P O Z N A N UN I VE RS I T Y O F T E C HN O L O G Y ACA D E MI C J O URN A L S

No 69 Electrical Engineering 2012

Józef WIŚNIEWSKI*
Edward ANDERSON**
Janusz KAROLAK**

USING THE EMTP/ATP PROGRAM FOR CALCULATION

OF ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELD DISTRIBUTION
UNDER OVERHEAD LINE

This paper presents the method of calculation of the electric and magnetic fields under
overhead transmission line with any number of circuits, phase positions, voltages and
current loads. Calculations of this type usually require specialized and costly programs. The
program EMTP/ATP is a royalty free tool to calculate the electric transient and steady
states in complex power systems. You can use this program and through appropriate
modeling the multi-phase wire system representing the line and measurement device
calculate the strength of the electric and magnetic fields. The results of calculations are
characterized by a very small error compared to the results obtained by using the
specialized program. This method can be used with other popular engineering tools like
Matlab/Simulink or PSCad.

1. NATIONAL REGULATION REQUIREMENTS

For the Polish conditions, the regulation [1] specifies the permissible levels of
electromagnetic fields strength in the vicinity of the equipment producing these
fields, depending on the field frequency and the nature and purpose of the
environment. In the case of overhead power lines permissible rms electric field
strength of 50 Hz frequency is 1 kV/m in the areas allocated for housing and 10
kV/m for the remaining places available for the population. The rms value of the
magnetic field strength with a frequency of 50 Hz in places accessible to the public
should not exceed 60 A/m.
Measurement of the electric field takes place at height of 2 m and of a magnetic
field at height from 0.3 m to 2 m above the ground or other surfaces on which
people can stay.
In the standards [2, 3], the methods of measuring the strength of electric and
magnetic fields of industrial frequency are discussed. In [2], the constructions of
the electric field meters with a dipole probe or a grounded flat dipole and using

__________________________________________
* Lodz University of Technology.
** Institute of Power Engineering.
74 Józef Wiśniewski, Edward Anderson, Janusz Karolak

Pockels effect are described. In [3], the structure of the magnetic field meters equipped
with an antenna framework probe or a Hall-effect sensor are described. The factors
affecting the measurement errors, such as proximity to humans or other objects,
weathering, the presence of other fields, harmonic content, or position of the meter are
presented. It is assumed that the error of the electric field and the magnetic
measurements using a commercially available meters is the order of 10% [3].

2. CALCULATION OF ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELD

IN THE VICINITY OF OVERHEAD LINE

Calculations of electromagnetic field strengths in the vicinity of the HV devices

are performed using specialized, often expensive programs. This paper presents a
technique for calculating the distribution of electric and magnetic fields in the
vicinity of overhead line using the program which does not have a function of the
electromagnetic field calculation but in which the measurement process can be
simulated. Engineers often have such a tool like Matlab/Simulink, PSCAD, or
royalty free EMTP/ATP in their computers.
For the calculation of steady states and slow transient states the Pi model of the
overhead power line is fast and sufficiently accurate.
For fixed frequency voltages and currents in the series and shunt elements of the
line equivalent scheme are related to the following formulas (1):
d d
 [u]  [ Z ]  [i x ]  [i y ]  Y  u  (1)
dx dx
where [u] - vector of phase voltages, [ix], [iy] - vectors of currents in the series and
shunt branches, [Z],[Y] - complex matrix of series impedances and shunt
admittances.
Formulas for calculating [Z] have been developed by Carson [4] for
telecommunication lines. They assume a single-layer earth model. Carson's
formulas are usually sufficiently accurate for the calculation of network
phenomena.
Elements of matrix [Z] are calculated from the formula (2):
 2  hi
Zii ( R i int  R ii )  j(  0  ln  Xiint  Xii )
2 ri
 D
Zik Zki R ik  j(  0  ln ik  Xik ) (2)
2 dik
where: Ri-int , Xi-int - internal impedance of wire depending on its construction,
Rik, Xik - Carson correction terms for earth return effects, hi, Dik, dik, ri -
geometrical parameters of the line: hi - the height of wire above the ground, Dik -
distance between conductor i and image of conductor k, dik - distance between
conductors i and k, ri - radius of the conductor i.
 Using the EMTP/ATP program for calculation of electric... 75

The matrix [ Y]    [P ]1 is calculated from the Maxwell potential coefficient

matrix, whose elements describe (3):
1 2  hi 1 D
Pii   ln Pik  Pki   ln ik (3)
2    0 ri 2    0 dik
Presented formulas are the basis for calculations of phase or modal overhead
transmission line parameters.

2.1. Calculation of electric field strength - a basic method

In the case of computing electric field under the overhead line in the middle of
the span where the field is the greatest, assuming that the wire runs parallel to the
ground and there are no objects distorting the field distribution the classic method
of superposition can be used [6].
In general, the overhead line can be built as multi-phase, multi-circuit, multi-
voltage with single or bundle conductors. Using the method of mirror reflection,
the components of the electric field at the measuring point P can be shown in
Figure 1, where q - linear charge on the wire, r, r'- the distance between the wire
and the measuring point P and between its mirror image and the point P.
q
r

P Ex
E’x

E’ E’y

Ey E

r’

-q

Fig. 1. The components of the electric field strength at point P, whose source is a charged wire

In the multi-conductor system, the relation between the linear charge, its
potential and the geometry of the line is presented by the formula (4):
[u]  [ P]  [q] (4)
76 Józef Wiśniewski, Edward Anderson, Janusz Karolak

where: [q] - matrix of linear charge on the wire, [P] -Maxwell potential coefficients
matrix.
The components of the electric field strength (E, E') produced by the conductor
with a charge q and its mirror image with charge -q are shown in the equation (5):
q q
E , E'  (5)
2    0  r 2    0  r '

2.2. Calculation of electric field strength using the EMTP/ATP

The EMTP/ATP program allows to model the multi-phase, multi-circuit, multi-

voltage overhead line with single or bundle conductors as well as calculation
current and voltage waveforms in steady and transient states. The components of
the electric field strength in the environment of the line can be calculated by
modeling the measuring technique. The wires of overhead line are completed by
two wires placed vertically or horizontally above the ground, Figure 2.
Uy Ux
y
x

Fig. 2. Location of the wires for measuring the vertical and horizontal component
of the electric field strength

The voltage between these wires is proportional to the vertical or horizontal

component of the electric field strength. Instantaneous values of the vertical Ey(t)
and horizontal Ex(t) components of the electric field strength E can be calculated
from the formulas (6):
U y ( t ) U x ( t )
E y (t )  E x (t )  (6)
y x
where: U y ( t ) and U x ( t ) - instantaneous values of voltages between
conductors placed vertically or horizontally at the height of measurement, y and
x - distances between conductors.

2.3. Calculation of the magnetic field strength - a basic method

The value of magnetic field strength H and its components Hx and Hy from one
wire of the overhead line with a current value i, for configuration presented in
Figure 3 is given by (7).
 Using the EMTP/ATP program for calculation of electric... 77

i
H (7)
2 r
where: r - distance from the wire to the measuring point P.
i
r

P
Hx

H Hy

Fig. 3. The components of the magnetic field strength at point P,

whose source is the current i in the wire

The total magnetic field strength in the vicinity of the power line loaded with
current is calculated by the superposition method.

2.4. Calculation of the magnetic field strength using EMTP/ATP

The components of the magnetic field strength in the vicinity of the power line
can be calculated by modeling the measuring technique, Figure 4. Two wires in
close proximity to each other are stretched under the power line at the height of the
measuring point. Wires are shorted together at one end and the voltage induced in
the loop is measured at the other end. The value of this voltage is proportional to
the horizontal or vertical component of the magnetic field strength.
Electromotive force e( t )  U induced in the loop of test wires is given by (8)
and the amplitude of the horizontal Hx_max and vertical Hy_max components of
magnetic field strength are presented by (9):
d( t ) d (B( t )  S) d(0  H( t )  S) dH ( t )
e( t )  z   z   z   z  S   0  (8)
dt dt dt dt
U max
H max  (9)
z  S  0  
where: Umax - amplitude of the measured voltage in the loop, S - area of the loop
(coil), z - number of coils, z = 1.
78 Józef Wiśniewski, Edward Anderson, Janusz Karolak

l l

Uy
Hy
Hx Ux
y x

Fig. 4. Location of test wires for measuring horizontal and vertical components
of the magnetic field strength

3. RESULTS OF CALCULATION

Calculations of the electric and magnetic field strength distribution using the
earlier described method with the EMTP/ATP program were performed. The
obtained results were compared with those calculated with the specialized program
for calculation of the electromagnetic field strength distribution under the power
line using the superposition method described in points 2.1 and 2.3.
Calculations were performed for the single-circuit 110 kV power line carried on
towers of S12 series and for the multi-circuit 2x400 kV+2x 220 kV power line on
LHP towers. Geometry of towers is shown in Figure 5.

L1 L3

L3 L2 L2
L3 L1
L1
L2 L2 L2

L1 L3 L3
S12 L1
LHP

Fig. 5. Geometry of S12 and LHP towers taken for the calculation of the distribution
of electric and magnetic field strength

The data of power lines are as follows: a line of 110 kV - 400 A load current,
line 2x 220 kV+2x 400 kV - 2500 A load current in circuits of 400 kV and 1000 A
at 220 kV circuits.
Figure 6 shows the distribution of the electric field strength E and its
components (a) and the magnetic field strength H (b) under the 110 kV power line
on S12 towers at a height of 1.8 m. The continuous lines show the results of the
calculations using the specialized program and the points show the results of
 Using the EMTP/ATP program for calculation of electric... 79

calculations using the EMTP/ATP and the presented in the paper method. The error
of calculation for the electric field does not exceed 0.02 kV/m (at maximum value
0.86 kV/m) and in the case of the magnetic field 0.17 A/m (at maximum value 4.7
A/m). It can be stated that the described method is satisfactory.
0.9 5
a) [kV/m] E b) [A/m] H
0.8 Hx
Ex
Ey 4 Hy
0.7
E emtp H emtp
0.6 Hx emtp
Ex emtp
3 Hy emtp
0.5 Ey emtp

0.4
2
0.3

0.2 1
0.1
[m] [m]
0.0 0
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50

Fig. 6. Distribution of electric field strength E and its components (a) and magnetic field H (b)
under the 110 kV power line on S12 towers at a height of 1.8 m

4 25
a) [kV/m] E b) [A/m] H
3 Ex Hx
Ey 20 Hy
3 E emtp H emtp
Ex emtp Hx emtp
15 Hy emtp
2 Ey emtp

2
10

1
[m] 5
1 [m]

0 0
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50

Fig. 7. Distribution of electric field strength E, its components (a) and magnetic field H (b)
under the power line 2x400 kV+ 2x220 kV on LHP towers at a height of 2 m

Figure 7 shows the distribution of electric field strength E, its components (a)
and magnetic field H (b) under the four-circuit, two-voltage power line 2x400
kV+2x 220 kV. The error of calculation for the electric field strength does not
exceed 0.09 kV/m (at maximum value 3.3 kV/m) and in the case of the magnetic
field 0.67 A/m (at the maximum value 21.4 A/m). The calculation error does not
exceed 10%.
80 Józef Wiśniewski, Edward Anderson, Janusz Karolak

4. CONCLUSIONS

- The presented method allows to calculate the distribution of electric and

magnetic field strength in the vicinity of a multi-circuit and multi-voltage power
line with any phase configuration. The calculation error does not exceed the
value achieved by the measurement method.
- The application the EMTP/ATP program enables to calculate the value of electric
and magnetic field strengths during the fault conditions, short circuits, atmospheric
lightning, wire falling etc. Classical programs do not have such options.
- It is possible to perform calculations for different phase configurations. It is
very important at designing a multi-circuit and multi-voltage power line to
minimize the width of the buffer zone under the line.

REFERENCES
[1] Rozporządzenie Ministra Środowiska z dnia 30.10.2003 r. w sprawie
dopuszczalnych poziomów pól elektromagnetycznych w środowisku oraz sposobów
sprawdzania dotrzymania tych poziomów. D.U. z 2003 r., Nr 192, poz. 1883.
[2] PN-IEC 833: 1997. Pomiar pól elektrycznych częstotliwości przemysłowej.
[3] IEC 61786:1998. Measurement of low-frequency magnetic and electric fields with
regard to exposure of human beings. Special requirements for instruments and
guidance for measurements.
[4] EMTP Theory Book. Branch of System Engineering, Bonneville Power
Administration. Annual Distribution 2010 - ATP Programs & Documents.
[5] http://www.eeug.de: Web site of the EEUG (European EMTP-ATP Users Group)
[6] Nowak W., Włodek R.: Pole elektromagnetyczne w otoczeniu linii - modelowanie i
pomiary. Inżynieria wysokich napięć w elektroenergetyce. Red. Mościcka -
Grzesiak H. Tom 1.Wyd. Politechniki Poznańskiej. 1996.

ZASTOSOWANIE PROGRAMU EMTP/ATP DO OBLICZANIA ROZKŁADU PÓL

ELEKTRYCZNYCH I MAGNETYCZNYCH POD LINIĄ NAPOWIETRZNĄ

W artykule przedstawiono metodę obliczeń pól elektrycznych i magnetycznych pod

linią wysokiego napięcia o dowolnym układzie faz, liczbie torów, napięciach i
obciążeniach. Obliczenia tego typu wymagają zwykle wyspecjalizowanych i kosztownych
programów. Program EMTP/ATP jest bezpłatnym narzędziem do obliczania stanów
ustalonych i nieustalonych w złożonych układach elektroenergetycznych. Można przy
użyciu programu poprzez odpowiednie zamodelowanie układu wieloprzewodowego
odwzorować układ pomiarowy pozwalający obliczyć wartość natężenia składowej
elektrycznej i magnetycznej pola. Uzyskane wyniki obliczeń charakteryzują się bardzo
małym błędem w stosunku do wyników uzyskanych wyspecjalizowanym programem.
Metodę tę można stosować przy użyciu także innych szeroko rozpowszechnionych
inżynierskich narzędzi jak Matlab/Simulink lub PSCad.