1.Define Protocol. Provide the name of protocols governing web.

A protocol is a set of rules and conventions that govern the communication between devices
on a network. It defines how data is transmitted, how devices should respond, and ensures
proper communication and data exchange between systems. Protocols can cover various
aspects of communication, such as addressing, data formatting, error handling, and
connection establishment.

Key Protocols Governing the Web:

1. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol):

o Governs how data is transmitted over the web, including the communication
between web servers and clients (browsers). It defines how requests and
responses are structured.
2. HTTPS (HTTP Secure):
o A secure version of HTTP. It uses encryption via SSL/TLS (Secure Sockets
Layer / Transport Layer Security) to protect data transmission, ensuring
privacy and security.
3. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol):
o A foundational protocol for the internet. TCP handles reliable data
transmission, ensuring packets are delivered in order and without errors. IP
handles addressing and routing, allowing data to be sent between devices
across networks.
4. DNS (Domain Name System):
o Translates domain names (like www.example.com) into IP addresses that can
be understood by computers. It ensures users can access websites by typing in
human-readable addresses.
5. FTP (File Transfer Protocol):
o Used to transfer files between computers over a network. It is less commonly
used today but remains important for certain applications.
6. SSL/TLS (Secure Sockets Layer / Transport Layer Security):
o Protocols that provide encryption for data transmitted over the web,
particularly for securing communications over HTTPS.
7. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol):
o Governs the transmission of email messages between servers.
8. IMAP/POP3 (Internet Message Access Protocol / Post Office Protocol):
o Protocols used by email clients to retrieve messages from mail servers.
9. SSH (Secure Shell):
o Provides a secure method for remotely accessing and managing devices over a
network.
10. WebSocket:

 A protocol that allows for full-duplex communication between a client (such as a web
browser) and a server, enabling real-time data exchange, often used for live feeds and
chat applications.

These protocols work together to ensure smooth, secure, and efficient communication across
the web.
 2.Differentiate between Internet and WWW? What are the different services provid
by Internet?
### Difference Between Internet and WWW:

1. **Internet**:
- The **Internet** is a vast global network of interconnected computers that
communicate using standard protocols (like TCP/IP). It is the infrastructure that
connects devices worldwide.
- It enables communication, data transfer, and various services (like email,
file sharing, etc.).

2. **World Wide Web (WWW)**:

- The **World Wide Web (WWW)** is a service that operates over the
Internet. It is a collection of interconnected documents and resources,
accessed via web browsers using the **HTTP/HTTPS** protocol.
- The Web uses URLs to identify resources and involves web servers and
clients (browsers).

In short, the **Internet** is the physical network, while the **WWW** is one
of the many services that use the Internet.

---

### Services Provided by the Internet:

1. **Email**:
- Sending and receiving messages electronically (e.g., via SMTP, IMAP, POP3
protocols).
2. **Web Browsing (WWW)**:
- Accessing websites and web pages using a web browser (via HTTP/HTTPS).

3. **File Transfer (FTP)**:

- Uploading and downloading files between devices (via FTP, SFTP).

4. **VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)**:

- Making voice and video calls over the Internet (e.g., Skype, Zoom).

5. **Instant Messaging**:
- Real-time text-based communication (e.g., via services like WhatsApp,
Telegram).

6. **Streaming Media**:
- Streaming video, audio, or live content (e.g., Netflix, YouTube).

7. **Cloud Services**:
- Storing and accessing data remotely (e.g., Google Drive, Dropbox).

8. **Remote Access**:
- Accessing remote systems or devices (e.g., via SSH, VPN).

9. **Social Networking**:
- Platforms for social interaction and content sharing (e.g., Facebook,
Twitter).

10. **E-commerce**:
 - Conducting business transactions online (e.g., Amazon, eBay).

These services make the Internet a versatile platform for communication, data
sharing, and many other tasks.

3.Design a restaurant menu card with different items,

price, and description using XML.
Here's an example of a simple restaurant menu card in XML format,
showcasing various items, their prices, and descriptions:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<menu>
<category name="Appetizers">
<item>
<name>Spring Rolls</name>
<price>5.99</price>
<description>Crispy rolls stuffed with vegetables and served with sweet
chili sauce.</description>
</item>
<item>
<name>Garlic Bread</name>
<price>4.50</price>
<description>Toasted bread with garlic butter and herbs.</description>
</item>
</category>

<category name="Main Course">

<item>
 <name>Grilled Chicken</name>
<price>12.99</price>
<description>Juicy grilled chicken breast served with steamed
vegetables and mashed potatoes.</description>
</item>
<item>
<name>Margherita Pizza</name>
<price>9.99</price>
<description>Classic pizza topped with fresh tomatoes, mozzarella, and
basil.</description>
</item>
</category>

<category name="Desserts">
<item>
<name>Chocolate Lava Cake</name>
<price>6.99</price>
<description>Warm chocolate cake with a molten chocolate center,
served with vanilla ice cream.</description>
</item>
<item>
<name>Cheesecake</name>
<price>5.50</price>
<description>Creamy cheesecake with a graham cracker crust and a
choice of strawberry topping.</description>
</item>
</category>
 <category name="Beverages">
<item>
<name>Fresh Lemonade</name>
<price>3.50</price>
<description>Refreshing lemonade made with freshly squeezed
lemons.</description>
</item>
<item>
<name>Cappuccino</name>
<price>4.00</price>
<description>Rich espresso topped with steamed milk and
foam.</description>
</item>
</category>
</menu>
Here's an example of a simple restaurant menu card in XML format,
showcasing various items, their prices, and descriptions:

```xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<menu>
<category name="Appetizers">
<item>
<name>Spring Rolls</name>
<price>5.99</price>
<description>Crispy rolls stuffed with vegetables and served with sweet
chili sauce.</description>
 </item>
<item>
<name>Garlic Bread</name>
<price>4.50</price>
<description>Toasted bread with garlic butter and herbs.</description>
</item>
</category>

<category name="Main Course">

<item>
<name>Grilled Chicken</name>
<price>12.99</price>
<description>Juicy grilled chicken breast served with steamed
vegetables and mashed potatoes.</description>
</item>
<item>
<name>Margherita Pizza</name>
<price>9.99</price>
<description>Classic pizza topped with fresh tomatoes, mozzarella, and
basil.</description>
</item>
</category>

<category name="Desserts">
<item>
<name>Chocolate Lava Cake</name>
<price>6.99</price>
 <description>Warm chocolate cake with a molten chocolate center,
served with vanilla ice cream.</description>
</item>
<item>
<name>Cheesecake</name>
<price>5.50</price>
<description>Creamy cheesecake with a graham cracker crust and a
choice of strawberry topping.</description>
</item>
</category>

<category name="Beverages">
<item>
<name>Fresh Lemonade</name>
<price>3.50</price>
<description>Refreshing lemonade made with freshly squeezed
lemons.</description>
</item>
<item>
<name>Cappuccino</name>
<price>4.00</price>
<description>Rich espresso topped with steamed milk and
foam.</description>
</item>
</category>
</menu>
```
Explanation:
- The `<menu>` root element contains multiple `<category>` elements
(Appetizers, Main Course, etc.).
- Each `<category>` contains `<item>` elements with the following details:
- `<name>`: The name of the dish.
- `<price>`: The price of the dish.
- `<description>`: A brief description of the dish.

This XML structure can easily be transformed into a menu for display in
applications or websites.

4.Create an HTML code to create a web page that contains the user
registration form with following details user name, user date of
birth, user address, user gender, user email id, user mobile number.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>User Registration Form</title>
<style>
body {
font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
background-color: #f2f2f2;
}
.container {
width: 40%;
margin: 0 auto;
 background-color: white;
padding: 20px;
border-radius: 10px;
box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
}
h2 {
text-align: center;
}
.form-group {
margin-bottom: 15px;
}
label {
display: block;
margin-bottom: 5px;
}
input[type="text"],
input[type="email"],
input[type="date"],
input[type="tel"],
textarea,
select {
width: 100%;
padding: 10px;
border: 1px solid #ccc;
border-radius: 5px;
}
 input[type="radio"] {
margin-right: 5px;
}
button {
display: block;
width: 100%;
padding: 10px;
background-color: #4CAF50;
color: white;
border: none;
border-radius: 5px;
font-size: 16px;
cursor: pointer;
}
button:hover {
background-color: #45a049;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<div class="container">
<h2>User Registration Form</h2>
<form action="#" method="post">
<!-- User Name -->
<div class="form-group">
 <label for="username">User Name:</label>
<input type="text" id="username" name="username" required>
</div>

<!-- User Date of Birth -->

<div class="form-group">
<label for="dob">Date of Birth:</label>
<input type="date" id="dob" name="dob" required>
</div>

<!-- User Address -->

<div class="form-group">
<label for="address">Address:</label>
<textarea id="address" name="address" rows="4"
required></textarea>
</div>

<!-- User Gender -->

<div class="form-group">
<label for="gender">Gender:</label>
<input type="radio" id="male" name="gender" value="Male"
required>
<label for="male">Male</label>
<input type="radio" id="female" name="gender" value="Female"
required>
<label for="female">Female</label>
 <input type="radio" id="other" name="gender" value="Other"
required>
<label for="other">Other</label>
</div>

<!-- User Email -->

<div class="form-group">
<label for="email">Email ID:</label>
<input type="email" id="email" name="email" required>
</div>

<!-- User Mobile Number -->

<div class="form-group">
<label for="mobile">Mobile Number:</label>
<input type="tel" id="mobile" name="mobile" pattern="[0-9]{10}"
placeholder="1234567890" required>
</div>

<!-- Submit Button -->

<button type="submit">Register</button>
</form>
</div>

</body>
</html>
Key Features of the Code:
 Form Elements:
o Username: Text input.

o Date of Birth: Date picker input.

o Address: Textarea for multi-line input.

o Gender: Radio buttons for selecting gender.

o Email ID: Email input with validation.

o Mobile Number: Telephone input with a pattern

for 10 digits.
 Styling:
o Simple styling for layout, form fields, and a submit

button using CSS.

This registration form can be further customized based on
design requirements.

5 What is DTD? Discuss its differences with XML

Schema
DTD (Document Type Definition)

A DTD (Document Type Definition) defines the structure and legal elements/attributes for an
XML document. It acts as a set of rules for what an XML document should look like,
ensuring that the document follows a specific structure and contains valid data.

Features of DTD:

1. Defines elements and attributes allowed in an XML document.

2. Can specify the order and nesting of elements.
3. Supports basic data types such as strings, but does not support complex data types like
integers or dates.
4. Can be internal (included within the XML document) or external (stored in a separate file).

XML Schema (XSD)

An XML Schema (also known as XSD – XML Schema Definition) is a more powerful and
flexible way to define the structure, content, and data types of XML documents. XML
Schema is written in XML itself, making it both human-readable and machine-readable.
Features of XML Schema:

1. Supports complex data types like integers, dates, and user-defined types.
2. Allows for detailed constraints on elements and attributes, including data validation,
element ordering, and occurrence constraints.
3. Can specify namespaces, which helps in dealing with multiple XML vocabularies in the same
document.
4. More expressive than DTD and can validate elements, attributes, and data formats.

Differences Between DTD and XML Schema:

Feature DTD XML Schema (XSD)

DTD has its own unique, non-

Syntax XML Schema is written in XML format.
XML syntax.

Limited data types (mostly Supports a wide range of data types (e.g.,
Data Types
strings). numbers, dates, booleans).

Not extensible. Fixed set of Extensible and allows for defining new data types
Extensibility
rules. and structures.

Fully supports namespaces, making it ideal for

Namespaces Does not support namespaces.
documents with multiple vocabularies.

Limited data validation (basic Provides robust validation for data types,
Validation
structural validation). constraints, and content.

More modern and widely used in current XML

Usage Older technology, less powerful.
applications.

Documentation Not self-describing. Self-describing and machine-readable.

In Summary:

 DTD is simpler and more limited, good for basic XML validation.
 XML Schema is more powerful, allowing for richer data validation, complex data types, and
greater flexibility. It has largely replaced DTD in modern XML applications.