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INTERNET

Internet
Se Subject Details
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1. What is the Internet?  Internet is a worldwide system of computer networks.
 A network of networks in which user at any one computer can,
if they have permission, get information from any other
computer.
 The Internet is a global network. Where people from all over
the world can share and access information through
computers, tabs and mobile phones.
 Sometimes called simply “The Net”.
 General public are using internet after the development of the
World Wide Web in the early 1990s.
2. Internet - Description,  The Internet is the most commonly used term in today’s world
History & Uses and plays a very important role in the everyday life of people.
But there are many questions, answers to which people need
to know. In this article, we shall help you find answers to
these questions; discuss the evolution of the Internet, its
usage, benefits, history and how the Internet works.
3. What is the Internet?  A global system of interconnected computers, using a
standardized Internet Protocol suite for communication and
sharing information is called the Internet.
4. What is ISP?  ISP stands for Internet Service Provider. This helps in
providing direct access for using the internet from your office
or home, connected through landlines. With the introduction of
Wi-fi and broadband, connecting to the Internet has become
wireless.
5. What is the World Wide  World Wide Web or ‘www’ is a collection of webpages which
Web? can easily be published on the Internet and read by millions of
its users.
6. What is an IP address?  The Internet Protocol address is a numerical identification
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code assigned for any device connected to a network. It acts

as an identification interface for Internet users.
7. What is a Web  A web browser is a software application for accessing the
Browser? information on the World Wide Web. The commonly used web
browsers include Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Mozilla
Firefox, etc.
8. History and Evolution of The Internet completely revolutionised communication and technology
the Internet across the Globe. Initially, computerised devices were only used for large
industries but later its usage increased massively.

It is also mandatory for people to know that it is not possible for a single
person to develop something as broad and wide as the Internet all by
himself/herself. It was a combined effort of multiple researchers and
programmers that the Internet was discovered.

Given below are a few important points which played an extremely

important role in the development of the Internet and making it one of the
most widely used resources across the world.

 The first development was the introduction of host-to-host network

interactions. This was first observed in ARPANET in 1969. It was
developed by Advanced Research Projects Agency (APRA) of the
Department of Defence, U.S. It was one of the first general usage
of computer networks.
 Next step was commercialising the usage and making the
transistors and transmitters fit in smaller devices for convenient
Internet usage for the general public. This was introduced in the
1970s
 Moving forward, satellites and wireless communication was the
main target. Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency
(formerly ARPA), supported satellite-based radio packets for
mobile usage of networks
 The next was the development of Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP). This enabled different machines and networks across the
world to assemble data packets. It was in the 1980s that the
TCP/IP approach was adapted by researchers and technologists,
following the footsteps of the U.S. Department of Defence
 With the introduction of personal computers, the demand for
commercial Internet usage increased. This was the time when
Ethernet and other Local Area Networks cam in the foreground
 In 1993, the web browser was introduced, which followed the point-
and-click approach and is now a widely used operation for Internet
users
 The late 1990s was the time when thousands of Internet Service
Providers has taken up the market and most of them were from the
U.S.
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 And then the 21st century brought in an amalgamation of

technology and wireless Internet accessibility for its users.
Wherein, wireless broadband services came in as a boon for
Internet users

Amid all these developments which were made, a lot of successes and
failures came in but today, the Internet is one such commodity which has
made lives easier and brought in a wider pace for development across the
globe.


9. Ways To Connect To  The different ways in which one can connect to the Internet
Internet are discussed below in brief:
 Dial-Up – In such connections, users are required to link their
phone line to a computer to access the Internet. Under this
connection, the user cannot make or receive phone calls
through tier home phone service
 Broadband – Provided either through cable or phone
companies, Broadband is a high-speed internet connection
which is widely used today
 Wireless Connection – Wi-fi and Mobile service providers
fall under this category. Internet connectivity is made via radio
waves and the Internet can be connected anywhere,
irrespective of the location. Given below are a few examples
of wireless connection:
 Wi-fi – Wireless Fidelity or wi-fi allows high-speed internet
connectivity without the use of wires
 Mobile Phones – All smartphones are now equipped with an
option for Internet connectivity which can be availed using
Internet vouchers and packs. No external connection or wire
is required for these
 Satellite – Where broadband connections are unavailable,
satellites are used for wireless Internet connectivity
 Integrated Services Digital Network – ISDN allows users to
sent audio or video data using telephone lines

10. Internet Connection Protocols are a set of rules that help in governing the way in which any
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Protocols particular body or technology works.

Internet Connection Protocols can be divided into three major types:

 TCP/IP Network Model – Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

and Internet Protocol (IP) are the most widely used protocols for
connecting networks. It divides any message into a series of
packets which are sent from source to destination
 File Transfer Protocol – Program files, multimedia files, text files,
documents, etc. can be transferred from one device to another,
using FTP
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol – Used for transferring a hypertext
from one device to two or more devices. HTML tags are used for
creating links and these links may be in the form of text or images

11. Pros and Cons of Using  Intentionally or unintentionally, Internet usage is a part in the
the Internet day to day lives of every individual. The Internet has made
lives easy and comfortable, but at the same time made
human being dependable for the smallest or biggest of
information. Discussed below are the uses of the internet,
along with a few cons that it brings along.
 Pros of Internet
 Easy Access to Information – Information on anything and
everything are available online. The Internet makes it
convenient to learn about new things at any point in time and
get details on various subjects, irrespective of time and place
 Platform for Online Education – With the advanced
technology, even students and adults wish to learn new things
and gaining knowledge at various online portals has become
more accessible
 Job Hunting – Employers can look for employees on the
internet and the job seekers can apply online for jobs using
the Internet
 Platform to become an Entrepreneur – Today, thousands of
people have started their own websites and getting good
business and users/customers by making their own websites
and selling products or services. This has become accessible
due to Internet connectivity
 Visual and Graphical Representation of Things – Various
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researches have shown that a person tends to get more

engaged with a graphical representation of things. Internet
has made this facility also convenient for both user and
creator
 Reduced the parameter of Distance – Social media has
reduced the distance between people as communication has
become much easier because of Internet connection
 With the Internet being an extremely essential part of daily
life, it is important that a person is well aware of the
disadvantages of the Internet and its excess usage.
 Cons of Internet
 Dependency – The dependency of people for looking things
and information online has increased massively since the
introduction of Internet and its easy access
 Cyber Crime – People do not just use internet for learning
purposes, cybercrime has also been at a distinctive high
because of effortless availability of resources
 Distraction – People can easily find online games, interesting
information, etc. online which may be a cause of distraction
for may
 Bullying and Trolls – Online platforms are being used for
unethical practises like bullying people and trolling them

12. Data Packet  A unit of data made into a single package that travels along a
given network path is called ________.
13. 128 bits  What is the size of an IPv6 IP address?
14. Ethernet  What is the traditional technology used for connecting devices
in a WAN, LAN and MAN, enabling them to communicate with
each other via a protocol?
15. Wireless Fidelity  What is the full form of Wi-fi?
16. HyperText Markup  What is the full form of HTML?
Language
17. ARPANET  Which was the first host-to-host network connection?
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18. Scripting Language  HTML is a ______

19. File Transfer Protocol  What is the full form for FTP?
20. 32 bits  How long is an IPv4 address?
21. TCP/ IP  _____ is the computer protocol used by the Internet.
22. 
23. 
24. How to start internet? First, connect to the Internet and then open Internet
browsers/explorers to open websites.
25. Internet: Internet: The vast collection of inter-connected networks that all
use the TCP/IP protocols and that evolved from the ARPANET of
the late 60's and early '70s--a worldwide network of computer
networks.
26. History of Internet. It was developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s and has
since evolved into a vast interconnection of networks that allow
people to send and receive data from any location.
27. Usage of Internet The Internet is used for a variety of purposes, including
communication, research, entertainment, and commerce. It is
also an essential part of modern life, providing access to
education, health care, banking, and other essential services.
28. A Revolution (in The Internet has revolutionized the way people communicate and
Communication) interact in the digital world.
29. Global network The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer
networks used to share information and resources.
30. International network The Internet is an international network of networks, linking
computers around the world.
31. Composition network It is composed of millions of private, public, academic, business,
and government networks, which together carry various forms of
data including audio, video, text, and other digital information.
32. Sharing of Internet You can also share one internet connection to multiple
connection computers, tabs and mobiles with networking and Wifi signals.
33. Cyberspace: Cyberspace: A term coined by William Gibson in his novel
Neuromancer to refer to a near-future computer network where
users mentally travel through matrices of data. The term is now
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used to describe the Internet and the other computer networks.

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Internet Basic Terms

1. What is a server? An Internet server is a storage that stores all the data you request
from a browser. Such as photos, videos and text information.
2. What is a client? An Internet client is a web browser that you use to send requests
for any information.
3. How to check Internet Click here to check the internet connection speed. On the other
connection Speed? tab, a website will open where you will click on GO to check the
speed.
4. Domain
5. Hosting
6. Searching We can use the Internet for many purposes, such as searching
for anything. (I recommend using Google for searching.)
7. Social media by using the internet, you can connect to social media to share
your information.
8. Emails You can send and receive emails.
9. Internet help Google is the best platform on the Internet to help you with
everything.
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Internet Protocol
1. Protocol:  Protocol: A precise definition or procedural rule of how
computers interact with one another on a network.
There are many different information protocols.
 HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), for transmitting text files
in HTML;
 E-mail (SMTP), for sending electronic mail messages;
 Usenet News (NNTP), for having electronic group
discussions;
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP), for transferring files between
computers;
 Telnet, for running programs on remote computers;
 WAIS, for searching remote collections of indexed
information;
 Gopher, for browsing remote text information through a menu
interface.
2. IP address: IP address: A computer’s unique Internet address, which usually
looks like this: 128.223.142.14. Most computers also have a
“domain name” assigned to them, which represents cryptic IP
addresses with easier-to-remember words.
3. IP Address  Underlying the functionality of a URL is a base numeric
address that points to the computer that hosts the file.
 This numeric address is called the IP (INTERNET
PROTOCOL) ADDRESS.
4. Ping: (Packet Internet Ping: (Packet Internet Gopher) A program designed to test the
Gopher) availability of a remote host.
5. Types of Internet There are types of Internet Protocol as under: -
Protocols  HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), for transmitting text files
in HTML;
 E-mail (SMTP), for sending electronic mail messages;
 Usenet News (NNTP), for having electronic group
discussions;
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP), for transferring files between
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computers;
 Telnet, for running programs on remote computers;
 WAIS, for searching remote collections of indexed
information;
 Gopher, for browsing remote text information through a menu
interface.
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HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

1. What is HTTP?  HTTP is the abbreviation of (Hypertext Transfer Protocol).
 It connects to the server and sends HTML pages back to the
browser that you are using.
 HTTP is a communication protocol used to connect web
servers to local networks and the Internet.
 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol transmits hypertext over
networks.
 This is the protocol of the Web.
2. What is HTTPS?  Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure is an Internet
communication protocol that protects the privacy of data
between the device the user is browsing and the website.
 HTTPS allows users to access websites securely and
privately.
3. Hypertext: Hypertext: Text on an HTML document that has been organized
to provide links between other elements of the same document or
other documents on the Web. Selecting a hypertext link (usually
by clicking the mouse pointer on the text itself) will display the
linked information.
4. Hypertext and Links:  The operation of the Web relies primarily on HYPERTEXT as
The motion of the web its means of information retrieval.
 Hypertext is a document containing words that connect to
other documents.
 These words are called links and are selectable by the user.
 A single hypertext document can contain links to many
documents. In the context of the Web, words or graphics may
serve as links to other documents, images, video, and sound.
 Links may or may not follow a logical path, as each
connection is created by the author of the source document.
 Overall, the Web contains a complex virtual web of
connections among a vast number of documents, images,
videos, and sounds.
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E-mail (Electronic Mail)/ SMPT (Simple Mail Transport Protocol)

1. E-mail: E-mail: (electronic mail) The process of sending messages via a
computer network. Most e-mail software programs use IMAP
(Internet Message Access Protocol) to send and receive email
from and to an email server.
2. E-mail  Electronic mail.
SMPT  Simple Mail Transport Protocol OR SMTP
 Distributes e-mail messages and attached files to one or more
electronic mailboxes.
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FTP (File Transport Protocol)

1. FTP  File Transfer Protocol
 FTP: Transfer files between an FTP server and a computer.
 For example, to download software.
2. VoIP  Voice over Internet Protocol.
 VoIP allows delivery of voice communications over IP
networks.
 For example, phone calls.
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VoIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol)

1. TCP/IP: (Transmission TCP/IP: (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) The
Control two main protocols of the Internet. In order for a computer to
Protocol/Internet connect to the Internet it requires TCP/IP communication
Protocol) software.
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Internet Browsers
1. Internet Browsers There are many Internet browsers that you can use to open
websites.
2. Browser: Browser: A software program with a graphical user interface that
is used to access the World Wide Web. Browsers include Internet
Explorer, Firefox, Netscape, and Opera, to name a few.
3. Types of Internet Mostly using internet browsers are
Browsers 1) Google Chrome
2) Firefox
3) Microsoft Edge
4) Apple’s Safari.
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Website on the Internet

1. What is Website?
2. How to search a If you do not know the name of the website you are trying to open
website? then I would suggest you just open the Google website and find
your desired website in it.
3. How to visit a website? Open any browser you have on your computer and type the
website address that you want to visit.
4. Homepage: Homepage: The web page that opens up when you start your
Browser, or the “opening” web page of a web site.
5. FAQ: (Frequently Asked FAQ: (Frequently Asked Questions) Files of answers to
Questions) commonly asked questions.
6. Favorites or bookmarks: Favorites or bookmarks: A listing in your browser that displays
websites that have been saved for future visits.
7. Links: Links: Hypertext which, when clicked, connects you to another
web page. The web page can be on the same site or a different
site
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Search Engie Websites

1. Search Engine: Search Engine: Provides the ability for users to search the Web
by typing in a search term. Results can include pages,
documents or images.
2. Types of Search Engine
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Web Pages
1. Pages on the Web  The backbone of the World Wide Web are its files, called
pages or Web pages, containing information and links to
resources - both text and multimedia - throughout the Internet.
 Web pages can be created by user activity. For example, if
you visit a Web search engine and enter keywords on the
topic of your choice, a page will be created containing the
results of your search.
 In fact, a growing amount of information found on the Web
today is served from databases, creating temporary Web
pages "on the fly" in response to user searches. You can see
an example of such a page below, taken from the search
engine Hakia. This page only exists as a result of a search.

2. Access to Web pages  Entering a Web address into your browser and retrieving a
can be accomplished in page directly.
all sorts of ways,  Browsing through sites and selecting links to move from one
including page to another both within and beyond the site
 Doing a search on a search engine to retrieve pages on the
topic of your choice (See: The World of Search Engines)
 Searching through directories containing links to organized
collections of Web pages (See: The World of Subject
Directories)
 Clicking on links within e-mail messages
 Using apps on social networking sites or your mobile phone to
access Web and other online content
 Retrieving updates via RSS feeds and clicking on links within
these feeds (See: RSS Basics)
3. WEB provides  The Web provides a single, graphical interface for accessing
these and other protocols.

WWW (World Wide Web) and Internet

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1. World Wide Web: World Wide Web: (WWW, or Web) The interactive portion of the
(WWW, or Web) Internet, an information protocol that is used to send and receive
information. Information on the Web includes multimedia (movies,
pictures, sounds, etc.), hypertext (links to other internet
resources) or text (documents, files, etc.).
2. What is WWW?  World Wide Web
WEB  WWW is a collection of data where you can get whatever you
World Wide Web want such as photo videos and text data.
 WWW developed in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee in Switzerland.
 CERN team (Conseil uropean pour la Recherche Nuclear)
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URL (Uniform Resource Locator) and Internet

1. What is URL?  Uniform Resource Locator.
 The website address is URL.
 protocol://host/path/filename
2. URL: (Uniform URL: (Uniform Resource Locator) The address for a specific file
Resource Locator) (page or site) on the web.
3. What is the example of URL: https://www.lunarcomputercollege.com/
the URL?
4. Retrieving files on the  URL stands for UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR.
Web: the URL and  The URL specifies the Internet address of a file stored on a
Domain Name System host computer, or SERVER, connected to the Internet.
 Web browsers use the URL to retrieve the file from the server.
 This file is downloaded to the user's computer, or CLIENT,
and displayed on the monitor connected to the machine.
Because of this relationship between clients and servers, the
Web is a CLIENT-SERVER network.
 Underlying the functionality of a URL is a base numeric
address that points to the computer that hosts the file.
 This numeric address is called the IP (INTERNET
PROTOCOL) ADDRESS.
 The host portion of a URL is translated into its corresponding
IP address using the DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS).
 The DNS is a worldwide system of servers that stores location
pointers to the computers that host networked files.
 Since numeric strings are difficult for humans to use,
alphanumeric addresses are employed by users.
 Once the translation is made by the DNS, the browser can
contact the server and ask for the specific file designated in
the URL.
 For example, the DNS translates www.microsoft.com into
the IP address 207.46.19.254.
5. Anatomy of a URL  Every file on the Internet, no matter what its protocol, has a
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Uniform Resource unique URL.

Locator  Each URL points to a specific file located in a specific
directory on the host machine.
 This is the format of a URL: protocol://host/path/filename
 For example, this is a URL from the site of the U.S. Senate of
a live video stream sent by a camera pointed at the U.S.
Capitol:
http://www.senate.gov/general/capcam.htm
This URL is typical of addresses hosted in domains in the United
States. The structure of this URL is shown below.
http://www.senate.gov/general/capcam.htm

1. Protocol: http
2. Host computer name: www
3. Second-level domain name: senate
4. Top-level domain name: gov
5. Directory name: general
6. File name: capcam.htm
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Domains
1. Domain: Domain: The part of an internet address naming convention that
consists of a sequence of characters separated by dots. The
original five domain abbreviations (last three characters in URL or
address) are edu (Educational institutions), com (Commercial
businesses), gov (U.S. government), mil (The U.S. military), org
(Other organizations), and net (Network/Internet Service
Providers).
2. DNS  The host portion of a URL is translated into its corresponding
IP address using the DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS).
3. gTLDs (Generic Top- Several generic top-level domains (gTLDs) are common in the
level domains) United States:
1) Com Commercial enterprise
2) Edu educational enterprise
3) Gov U.S. government entity
4) Mil U.S. military entity
5) Net network access provider
6) Org usually nonprofit organizations.
4. Domains usage  Dozens of domains names have been assigned to identify
and locate files stored on servers in countries around the
world.
 These are referred to as Country Codes.
 These have been standardized by the International Standard
Organization as ISO 3166.
 Examples
 Pk Pakistan
 Ch Switzerland
 De Germany
 Jp Japan
 Uk United Kingdom
5. Additional top-level  Approved in 2000 by the Internet Corporation for Assigned
domain Names and numbers (ICANN)
 Biz
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 Museum
 Info
 Pro professionals
 Name for individuals
 Aero for the aerospace industry
 Coop for cooperatives

6. Domain Names in 2011  In 2011, ICANN decided to open up domain names without
by ICANN restriction, including in any language or written script.

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Hosting
1. 
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Attachment
1. Attachment: Attachment: A file sent "attached" to an e-mail message. The file
may be a picture, text file, audio, video, or executable program.
Multiple files may be "stuffed" or "zipped" in order to save space
and protect the data from corruption. Attachments should be
checked for viruses with virus detection software.
2. Download: Download: The process of transferring files from another
computer to another via a modem or local network.
3.
4.
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Programming Languages
1. Programming  The use of programming languages beyond HTML extend the
languages and capabilities of the Web.
environments  They are used to write software, process Web forms, fetch
and display data, and perform all kinds of advanced functions.
 It is difficult to talk about these languages without getting into
too much technical jargon, but here is an attempt.
 What follows is a brief guide to some of the more common
languages in use on the Web today.
2. HTML Programming  HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE
Language  Producing hypertext for the Web is accomplished by creating
(Hypertext and links): documents with a language called HYPERTEXT MARKUP
the motion of the Web LANGUAGE, or HTML.
 With HTML, tags are placed within the text to accomplish
document formatting, visual features such as font size, italics
and bold, and the creation of hypertext links.
 <p> This is a paragraph that shows the underlying HTML
code. <strong>This sentence is rendered in bold
text</strong>. <em>This sentence is rendered in italic
text.</em> </p>
 HTML is an evolving language, with new tags being added as
each upgrade of the language is developed and released.
 Nowadays, design features are often separated from the
content of the HTML page and placed into CASCADING
STYLE SHEETS (CSS). This practice has several
advantages, including the fact that an external style sheet can
centrally control the design of multiple pages. The World Wide
Web Consortium (W3C), led by Web founder Tim Berners-
Lee, coordinates the efforts of standardizing HTML. The W3C
now calls the language XHTML and considers it to be an
application of the XML language standard.
3. CGI (Common  CGI (Common Gateway Interface) refers to a specification
Gateway Interface) by which programs can communicate with a Web server.
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 A CGI program, or script, is any program designed to process

data that conforms to the CGI specification.
 The program can be written in any programming language,
including C, Perl, and Visual Basic Script (VBScript).
 In the early days of the Web, CGI scripts were commonly
used to process a form on a Web page.
 Perl is popular with Google, and is also the language of
the Movable Type blog platform.
4. Active Server Pages  Active Server Pages (ASP): Developed by Microsoft, ASP is
(ASP): a programming environment that processes scripts on a Web
server.
 The programming language VBScript is often used for the
scripting.
 Lightweight programs can be written with this language.
 Active Server Pages end in the file extension .asp. For an
example, check out Databases and Indexes at the University
at Albany Libraries.
5. .NET framework:  .NET framework: Also developed by Microsoft, this
development framework is a more powerful one than ASP for
writing applications for the Web.
 Programming languages include C+ and VB.Net. ASP.Net is a
related environment, producing pages with the file
extensions .aspx.
 The Microsoft site is a good example of a site created with
the .NET framework.
6. PHP: Programming  PHP: This is another server-based language. It is frequently
Languages the language used to write open source (e.g., nonprofit,
community-created) programs found on the Web,
including MediaWiki (the software that runs the Wikipedia),
and the popular blog software WordPress.
 While PHP functionality can be installed on Windows servers,
it is native to the Linux server environment and commonly
used there.
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7. Java/Java  Java/Java Applets: Java is a programming language similar

Applets: Programmin to C++.
g Languages  Developed by Sun Microsystems,
 The aim of Java is to create programs that will be platform
independent.
 The Java motto is, "Write once, run anywhere."
 A perfect Java program should work equally well on a
Windows, Apple, Unix, or Linux server, and so on, without any
additional programming.
 This goal has yet to be realized.
 Java can be used to write applications for both Web and non-
Web use.
 Web-based Java applications are usually in the form of Java
servlets.
 These are small Java programs fetched from within a Web
page that can be downloaded from a server and run on a
Java-compatible Web browser.
 A Web page that links to a Java servlet has the file
extension .jsp.
8. JavaScript -  JavaScript is a very popular programming language created
Programming by Netscape Communications.
Language  Small programs written in this language are embedded within
a Web page, or fetched externally from within the page, to
enhance the page's functionality.
 Examples of JavaScript include
1) drop-down menus
2) image displays,
3) mouse-over interactions.
 The drop-down menus on the site of the UCLA Library shown
below are a good example: when you hover your mouse over
the menu item, a set of sub-menus opens up below.
9. XML: XML (extensible  XML: XML (extensible Markup Language) is a mark-up
Markup Language) language that enables Web designers to create customized
tags to provide functionality not available with HTML alone.
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 XML is a language of data structure and exchange, and

allows developers to separate form from content.
 With XML, the same content can be formatted for multiple
applications.
 In May 1999, the W3 Consortium announced that HTML 4.0
has been recast as an XML application called XHTML.
10. AJAX (Asynchronous  AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML.
JavaScript and XML)  This language is used to create interactive Web applications.
 Its premise is that it sends data to the browser behind the
scenes, so that when it is time to view the information, it is
already "there."
 Google Maps is a well-known example of AJAX.
 A different kind of example can be found with SurfWax
LookAhead, an RSS search tool that retrieves feeds as you
type your search.
11. SQL (Structured  SQL (Structured Query Language): This is a language that
Query Language): focuses on extracting data from databases.
 Programmers write statements called queries that retrieve
data from the tables in the database.
 Some Web sites are created extensively or entirely from data
stored in database tables.
 You can often tell that a SQL query has produced data on a
page by the presence of a question mark (?) and a record
number in the URL, as the example below illustrates.
12. Mashups Programs  Mashups Programs on the Web can be flexible.
 Sometimes they are combined with each other to form
enhanced presentations.
 These are known as MASHUPS.
 A mashup is a Web application or Web page that combines
data from two or more external sources. Mashups give you
access in one place to information available in multiple
places.
 There are all kinds of mashups on the Web. One example
is Earthquakes In The Last week, a mashup derived from
 30

data from the U.S. Geological Survey along with Google

Maps. Another is Mashpedia, a mashup of
the Wikipedia encyclopedia along with current information
gathered from the social Web.
13. Applications (apps)  Last but not least: Applications (apps) Applications,
Programs commonly called APPS, are small programs that run
within various online environments.
 These programs allow you to enjoy functionalities that
enhance your experience within that environment.
 Social networking sites often make use of apps. For
example, Facebook is well-known for featuring thousands
of apps created by Facebook or outside developers.
These apps allow you to play games, shop, form issues-
based communities, find family or classmates, etc.
 Mobile phones are another environment within which apps
are both popular and useful. In fact, no decent mobile
phone these days comes without the option to add apps. A
good example is the iPhone, which offers hundreds of
thousands of apps in all sorts of areas, from work and
education to travel, lifestyle, entertainment, and so on.
Also take a look at the Android Market site to browse the
apps available for the Droid phone. It is safe to say that
apps make the mobile phone what it is today.
 Apps are a very fast-growing area of the networked
experience. Some observers believe that apps will be a
focus of developments in the online world in the coming
years.

PDF (Portable Document Format)

1. PDF: (Portable PDF: (portable document format) A file type that is readable on
Document Format) multiple-platforms (Windows AND Mac, Linux, Unix, etc.) with a
free downloadable program called Adobe Acrobat Reader.
2. What is a PDF
 31

3. Creating PDF
4. Editing PDF
5. Converting PDF
6. Integrated with
7. Built-in on
8. Types of PDF
9. Usage of PDF
10. Benefits of PDF
11.
12. Web Browser
13. Web Browser is a common term which is frequently used by
people while discussing the Internet. However, the exact
definition of a web browser is known by few only.
Web Browser Definition: A software application used to access
information on the World Wide Web is called a Web Browser.
When a user requests some information, the web browser
fetches the data from a web server and then displays the
webpage on the user’s screen.
It is also important to know in detail about what a web browser is
for candidates preparing for Government exams. This is
because Computer Knowledge is a common topic for many
competitive exams and questions based on web browsers may
be asked.

14. History of Web Browser

Today web browsers are easily accessible and can be used on
devices like computer, laptops, mobile phones, etc. but this
evolution of making browsers available for easy use took many
years.
Given below are some salient points which one must know with
regard to the history of web browsers:
 “WorldWideWeb” was the first web browser created by
Tim Berners Lee in 1990. This is completely different from
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the World Wide Web we use today

 In 1993, the “Mosaic” web browser was released. It had
the feature of adding images and an innovative graphical
interface. It was the “the world’s first popular browser”
 After this, in 1994, Marc Andreessen (leader of Mosaic
Team) started working on a new web browser, which was
released and was named “Netscape Navigator”
 In 1995, “Internet Explorer” was launched by Microsoft.
It soon overtook as the most popular web browser
 In 2002, “Mozilla Firefox” was introduced which was
equally as competent as Internet Explorer
 Apple too launched a web browser in the year 2003 and
named it “Safari”. This browser is commonly used in
Apple devices only and not popular with other devices
 Finally, in the year 2008, Google released “Chrome” and
within a time span of 3 years it took over all the other
existing browsers and is one of the most commonly used
web browsers across the world

15. Functions of Web Browser

Our dependency on the Internet has massively increased. Stated
below are functions of web browsers and how are they useful:
 The main function is to retrieve information from the World
Wide Web and making it available for users
 Visiting any website can be done using a web browser.
When a URL is entered in a browser, the web server takes
us to that website
 To run Java applets and flash content, plugins are
available on the web browser
 It makes Internet surfing easy as once we reach a website
we can easily check the hyperlinks and get more and more
useful data online
 Browsers user internal cache which gets stored and the
user can open the same webpage time and again without
 33

losing extra data

 Multiple webpages can be opened at the same time on a
web browser
 Options like back, forward, reload, stop reload, home, etc.
are available on these web browsers, which make using
them easy and convenient

16. Types of Web Browser

The functions of all web browsers are the same. Thus, more than
the different types there are different web browsers which have
been used over the years.
Discussed below are different web browser examples and their
specific features:
1. WorldWideWeb
 The first web browser ever
 Launched in 1990
 It was later named “Nexus” to avoid any confusion with the
World Wide Web
 Had the very basic features and less interactive in terms of
graphical interface
 Did not have the feature of bookmark
2. Mosaic
 It was launched in 1993
 The second web browser which was launched
 Had a better graphical interface. Images, text and graphics
could all be integrated
 It was developed at the National Center for
Supercomputing Applications
 The team which was responsible for creating Mosaic was
lead by Marc Andreessen
 It was named “the world’s first popular browser”
3. Netscape Navigator
 It was released in 1994
 In the 1990s, it was the dominant browser in terms of
 34

usage share
 More versions of this browser were launched by Netscape
 It had an advanced licensing scheme and allowed free
usage for non-commercial purposes
4. Internet Explorer
 It was launched in 1995 by Microsoft
 By 2003, it has attained almost 95% of usage share and
had become the most popular browsers of all
 Close to 10 versions of Internet Explorer were released by
Microsoft and were updated gradually
 It was included in the Microsoft Windows operating system
 In 2015, it was replaced with “Microsoft Edge”, as it
became the default browser on Windows 10
5. Firefox
 It was introduced in 2002 and was developed by Mozilla
Foundation
 Firefox overtook the usage share from Internet Explorer
and became the dominant browser during 2003-04
 Location-aware browsing was made available with Firefox
 This browser was also made available for mobile phones,
tablets, etc.
6. Google Chrome
 It was launched in 2008 by Google
 It is a cross-platform web browser
 Multiple features from old browsers were amalgamated to
form better and newer features
 To save computers from malware, Google developed the
ad-blocking feature to keep the user data safe and secure
 Incognito mode is provided where private searching is
available where no cookies or history is saved
 Till date, it has the best user interface
Apart from these, Opera Mini web browser was introduced in
2005 which was specially designed for mobile users. Before the
mobile version, the computer version “Opera” was also released
 35

in 1995. It supported a decent user interface and was developed

by Opera Softwar

17.