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Statistics Notes For Final

The document outlines the types of statistics, including descriptive and inferential statistics, as well as primary and secondary data. It also explains concepts such as frequency distribution, histograms, pie charts, and common problems in statistics. Additionally, it describes variables and the weighted mean, providing examples for clarity.

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Farhan Ali
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8 views8 pages

Statistics Notes For Final

The document outlines the types of statistics, including descriptive and inferential statistics, as well as primary and secondary data. It also explains concepts such as frequency distribution, histograms, pie charts, and common problems in statistics. Additionally, it describes variables and the weighted mean, providing examples for clarity.

Uploaded by

Farhan Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Types of Statistics

Statistics is the branch of mathematics that deals with collecting, organizing, analyzing,
interpreting, and presenting data.

There are two main types of statistics:

🔹 a) Descriptive Statistics
●​ Descriptive statistics are used to describe and summarize the main features of a
dataset.​

●​ It includes tools such as:​

○​ Mean (average)​

○​ Median​

○​ Mode​

○​ Standard deviation​

○​ Charts and graphs like pie charts, bar graphs, histograms, etc.​

●​ It helps in understanding data at a glance.​

●​ Example: Finding the average score of students in a class.​

🔹 b) Inferential Statistics
●​ Inferential statistics help in making predictions or generalizations about a population
based on a sample.​

●​ It involves:​

○​ Hypothesis testing​

○​ Estimation​

○​ Correlation and regression​


●​ Used when it is not possible to study the whole population.​

●​ Example: Surveying 500 people to predict the election results of a whole country.​

🟩 2. Primary and Secondary Data


In statistics, data is the basic input used for analysis. It can be of two types:

🔹 a) Primary Data
●​ Data that is collected first-hand by the researcher for a specific purpose.​

●​ It is original and fresh.​

●​ Methods to collect primary data include:​

○​ Surveys​

○​ Interviews​

○​ Observations​

○​ Experiments​

●​ Advantage: Accurate and reliable for the current study.​

●​ Example: A student conducting a survey of classmates about their favorite subjects.​

🔹 b) Secondary Data
●​ Data that has been collected earlier by someone else for a different purpose but is
now used again.​

●​ Found in:​

○​ Books​

○​ Newspapers​
○​ Government reports​

○​ Websites​

●​ Advantage: Time-saving and cost-effective.​

●​ Example: Using population data from a government census report.​

🟩 3. Frequency Distribution
A frequency distribution is a table that shows how frequently each value or group of values
appears in a dataset.

●​ It organizes data into class intervals.​

●​ Each interval shows the number of values (called frequency) falling within that range.​

Example:
Class Interval Frequenc
y

0 – 10 3

11 – 20 5

21 – 30 7

This means:

●​ 3 students scored between 0 and 10,​

●​ 5 students between 11 and 20, and so on.​

Uses:

●​ Makes large data easier to understand.​

●​ Helps in drawing graphs like histograms.​


🟩 4. Histogram
A histogram is a type of bar graph that is used to represent frequency distribution of
continuous data.

●​ It consists of adjacent (touching) bars.​

●​ The x-axis shows class intervals (e.g., 0–10, 11–20).​

●​ The y-axis shows frequency (how many times each class occurs).​

Features:

●​ Bars are not separated because the data is continuous.​

●​ The height of each bar represents the frequency.​

●​ Used for marks, height, weight, etc.​

Use:

Helps visualize the shape of the data distribution.

🟩 5. Pie Chart
A pie chart is a circular chart divided into slices to show proportions.

●​ Each slice represents a category of data.​

●​ The size of each slice is based on its percentage or fraction of the total.​

Features:

●​ The entire circle is 360 degrees.​

●​ Useful for showing percentage-based data.​


●​ Easy to understand at a glance.​

Example:

If 40% students like Science, then the Science slice will be 40% of the circle (i.e., 144° of the
360°).

🟩 6. Problems in Statistics
While working with statistics, some challenges or problems may occur:

🔸 a) Incomplete or Missing Data


●​ Some values may not be available, which makes the analysis difficult.​

🔸 b) Incorrect Data Collection


●​ Data may be collected with bias or errors, leading to wrong results.​

🔸 c) Misinterpretation
●​ If not handled carefully, statistical results can be misunderstood or misused.​

🔸 d) Limited Sample Size


●​ If the sample is too small, it may not truly represent the whole population.​

🔸 e) Overgeneralization
●​ Applying results of a small group to a large population without proper testing can be
misleading.​

🟩 7. Variables
A variable is anything that can change or vary. In statistics, variables are characteristics that
can take on different values.

Types of Variables:

🔹 a) Quantitative Variables:
●​ Represent numeric values.​

●​ Example: Age, weight, marks, height.​

🔹 b) Qualitative Variables:
●​ Represent categories or labels.​

●​ Example: Gender (male/female), color, religion.​

🔹 c) Discrete Variables:
●​ Countable in whole numbers.​

●​ Example: Number of books, number of students.​

🔹 d) Continuous Variables:
●​ Can take any value within a range.​

●​ Example: Temperature, height.​


🟩 8. Weighted Mean
The weighted mean is used when some values are more important or occur more
frequently than others.

Where:

●​ xxx = value​

●​ www = weight (frequency or importance of the value)​

●​ ∑\sum∑ = sum of all values​

Example:
Marks (x) Number of Students
(w)

40 2

50 3

60 5
So, the weighted mean = 53

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