進階課程 – 流固耦合 (FSI)

2024/5/7

AE Gaura
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Agenda

• Ansys Fluent FSI Introduction

• 6-DOF
• Fluent Structural Model
• 1-Way Couple Fluid-Structure Analysis
• System Coupling
• 2-Way Couple Fluid-Structure Analysis

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 6DOF Introduction

• 六自由度 (six degree of freedom) 指剛體在三維空間中運動的六個自由度

平移 旋轉
沿 X 軸前後移動 繞 X 軸旋轉 (翻滾、roll)
沿 Y 軸左右移動 繞 Y 軸前後旋轉 (俯仰、pitch)
沿 Z 軸上下移動 繞 Z 軸左右旋轉 (偏擺、yaw)

PHOTO FROM WIKI

https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E5%85%AD%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%BA%A6

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6DOF Introduction

• Ansys Fluent 6DOF solver 透過計算物件重心的平移運動和角運動

• 在慣性座標系中求解重心平移運動的控制方程式
𝑣Ԧሶ 𝐺 重心的平移運動
ሶ𝑣Ԧ = 1 ෍ 𝑓Ԧ 𝑚 質量
𝐺 𝐺
𝑚 𝑓Ԧ𝐺 重力引起的力向量
• 主體座標計算物件的角運動
𝐿 慣性張量
𝜔ሶ 𝐵 = 𝐿−1 (෍ 𝑀𝐵 − 𝜔𝐵 × 𝐿𝜔𝐵 ) 𝑀𝐵 物體的力矩向量
𝜔𝐵 剛體角速度向量
• 動態網格計算中使用角速度和平移速度來更新剛體位置

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6DOF Introduction

• 於模擬前會先了解物體運動是因機械驅動或是流體施加的力驅動，因此運動取決於流動解
決方案，可以在 Fluent 中使用 6 Degrees of Freedom 選項來解決

• 6 DOF solver 計算物體相對於

• 計算空氣動力/力矩

• 額外的外力或內力
• 重力

• 推力 (thrust)

• 噴射器 (ejector)

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6DOF Model in Fluent

6DOF 參數設定
• Dynamics Mesh Panel
• 重力
• 初始條件
• CG location & orientation
• CG linear & angular velocity

• User-defined function (UDF)

• 用於複雜的運動情境

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6DOF Model in Fluent

Dynamics Mesh Panel

用於建立和管理剛體運動的 6DOF 屬性集

以UDF 或常數值指定重力加速度

用於追蹤物件的運動歷史記錄
(該檔案以 .6dof 副檔名儲存)

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6DOF Model in Fluent
6DOF 參數設定
• Dynamics Mesh Panel
• Inputs
• Mass
• Inertia tensor
• Optional
• 限制單一自由度
• Translation > Mass
• Rotation > Moment of inertia

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 6DOF Model in Fluent
• Dynamics Mesh Panel
• 提供平移和旋轉 (繞固定軸) 的一個自由度
屬性
• 一個自由度平移/旋轉可包含線性/旋轉彈
簧力
• 對於一個自由度旋轉，重心和旋轉可能不
同，因此須提供物體質量，因為它會產生
圍繞重心的力矩
• 對於一個自由度旋轉，轉動慣量須相對於
旋轉中心

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6DOF Model in Fluent 1

6DOF 參數設定
2
• Dynamics Mesh Panel
• User-defined function (UDF)

3
4

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 6DOF Model in Fluent

• 所需的屬性 (質量和慣性張量) 可由 panel 或 UDF (DEFINE_SDOF_PROPERTIES) 提供，但不能同時提供

• 慣性張量分量給的定值必須相對於重心
• 如果存在非流體力和力矩，則只能透過 udf 提供
• UDF 中的非流體力矩必須相對於重心

UDF DEFINE_SDOF_PROPERTIES (name, properties, dt, time, dtime)

性質可隨時間改變

Constrained 6DOF UDF

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6DOF Model in Fluent
Explicit Update
• 動態網格在 time step 開始時更新
• 適用在所有應用中
• 流與網格運動之間的法向耦合
• 可能需要較小的 time step
Implicit update
• 動態網格在一個時間步內更新。
• 僅適用於網格運動取決於流場的應用 (6DOF solver或涉及流體-結構相互作用的情況)
• 流和網格運動之間的耦合更強，使求解更穩定
• 隱式網格更新可執行無法解決或需要不合理的小時間步長的模擬

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6DOF Model in Fluent

Implicit Update
• 隱式網格更新不能與以下各項一起使用：
• The density-based solver when Explicit is selected
• Steady State
• In-cylinder applications

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6DOF Model in Fluent
• 將 6DOF 區域定義為剛體運動 (rigid body motion)
• 力的計算必須為牆
定義 Dynamics Mesh Zones - 重心位置 (CG)
- Rigid body 初始方向
- 初始平移速度和角速度
• 掛載 6DOF UDF
6DOF UDF 掛載在 rigid body
• 附加 cell zones (e.g. prism zones) 可隨邊界移動
- 6DOF On + Passive
- 若不想考慮作用在流體本身上的力和力矩，則對流
體區域使用被動選項(passive)

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 6DOF Application

艙體內不同負載對風機的穩度及沉浮影響 救援艙

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FSI for a Flow Probe

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Agenda

• Problem Description
• Boundary Conditions
• Solutions
• Postprocessing

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 Problem Description

10 cm

• 利用問題的對稱性，僅對一半幾何體進行建模 20 cm
• 空氣以 100 m/s 的速度進入腔室，圍繞並穿過鋼探
頭流動，然後透過壓力出口排出

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 Boundary Conditions
Physics → Models → Structure… → Linear Elasticity

Structure… → Linear Elasticity

此模型支援固體單元區域的結構計算，使得內部負載與節點位移成線性比例，且結構剛度
矩陣保持恆定。

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 新增固體材料
Boundary Conditions
Setup → Materials or Physics → Materials

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 Boundary Conditions
Setup → Cell Zone Conditions

設定固體材料為 steel

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 Solid-top
Boundary Conditions
Setup → Boundary Conditions

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 Solid-symmetry
Boundary Conditions
Setup → Boundary Conditions

確保該區域不會移出對稱平面

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 Solid-symmetry:011
Boundary Conditions
Setup → Boundary Conditions

Right button → Copy

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 Fsisurface-soild-shadow
Boundary Conditions
Setup → Boundary Conditions

該壁相鄰區域為流體區域，緊鄰流體的牆/牆陰影
對的一側不需要在結構選項卡中進行任何設置，因
此該選項卡不可用

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 Boundary Conditions Fsisurface-soild
Setup → Boundary Conditions

指定位移是由流體流施加
在面上的壓力負載產生的，
此設定僅適用於兩側牆

fsisurface-solid 的 Adjacent Cell Zone 為實心區域

緊鄰實體的牆/牆陰影需要結構設定 (即位移邊界條件)

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 Solutions
輸入以下文字指令，將工作壓力納入計算中
> define/models/structure/expert/include-pop-in-fsi-force?
> yes

Solution > Reports > Residual Solution > Controls

指定位移是由流體流施加
在面上的壓力負載產生的，
此設定僅適用於兩側牆

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 Postprocessing
Setup → Results → Contours

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Summary

• 學習在 Ansys Fluent 中設定結構模型

➢ 設定和求解單向固有 FSI 模擬

➢ 結構模型設定並定義固體材料和邊界條件

• 後處理設定
➢ 最終位移

• 從後處理的結果圖來進行分析

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Flaps

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Agenda

• Problem Description
• Boundary Conditions
• Solutions
• Postprocessing

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Problem Description

• 通過具有垂直襟翼的簡單管道的流動被模擬為二維平面模型
• 導管長 10 cm，高 4 cm，瓣片高 1 cm，厚 0.3 cm，由矽橡膠製成
• 湍流空氣以 10 m/s 的速度進入管道，在襟翼周圍流動，並透過壓力出口排出
• 該模型為對稱模型，故只對一半的管道進行建模

0.3 cm

4 cm

1 cm

10 cm

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 Problem Description
View → Display → Views…

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 Physics
Physics → General → Solver → Time → Transient Physics → Models → Structure…

Structure… → Linear Elasticity

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 Materials
Setup → Materials → Solid → New…

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 Cell Zone Conditions
Setup → Cell Zone Conditions

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 Boundary Conditions
flap_attach
Setup → Boundary Conditions → Wall → flap_attach

flap_attach
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 Boundary Conditions
Setup → Boundary Conditions → Wall → flap_wall

flap_wall

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 Dynamics Mesh
Domain → Mesh Models → Dynamic Mesh…

• 保留 Options 群組框中的預設設定(即不勾選)
• FSI 模擬僅支援 Implicit Update，其餘皆無法使用

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Dynamics Mesh

Intrinsic FSI

Stationary

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Postprocessing

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Postprocessing

在 2D 情況下，若沒有選取任何面，則會顯示整個 domain
的結果

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Postprocessing

記錄頻率

記錄類型
In memory 適用於
較小的 case，較
大的則選用 PPM
Image 或 HSF File
較為適合，可以避
免使用過多電腦記
憶體

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Postprocessing

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Postprocessing

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Postprocessing
X [m] : 0.05
Y [m] : 0.01

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Postprocessing

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Solution

Save the case file.

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Solution
Number of Time Steps: 50
Max Iterations/Time Step: 40
Time Step Size [s]: 0.0005

Save the case file

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Animations
選擇播放動畫
播放模式

播放速度

儲存型式

儲存動畫 讀取動畫

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Summary

• 學習 Ansys Fluent 結構模型

• 定義實體材質
• 邊界條件設定
• 動態網格設定
• 後處理
• 流體速度等值線
• 結構位移
• 動畫
• 從後處理的結果圖來進行分析

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Static Data Transfers (1-way)

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Static Transfer vs. Co-simulation
• 靜態負載傳遞是指用於順序模擬的負載傳遞，而不是使用系統耦合的協同模擬期間的負載傳遞
• 在大多數情況下，先在 Fluent 中求解流體模型，然後將力/熱載荷傳遞給 Mechanical 進行熱/應力分析
• 由於載荷轉移沿著一個方向，稱為 1-way FSI
1-way FSI

Fluent Mechanical 本次案例的資料傳輸方向

Mechanical Fluent

• 執行從 Fluent 到 Mechanical 的單向資料傳輸的主要方法是使用直接專案原理圖連接

專案原理圖

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專案串接方式

• 支援表面力、溫度或HTC
• 支援體積溫度傳遞
• 插值在背景執行
• 單一 WB 專案中的自動化和持久工作流程

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Workshop
1-Way Thermal Stress Analysis of a T Junction

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 Problem Description

• 兩種不同溫度的流體流混合而承受熱負荷以及流體
壓力負載的 T 形接頭

• 學習如何計算 T 型接頭中因熱負載和壓力負荷而產
生的應力

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Static Transfer vs. Co-simulation

雙擊左鍵

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Static Transfer vs. Co-simulation

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Engineering Data Setup
雙擊左鍵

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Engineering Data Setup

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Engineering Data Setup 新增 Steel 材料： 密度：8030 kg/m3
K：16.27 W/mC
Cp：502.48 J/kgC

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Thermal Setup

開啟 Mechanical

雙擊左鍵

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Thermal Setup

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Thermal Setup
將 NutsBolts 和solid材料改為Steel

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Thermal Setup - Mesh

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 Scope Method:
Named Selection
Thermal Setup Named Selection:
wall_cold_end
Magnitude:
20 C

Scope Method:
Named Selection
Named Selection:
wall_hot_end
Magnitude:
80 C

Scope Method:
Named Selection
Named Selection:
Convection
Film Coefficient:
10 W/m2C
Ambient Temperature:
15 C

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Thermal Load Import

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Thermal Load Import

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Thermal Load Import

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Thermal Load Import

Insert > Thermal > Temperature/ Total Heat Flux Evaluate

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Thermal Result
Temperature Total Heat Flux

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Static Structural Setup and Solve

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Static Structural Setup and Solve

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Static Structural Setup and Solve

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Static Structural Setup and Solve

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Static Structural Result

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 Save the project
Static Structural Result Close Mechanical

Deformation Stress Equivalent (von Mises)

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總結

• 如果 Fluent 中沒有固體溫度，則 Fluent 將流體壁邊界條件的熱數據傳遞到 Mechanical 中

的熱系統，以計算固體中的體積溫度場

Fluent 將流體壁邊界條 透過 Mechanical 中的熱系

件的熱數據傳遞到 統計算固體的體積溫度場
Mechanical 中的熱系統

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 總結
• HTC 從 Fluent 發送到熱系統
• 由於這是單向熱耦合，因此應將 Mechanical 中的溫度解與 Fluent 中假設的熱邊界條件進行比較

Fluent
• Wall Boundary Conditions Mechanical Calculate
• Thermal Data Thermal System Solid Temperature
• Heat Transfer Coefficient (HTC)

• 如果差異很大，可考慮將固體和流體溫度場耦合更緊密的方法
➢ Fluent 中的 CHT 解決方案
➢ Fluent 和 Mechanical 之間的 2-way熱耦合

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