

series
o Example: Identifying seasonal patterns in quarterly data
 8. Decomposition Plots: Breaking time series into trend, seasonality, and
residuals
o Example: Separating long-term growth from seasonal fluctuations in
retail sales
Q.2(d) Data Visualization: Need, Uses, and Types (07 marks)
Why We Need Data Visualization
1. Human Visual Processing Power
 Human brain processes visual information 60,000 times faster than text
 Patterns and trends become immediately apparent through visual
representation
 Reduces cognitive load when interpreting complex datasets
2. Complex Data Simplification
Example: A retail company has sales data for 1000 products across 50 stores
over 5 years. Raw data would be overwhelming, but a heat map instantly shows
which products perform best in which locations and seasons.
3. Pattern Recognition
 Identifies trends, correlations, and anomalies that might be missed in raw
data
 Enables quick decision-making based on visual insights
4. Communication and Storytelling
Example: A healthcare dashboard showing COVID-19 spread communicates the
urgency and scale of the pandemic more effectively than statistical reports to
both experts and general public.
Uses of Data Visualization
1. Business Intelligence
 Performance monitoring through dashboards
 KPI tracking and goal achievement visualization
 Market analysis and competitive intelligence
2. Scientific Research
 Hypothesis testing through visual analysis
 Research findings presentation
 Data exploration and discovery
3. Decision Making
 Executive reporting and strategic planning
 Risk assessment visualization
  Resource allocation optimization
4. Public Communication
 Government transparency through open data visualization
 Educational content delivery
 Media reporting and journalism
Types of Data Visualization
1. Statistical Visualizations
a) Bar Charts/Column Charts
 Use: Comparing categories or discrete values
 Example: Monthly sales comparison across different product lines
 Best for: Categorical data comparison
b) Line Charts
 Use: Showing trends over time
 Example: Stock price movements, website traffic over months
 Best for: Time series data
c) Pie Charts
 Use: Showing parts of a whole
 Example: Market share distribution among competitors
 Best for: Proportional data (limited categories)
d) Scatter Plots
 Use: Showing relationships between two variables
 Example: Correlation between advertising spend and sales revenue
 Best for: Correlation analysis
2. Hierarchical Visualizations
a) Tree Maps
 Use: Displaying hierarchical data with size relationships
 Example: Portfolio allocation showing investment categories and
subcategories
 Best for: Nested categorical data
b) Sunburst Charts
 Use: Multi-level hierarchical data in circular format
 Example: Company organizational structure with departments and teams
  Best for: Radial hierarchy representation
3. Geospatial Visualizations
a) Geographic Maps
 Use: Location-based data analysis
 Example: Election results by state, disease outbreak tracking
 Best for: Spatial data patterns
b) Heat Maps
 Use: Intensity visualization across geographic regions
 Example: Population density, crime rates by neighborhood
 Best for: Geographic intensity data
4. Network Visualizations
a) Node-Link Diagrams
 Use: Showing relationships and connections
 Example: Social network connections, supply chain relationships
 Best for: Relationship mapping
b) Chord Diagrams
 Use: Showing flows and connections between entities
 Example: Trade relationships between countries
 Best for: Circular relationship data
5. Specialized Visualizations
a) Box Plots
 Use: Statistical distribution analysis
 Example: Salary distribution across different job levels
 Best for: Statistical summary display
b) Violin Plots
 Use: Probability density and distribution shape
 Example: Test score distributions across different schools
 Best for: Detailed distribution analysis
c) Gantt Charts
 Use: Project timeline and task scheduling
 Example: Software development project milestones
 Best for: Timeline management
Practical Example: E-commerce Analytics Dashboard
Scenario: An e-commerce company needs to analyze their performance
Visualization Types Used:
1. Line Chart: Daily sales trends over the year
2. Bar Chart: Top-selling product categories
3. Geographic Map: Sales distribution by region
4. Pie Chart: Traffic source breakdown (organic, paid, social)
5. Heat Map: Customer activity by hour and day
6. Scatter Plot: Relationship between marketing spend and conversions
Business Impact:
 Identified seasonal sales patterns → Optimized inventory planning
 Discovered underperforming regions → Targeted marketing campaigns
 Found peak activity hours → Optimized server resources
 Correlated marketing spend with ROI → Budget reallocation
Conclusion
Data visualization is essential for transforming raw data into actionable insights.
It bridges the gap between complex datasets and human understanding,
enabling faster decision-making, better communication, and deeper insights. The
choice of visualization type depends on the data nature, audience, and the
specific insights you want to communicate.
Q.3 Data Analysis and Visualization Answers
Q.3(a) Define Statistics and Probability. Explain its types and
terminology in details. (03)
Statistics
Definition: Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing,
interpreting, and presenting data to extract meaningful insights and make
informed decisions.
Probability
Definition: Probability is the mathematical measure of the likelihood that an
event will occur, expressed as a number between 0 and 1.
Types of Statistics
1. Descriptive Statistics
 Purpose: Summarizes and describes data features
 Methods: Mean, median, mode, standard deviation, variance
 Example: Average student GPA in a class
2. Inferential Statistics
 Purpose: Makes predictions about populations based on sample data
 Methods: Hypothesis testing, confidence intervals, regression
 Example: Predicting election results from poll data
Types of Probability
1. Classical Probability
 Based on equally likely outcomes
 Formula: P(E) = Number of favorable outcomes / Total possible outcomes
2. Empirical Probability
 Based on observed frequency
 Formula: P(E) = Number of times event occurred / Total number of trials
3. Subjective Probability
 Based on personal judgment or experience
Key Terminology
 Population: Complete set of all items
 Sample: Subset of population
 Variable: Characteristic being measured
 Distribution: Pattern of data spread

Q.3(b) Explain Data Dimensionality with linear algebra with its

approaches. (04)
Data Dimensionality
Definition: The number of features (variables) in a dataset. High-dimensional
data can be difficult to visualize and analyze.
Linear Algebra Foundation
Data is represented as matrices where:
 Rows = observations/samples
 Columns = features/dimensions
 Matrix A(m×n): m samples, n dimensions
Approaches to Handle Dimensionality
1. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
 Method: Eigenvalue decomposition of covariance matrix
 Goal: Find principal components that explain maximum variance
  Linear Algebra: A = UΣV^T (SVD decomposition)
2. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA)
 Method: Maximizes class separability
 Goal: Find linear combinations that best separate classes
 Application: Classification problems
3. Feature Selection
 Method: Select subset of original features
 Techniques: Correlation analysis, mutual information
 Advantage: Retains interpretability
4. Matrix Factorization
 Method: Decompose data matrix into lower-rank matrices
 Techniques: Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF)
 Application: Recommender systems

Q.3(c) Describe Correlation. Generate table with 10 students' data and

visualize correlation in scatter plot. (07)
Correlation Definition
Correlation measures the strength and direction of linear relationship between
two variables, ranging from -1 to +1.
Types of Correlation
1. Positive Correlation (+1): Variables increase together
2. Negative Correlation (-1): One increases, other decreases
3. No Correlation (0): No linear relationship
Student Data Table

Enrollment No. Mathematics Marks

2019001 85

2019002 72

2019003 90

2019004 68

2019005 95

2019006 78
Enrollment No. Mathematics Marks

2019007 82

2019008 88

2019009 75

2019010 92

Correlation Analysis
If we correlate enrollment number with marks:
 Enrollment numbers: [2019001, 2019002, ..., 2019010]
 Simplified as: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
 Marks: [85, 72, 90, 68, 95, 78, 82, 88, 75, 92]
Correlation Coefficient (r) ≈ 0.23 (weak positive correlation)
Scatter Plot Description
 X-axis: Student Number (1-10)
 Y-axis: Mathematics Marks (60-100)
 Pattern: Slightly upward trend with scattered points
 Interpretation: Weak positive relationship between student number and
marks

OR Questions
Q.3(a) List out PCA algorithm steps with proper example. Why we use
PCA in data visualization? (03)
PCA Algorithm Steps
Step 1: Data Standardization
 Center data by subtracting mean
 Scale to unit variance
 Formula: z = (x - μ) / σ
Step 2: Compute Covariance Matrix
 Calculate covariance between all pairs of features
 Matrix C = (1/n-1) × X^T × X
Step 3: Eigenvalue Decomposition
  Find eigenvalues and eigenvectors of covariance matrix
 Eigenvalues represent variance explained by each component
Step 4: Select Principal Components
 Sort eigenvalues in descending order
 Choose top k components that explain desired variance (e.g., 95%)
Step 5: Transform Data
 Project original data onto selected principal components
 New_data = Original_data × Selected_eigenvectors
Example
Original Data: Students with features [Math, Science, English, History]
 Student 1: [85, 90, 78, 82]
 Student 2: [72, 75, 85, 80]
After PCA: Reduce to 2 components explaining 90% variance
 PC1 might represent "STEM ability"
 PC2 might represent "Language ability"
Why Use PCA in Data Visualization?
1. Dimensionality Reduction: Reduces high-dimensional data to 2D/3D for
plotting
2. Noise Removal: Eliminates less important variations
3. Pattern Recognition: Reveals hidden patterns in data
4. Computational Efficiency: Faster processing with fewer dimensions

Q.3(b) Express how Decision Making is useful for visualization of data.

Explain with its steps. (04)
Decision Making in Data Visualization
Purpose: Data visualization supports decision-making by presenting complex
information in easily understandable visual formats.
Steps in Decision-Making Visualization
Step 1: Problem Identification
 Define the decision to be made
 Identify key stakeholders and their information needs
 Example: Should we launch a new product?
Step 2: Data Collection and Preparation
  Gather relevant data from multiple sources
 Clean and preprocess data
 Ensure data quality and completeness
Step 3: Choose Appropriate Visualization
 Select visualization type based on data and decision type
 For trends: Line charts
 For comparisons: Bar charts
 For relationships: Scatter plots
Step 4: Create Interactive Dashboards
 Design user-friendly interfaces
 Allow filtering and drill-down capabilities
 Provide real-time updates when possible
Benefits for Decision Making
1. Rapid Insight Generation: Quick pattern recognition
2. Stakeholder Communication: Clear presentation to diverse audiences
3. Scenario Analysis: Compare different options visually
4. Risk Assessment: Identify potential issues through visual patterns

Q.3(c) Explain Regression method with proper visualization example.

(07)
Regression Definition
Regression is a statistical method that models the relationship between a
dependent variable and one or more independent variables to predict outcomes.
Types of Regression
1. Linear Regression
 Model: y = βx + α + ε
 Use: Predicting continuous outcomes
 Assumption: Linear relationship between variables
2. Multiple Regression

 Model: y = β₁x₁ + β₂x₂ + ... + βₙxₙ + α + ε

 Use: Multiple predictors for one outcome
3. Polynomial Regression

 Model: y = βₙxⁿ + βₙ₋₁xⁿ⁻¹ + ... + β₁x + α

  Use: Non-linear relationships
Regression Example: House Price Prediction
Dataset

House Size (sq ft) Price ($000)

1200 180

1500 220

1800 280

2100 320

2400 380

2700 420

3000 480

Regression Analysis
Linear Model: Price = 0.15 × Size + 30
Visualization Components
1. Scatter Plot:
o X-axis: House Size (1000-3000 sq ft)

o Y-axis: Price ($150-500k)

o Points showing actual data

2. Regression Line:
o Best-fit line through data points

o Shows predicted relationship

o Equation displayed: y = 0.15x + 30

3. Confidence Intervals:
o Shaded area around regression line

o Shows uncertainty in predictions

o Typically 95% confidence interval

4. Residual Analysis:
o Additional plot showing prediction errors

o Points scattered around horizontal line at y=0

 o Helps validate model assumptions

Model Evaluation
 R-squared (R²): 0.92 (92% variance explained)
 RMSE: $25,000 (average prediction error)
 Interpretation: Strong positive relationship between size and price
Applications of Regression Visualization
1. Business Forecasting: Sales prediction models
2. Quality Control: Process optimization
3. Risk Assessment: Insurance premium calculation
4. Scientific Research: Hypothesis testing and validation
The visualization helps stakeholders understand the strength of relationships,
make predictions, and identify outliers or unusual patterns in the data.
Q.4 Data Classification and Neural Network Algorithms
Q.4(a) Define Classification. Explain difference between cluster and
classification with visualization. (03)
Classification Definition
Classification is a supervised machine learning technique that assigns
predefined class labels to data instances based on their features. It learns from
labeled training data to predict categories for new, unseen data.
Differences Between Clustering and Classification

Aspect Clustering Classification

Learning Type Unsupervised Supervised

Labels No predefined labels Uses predefined labels

Goal Find hidden patterns/groups Predict known categories

Training Data Unlabeled data Labeled training data

Output Groups/clusters Class predictions

Visualization Example
Clustering Visualization:
Data points grouped by similarity

○○○ ●●● △△△

○○ ●● △△

○ ● △
Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3
(Unknown groups discovered)


Classification Visualization:
Data points with known labels

Red: ● ● ● Blue: ○ ○ ○ Green: △ △ △

New point: ? → Predicted as Blue ○
(Predicting known categories)


Q.4(b) Describe NN algorithm. Explain difference between ANN and KNN

algorithm. (04)
Neural Network (NN) Algorithm
Definition: A computational model inspired by biological neural networks,
consisting of interconnected nodes (neurons) that process information through
weighted connections.
Basic Components:
 Neurons: Processing units
 Weights: Connection strengths
 Activation Functions: Determine neuron output
 Bias: Additional parameter for flexibility
Differences Between ANN and KNN

Feature ANN (Artificial Neural Network) KNN (K-Nearest Neighbor

Learning Model-based learning Instance-based learning

Training Time High (requires training) Low (no training phase)

Prediction Time Fast Slow (searches all data)

Feature ANN (Artificial Neural Network) KNN (K-Nearest Neighbor

Memory Usage Low (stores weights only) High (stores entire dataset)

Complexity Handles complex patterns Simple distance-based

Interpretability Black box Transparent decisions

Noise Handling Good with proper training Sensitive to noise

Q.4(c) Illustrate the steps of KNN algorithm with proper example

(compulsory draw circuits). (07)
KNN Algorithm Steps
Step 1: Data Preparation
 Store all training data points with their labels
 Choose appropriate distance metric (usually Euclidean)
Step 2: Choose K Value
 Select odd number to avoid ties
 Common choices: K = 3, 5, 7
Step 3: Calculate Distances
 Compute distance from query point to all training points
 Euclidean Distance: d = √[(x₂-x₁)² + (y₂-y₁)²]
Step 4: Find K Nearest Neighbors
 Sort distances in ascending order
 Select K closest points
Step 5: Make Prediction
 Classification: Majority vote among K neighbors
 Regression: Average of K neighbor values
Example: Student Performance Classification
Problem: Classify if a new student will pass/fail based on study hours and
attendance.
Training Data:
Student Study Hours Attendance % Result

A 8 90 Pass

B 3 60 Fail

C 7 85 Pass

D 2 50 Fail

E 9 95 Pass

F 4 70 Fail

Query: New student with 6 study hours and 80% attendance

KNN Circuit Diagram
Training Data Storage Circuit:
┌─────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Training Dataset Storage │
│ ┌─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┐ │
│ │ A │ B │ C │ D │ E │ │
│ │(8,90│(3,60│(7,85│(2,50│(9,95│ │
│ │Pass)│Fail)│Pass)│Fail)│Pass)│ │
│ └─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┘ │
└─────────────────────────────────────┘
│
▼
┌─────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Distance Calculation Circuit │
│ Query Point: (6, 80) │
│ ┌─────────────────────────────────┐ │
│ │ Distance to A: √[(8-6)²+(90-80)²]│ │
│ │ = √[4+100] = 10.2 ││
│ │ Distance to B: √[(3-6)²+(60-80)²]│ │
│ │ = √[9+400] = 20.2 ││
│ │ Distance to C: √[(7-6)²+(85-80)²]│ │
│ │ = √[1+25] = 5.1 ││
│ │ Distance to D: √[(2-6)²+(50-80)²]│ │
│ │ = √[16+900] = 30.3 ││
│ │ Distance to E: √[(9-6)²+(95-80)²]│ │
│ │ = √[9+225] = 15.3 ││
│ └─────────────────────────────────┘ │
└─────────────────────────────────────┘
│
▼
┌─────────────────────────────────────┐
│ K-Selection Circuit (K=3) │
│ ┌─────────────────────────────────┐ │
│ │ Sorted Distances: ││
│ │ 1. C: 5.1 (Pass) ││
│ │ 2. A: 10.2 (Pass) ││
│ │ 3. E: 15.3 (Pass) ││
│ │ 4. B: 20.2 (Fail) ││
│ │ 5. D: 30.3 (Fail) ││
│ └─────────────────────────────────┘ │
└─────────────────────────────────────┘
│
▼
┌─────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Voting Circuit │
│ ┌─────────────────────────────────┐ │
│ │ K=3 Nearest Neighbors: ││
│ │ C: Pass ││
│ │ A: Pass ││
│ │ E: Pass ││
│ │ ││
│ │ Vote Count: ││
│ │ Pass: 3 votes ││
│ │ Fail: 0 votes ││
│ └─────────────────────────────────┘ │
└─────────────────────────────────────┘
│
▼
┌─────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Final Prediction │
│ ┌─────────────────────────────────┐ │
│ │ RESULT: PASS ││
│ │ Confidence: 100% (3/3) ││
│ └─────────────────────────────────┘ │
└─────────────────────────────────────┘


Algorithm Execution
1. Query Point: (6, 80)
2. Distances Calculated: All training points
3. K=3 Selected: C(5.1), A(10.2), E(15.3)
4. Voting: 3 Pass, 0 Fail
5. Prediction: PASS

OR Questions
Q.4(a) Define why we used most of time classification process in data
visualization. (03)
Why Classification in Data Visualization?
1. Pattern Recognition
 Classification helps identify distinct groups in data
 Makes complex datasets more understandable
 Example: Customer segmentation visualization showing different buyer
personas
2. Decision Support
 Provides clear categorical outcomes for business decisions
  Simplifies complex relationships into actionable insights
 Example: Medical diagnosis visualization showing disease vs. healthy
classifications
3. Data Exploration
 Reveals hidden structures in data
 Helps identify outliers and anomalies
 Example: Fraud detection visualization highlighting suspicious
transactions
Benefits:
 Clarity: Reduces complexity to understandable categories
 Actionability: Provides specific recommendations
 Communication: Easy to explain to stakeholders

Q.4(b) Describe KNN & ANN algorithm. Reason for using NN in data
analysis. (04)
KNN Algorithm
K-Nearest Neighbors is a lazy learning algorithm that classifies data points
based on the majority class of their K nearest neighbors.
Characteristics:
 Instance-based learning
 No explicit training phase
 Distance-based predictions
 Simple but effective
ANN Algorithm
Artificial Neural Network mimics brain neurons to learn complex patterns
through interconnected layers.
Architecture:
 Input Layer → Hidden Layer(s) → Output Layer
 Weights and biases adjusted during training
 Uses backpropagation for learning
Reasons for Using NN in Data Analysis
1. Complex Pattern Recognition
 Captures non-linear relationships
 Handles high-dimensional data effectively
  Example: Image recognition, speech processing
2. Adaptability
 Learns from data without explicit programming
 Improves performance with more training data
 Handles noisy and incomplete data
3. Versatility
 Works for classification, regression, clustering
 Applicable across diverse domains
 Applications: Finance, healthcare, marketing
4. Scalability
 Handles large datasets efficiently
 Parallel processing capabilities
 Cloud computing integration

Q.4(c) Illustrate steps of ANN algorithm with proper example

(compulsory draw circuits). (07)
ANN Algorithm Steps
Step 1: Initialize Network
 Set random weights and biases
 Define network architecture
 Choose activation functions
Step 2: Forward Propagation
 Input data flows through network
 Calculate outputs at each layer
 Apply activation functions
Step 3: Calculate Error
 Compare output with target values
 Use loss function (e.g., Mean Squared Error)
Step 4: Backward Propagation
 Calculate gradients of error
 Update weights and biases
 Use gradient descent
Step 5: Repeat Until Convergence
 Continue training epochs
 Monitor validation error
 Stop when error minimized
Example: Student Grade Prediction
Problem: Predict final grade based on midterm score and attendance.
Training Data:

Midterm Attendance Final Grade

85 90 88

70 75 72

95 95 96

60 80 68

ANN Circuit Diagram

Input Layer → Hidden Layer → Output Layer
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ ANN Architecture │
│ │
│ Input Layer Hidden Layer Output Layer │
│ │
│ ○ ○─────────○ ○ │
│ Midterm w₁₁/ \w₁₂ Final │
│ Score / \ Grade │
│ / \ │
│ ○ ○ ○ ○ │
│ Attendance w₂₁ \ / w₂₂ │
│ \ / │
│ \ / │
│ ○ │
│ │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
Forward Propagation Circuit:
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Step 1: Input Processing │
│ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │
│ │ Input: Midterm = 85, Attendance = 90 ││
│ │ Normalize: x₁ = 0.85, x₂ = 0.90 ││
│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
│
▼
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Step 2: Hidden Layer Calculation │
│ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │
│ │ h₁ = σ(w₁₁×x₁ + w₂₁×x₂ + b₁) ││
│ │ h₁ = σ(0.5×0.85 + 0.3×0.90 + 0.1) ││
│ │ h₁ = σ(0.425 + 0.27 + 0.1) = σ(0.795) ││
│ │ h₁ = 0.689 (using sigmoid) ││
│ │ ││
│ │ h₂ = σ(w₁₂×x₁ + w₂₂×x₂ + b₂) ││
│ │ h₂ = σ(0.4×0.85 + 0.6×0.90 + 0.2) ││
│ │ h₂ = σ(0.34 + 0.54 + 0.2) = σ(1.08) ││
│ │ h₂ = 0.746 (using sigmoid) ││
│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
│
▼
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Step 3: Output Layer Calculation │
│ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │
│ │ output = w₃₁×h₁ + w₃₂×h₂ + b₃ ││
│ │ output = 0.7×0.689 + 0.8×0.746 + 0.1 ││
│ │ output = 0.482 + 0.597 + 0.1 = 1.179 ││
│ │ Predicted Grade = 1.179 × 100 = 87.9 ││
│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
│
▼
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Step 4: Error Calculation │
│ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │
│ │ Target = 88, Predicted = 87.9 ││
│ │ Error = (88 - 87.9)² = 0.01 ││
│ │ Loss = MSE = 0.01 ││
│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
│
▼
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Step 5: Backpropagation │
│ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │
│ │ Calculate gradients: ││
│ │ ∂E/∂w₃₁ = ∂E/∂output × ∂output/∂w₃₁ ││
│ │ ∂E/∂w₃₁ = -0.1 × 0.689 = -0.0689 ││
│ │ ││
│ │ Update weights: ││
│ │ w₃₁_new = w₃₁ - α × ∂E/∂w₃₁ ││
│ │ w₃₁_new = 0.7 - 0.01 × (-0.0689) = 0.7007 ││
│ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘


Training Process
1. Epoch 1: Error = 0.01, adjust weights
 2. Epoch 2: Error = 0.008, continue training
3. Epoch N: Error < threshold, stop training
Final Result: Network learns to predict grades with high accuracy based on
midterm scores and attendance patterns.
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Q.5 Data Visualization and E-commerce Applications

Q.5(a) Define D3.js. Why we used this JavaScript in data visualization?
(03)
D3.js Definition
D3.js (Data-Driven Documents) is a powerful JavaScript library that enables
the creation of dynamic, interactive data visualizations in web browsers using
HTML, SVG, and CSS. It binds arbitrary data to Document Object Model (DOM)
elements and applies data-driven transformations.
Why Use D3.js in Data Visualization?
1. Data Binding Capability
 Directly binds data to DOM elements
 Automatically updates visualizations when data changes
 Enables real-time, dynamic visualizations
2. Flexibility and Customization
 Complete control over visual appearance
 Creates custom visualizations beyond standard charts
 Unlimited design possibilities with SVG and HTML
3. Web Standards Based
 Uses standard web technologies (HTML, CSS, SVG)
 No proprietary plugins required
 Cross-browser compatibility
4. Interactive Features
 Built-in support for user interactions
 Animations and transitions
 Responsive design capabilities
Q.5(b) How we create best dashboard using data visualization? Explain.
(04)
Creating Best Dashboard with Data Visualization
Step 1: Define Dashboard Purpose and Audience
 Identify key stakeholders and their needs
 Define primary objectives and KPIs
 Determine required level of detail and interactivity
Step 2: Data Strategy and Architecture
 Data Collection: Integrate multiple data sources
 Data Processing: Clean, transform, and aggregate data
 Real-time Updates: Implement data refresh mechanisms
 Performance: Optimize for fast loading and responsiveness
Step 3: Design Principles Application
Visual Hierarchy:
 Most important metrics prominently displayed
 Use size, color, and position to guide attention
 Logical flow from general to specific information
Chart Selection:
 Choose appropriate visualization types for data
 Line charts for trends, bar charts for comparisons
 KPI cards for key metrics, heatmaps for patterns
Step 4: Implementation Best Practices
 Responsive Design: Works across devices and screen sizes
 Interactivity: Drill-down capabilities and filtering options
 Performance Optimization: Efficient data loading and rendering
 User Testing: Validate usability and effectiveness

Q.5(c) Explain data science for driving growth in E-commerce. (07)

Data Science Applications for E-commerce Growth
1. Customer Analytics and Segmentation
Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) Analysis:
 Predict long-term customer value
  Identify high-value customer segments
 Optimize marketing spend allocation
Behavioral Segmentation:
 Group customers by purchasing patterns
 Create personalized marketing campaigns
 Develop targeted product recommendations
Churn Prediction:
 Identify customers likely to leave
 Implement retention strategies
 Reduce customer acquisition costs
2. Personalization and Recommendation Systems
Product Recommendations:
 Collaborative filtering algorithms
 Content-based filtering systems
 Hybrid recommendation approaches
 Impact: 15-35% increase in conversion rates
Dynamic Pricing:
 Real-time price optimization
 Competitor pricing analysis
 Demand-based pricing strategies
 Result: Increased revenue and market competitiveness
3. Inventory and Supply Chain Optimization
Demand Forecasting:
 Predict future product demand
 Seasonal trend analysis
 External factor integration (weather, events)
 Benefit: Reduce stockouts by 20-30%
Supply Chain Analytics:
 Optimize shipping routes and methods
 Warehouse efficiency analysis
 Supplier performance monitoring
 Outcome: Cost reduction and faster delivery
4. Marketing and Sales Optimization
Campaign Performance Analysis:
 A/B testing for marketing campaigns
 Attribution modeling across channels
 ROI optimization for marketing spend
Customer Acquisition:
 Lead scoring and qualification
 Channel effectiveness analysis
 Cost per acquisition optimization
5. Fraud Detection and Risk Management
Transaction Monitoring:
 Real-time fraud detection algorithms
 Anomaly detection systems
 Risk scoring models
 Protection: Reduce fraud losses by 40-60%
6. User Experience Enhancement
Website Analytics:
 User journey mapping
 Conversion funnel analysis
 Page performance optimization
 Improvement: Increase conversion rates by 10-25%
Search Optimization:
 Search result relevance improvement
 Query understanding and expansion
 Auto-complete and suggestion systems
Growth Impact Metrics
Revenue Growth:
 20-30% increase through personalization
 15-25% improvement via dynamic pricing
 10-20% boost from inventory optimization
Operational Efficiency:
 30-40% reduction in inventory costs
  25-35% improvement in customer service
 20-30% decrease in marketing waste

OR Questions
Q.5(a) Write with example how we visualize data using D3.js. (03)
D3.js Data Visualization Example
Basic Bar Chart Implementation
HTML Structure:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<script src="https://d3js.org/d3.v7.min.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<div id="chart"></div>
</body>
</html>


JavaScript Code:
// Sample sales data
const salesData = [
{month: "Jan", sales: 120},
{month: "Feb", sales: 150},
{month: "Mar", sales: 180},
{month: "Apr", sales: 140},
{month: "May", sales: 200}
];
// Set dimensions and margins
const margin = {top: 20, right: 30, bottom: 40, left: 50};
const width = 500 - margin.left - margin.right;
const height = 300 - margin.top - margin.bottom;
// Create SVG container
const svg = d3.select("#chart")
.append("svg")
.attr("width", width + margin.left + margin.right)
.attr("height", height + margin.top + margin.bottom)
.append("g")
.attr("transform", `translate(${margin.left},${margin.top})`);
// Create scales
const xScale = d3.scaleBand()
.domain(salesData.map(d => d.month))
.range([0, width])
.padding(0.1);
const yScale = d3.scaleLinear()
.domain([0, d3.max(salesData, d => d.sales)])
.range([height, 0]);
// Create bars
svg.selectAll(".bar")
.data(salesData)
.enter().append("rect")
.attr("class", "bar")
.attr("x", d => xScale(d.month))
.attr("width", xScale.bandwidth())
.attr("y", d => yScale(d.sales))
.attr("height", d => height - yScale(d.sales))
.attr("fill", "steelblue");
// Add axes
svg.append("g")
.attr("transform", `translate(0,${height})`)
.call(d3.axisBottom(xScale));
svg.append("g")
 .call(d3.axisLeft(yScale));


Result: Interactive bar chart showing monthly sales data with hover effects and
smooth animations.

Q.5(b) Explain principles of dashboard design using data visualization

design. (04)
Dashboard Design Principles
1. Clear Visual Hierarchy
Primary Information First:
 Most critical KPIs prominently displayed
 Use size, color, and position strategically
 Example: Revenue metrics larger than secondary metrics
Logical Grouping:
 Related metrics grouped together
 Clear sections with appropriate spacing
 Visual separators between different data categories
2. Appropriate Chart Selection
Match Visualization to Data Type:
 Trends: Line charts for time series data
 Comparisons: Bar charts for categorical comparisons
 Proportions: Pie charts for parts-of-whole relationships
 Correlations: Scatter plots for relationship analysis
Avoid Chart Junk:
 Remove unnecessary decorative elements
 Focus on data clarity over visual appeal
 Minimize cognitive load for users
3. Consistent Design Language
Color Strategy:
 Consistent color palette throughout
  Use color to convey meaning (red for alerts, green for positive)
 Ensure accessibility with colorblind-friendly palettes
Typography and Layout:
 Consistent fonts and sizing
 Adequate white space for readability
 Aligned elements for professional appearance
4. Interactive and Responsive Design
User Control:
 Filtering and drill-down capabilities
 Date range selectors
 Interactive legends and tooltips
Responsive Layout:
 Adapts to different screen sizes
 Mobile-friendly design considerations
 Progressive disclosure for complex data

Q.5(c) How data visualization useful in E-commerce? Explain it briefly.

(07)
Data Visualization Applications in E-commerce
1. Sales Performance Analytics
Revenue Dashboards:
 Real-time sales tracking across channels
 Geographic sales distribution maps
 Product performance comparisons
 Visualization: Interactive line charts showing daily/monthly trends
Conversion Funnel Analysis:
 Visual representation of customer journey
 Identify drop-off points in purchase process
 A/B testing results visualization
 Impact: 15-25% improvement in conversion rates
2. Customer Behavior Analysis
Heatmaps for Website Activity:
  User click patterns and navigation flows
 Product page engagement analysis
 Shopping cart abandonment visualization
 Benefit: Optimize user experience and layout
Customer Segmentation Visualizations:
 Demographic and behavioral clustering
 Purchase pattern analysis
 Customer lifetime value distributions
 Usage: Targeted marketing campaign development
3. Inventory and Supply Chain Visualization
Stock Level Monitoring:
 Real-time inventory status across warehouses
 Low stock alerts and forecasting
 Product turnover rate visualizations
 Result: Reduce stockouts by 20-30%
Supply Chain Optimization:
 Shipping route visualizations
 Delivery performance metrics
 Supplier performance scorecards
 Outcome: Improved efficiency and cost reduction
4. Marketing Campaign Performance
Multi-Channel Attribution:
 Campaign ROI across different channels
 Customer acquisition cost analysis
 Marketing funnel effectiveness
 Visualization: Sankey diagrams showing customer journey
Social Media Analytics:
 Engagement rate trends
 Sentiment analysis visualizations
 Influencer impact measurements
 Application: Optimize social media strategy
5. Financial Performance Monitoring
Profit Margin Analysis:
 Product-wise profitability charts
 Cost structure breakdowns
 Revenue stream diversification
 Visualization: Waterfall charts showing profit drivers
Budget vs. Actual Performance:
 Variance analysis dashboards
 Expense category tracking
 Cash flow visualizations
 Benefit: Better financial planning and control
6. Competitive Intelligence
Market Share Visualization:
 Competitive positioning charts
 Price comparison analysis
 Market trend identification
 Tool: Bubble charts showing market dynamics
Product Performance Benchmarking:
 Competitor analysis dashboards
 Review sentiment comparisons
 Feature gap analysis
 Insight: Strategic product development guidance
7. Customer Service Analytics
Support Ticket Analysis:
 Issue category distribution
 Response time trends
 Customer satisfaction scores
 Visualization: Heatmaps showing peak support times
Return and Refund Analysis:
 Return rate by product category
 Reason code analysis
 Quality issue identification
 Purpose: Improve product quality and policies
Business Impact of E-commerce Data Visualization
Operational Benefits:
 Decision Speed: 5x faster decision-making with visual dashboards
 Error Reduction: 30-40% fewer manual errors in reporting
 Efficiency Gains: 25-35% improvement in operational efficiency
Strategic Advantages:
 Market Responsiveness: Real-time trend identification
 Customer Satisfaction: Improved user experience design
 Competitive Edge: Data-driven product and pricing strategies
Financial Returns:
 Revenue Growth: 15-30% increase through optimization
 Cost Reduction: 20-25% decrease in operational costs
 ROI Improvement: 200-400% return on visualization investments
Data visualization in e-commerce transforms raw data into actionable insights,
enabling businesses to make informed decisions quickly, optimize operations,
and enhance customer experiences while driving sustainable growth.
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