Python Built-in Functions for Beginners
Numeric Functions
abs(x): Returns the absolute value of a number. Example: abs(-5) -> 5
round(x, n): Rounds x to n decimal places. Example: round(3.1415, 2) -> 3.14
pow(x, y): Returns x raised to the power y. Example: pow(2, 3) -> 8
divmod(x, y): Returns (x // y, x % y). Example: divmod(9, 4) -> (2, 1)
String Functions
str(x): Converts x to a string. Example: str(123) -> '123'
len(s): Returns the length. Example: len('hello') -> 5
input(prompt): Takes user input. Example: input('Enter name: ')
print(x): Prints output. Example: print('Hello')
Type Conversion
int(x): Converts x to integer. Example: int('5') -> 5
float(x): Converts x to float. Example: float('3.14') -> 3.14
bool(x): Converts x to boolean. Example: bool(0) -> False
complex(x, y): Creates complex number. Example: complex(2, 3) -> (2+3j)
type(x): Returns the type of x. Example: type('hi') -> <class 'str'>
Python Built-in Functions for Beginners
isinstance(x, type): Checks type. Example: isinstance(5, int) -> True
List and Sequence Functions
list(): Creates a new list. Example: list('abc') -> ['a', 'b', 'c']
sum(list): Returns sum. Example: sum([1, 2, 3]) -> 6
min(list) / max(list): Returns smallest/largest. Example: min([3,1]) -> 1
sorted(list): Returns sorted list. Example: sorted([3,1,2]) -> [1,2,3]
reversed(list): Returns reversed iterator. Example: list(reversed([1,2,3])) -> [3,2,1]
Looping Helpers
range(start, stop, step): Generates a sequence. Example: range(1,5) -> 1,2,3,4
enumerate(iterable): Returns index and item. Example: enumerate(['a','b'])
zip(list1, list2): Combines lists. Example: zip([1,2],[3,4]) -> (1,3),(2,4)
Dictionary and Set Functions
dict(): Creates dictionary. Example: dict(a=1, b=2) -> {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
set(): Creates set. Example: set([1,2,2,3]) -> {1,2,3}
Functional Tools
map(func, iterable): Applies function. Example: map(str, [1,2]) -> ['1','2']
filter(func, iterable): Filters items. Example: filter(lambda x: x>0, [-1,2]) -> [2]
Python Built-in Functions for Beginners
any(iterable): True if any item is true. Example: any([False, True]) -> True
all(iterable): True if all items are true. Example: all([True, True]) -> True
Debugging and Introspection
help(object): Shows help. Example: help(str)
dir(object): Lists attributes. Example: dir([])
id(object): Returns memory address. Example: id(42)