Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PANGASINAN II
SAN JACINTO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
GUIBEL/CAPAOAY, SAN JACINTO, PANGASINAN

PRE-CALCULUS
Self-Learning Module

Module 6
Trigonometric Identities

1
I. INTRODUCTION
In this module, we will tackle about trigonometric identities.

II. LESSONS AND COVERAGE

Lesson 1 – Trigonometric Identities

Objectives/Competencies (MELC)
In these lessons, you will learn to:
• determine whether an equation is an identity or a conditional equation, apply trigonometric
Lesson 1
identities to find other trigonometric values, solve problems involving trigonometric identities

III. PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION

LESSON 1 Trigonometric Identities

What to KNOW
In previous lessons, we have defined trigonometric functions using the unit circle and also investigated the
graphs of the six trigonometric functions. This lesson builds on the understanding of the different
trigonometric functions by discovery, deriving, and working with trigonometric identities.
Let us recall the domain topic considering the following expressions:
1. 2𝑥 + 1
2. √𝑥 2 − 1
In the first expression, every real value of x when substituted to the expression makes it defined in
the set of real numbers, that is, the value of the expression is real when x is real.
In the second expression, not every real value of x makes the expression defined in ℝ. For example,
when x=0, the expression becomes √−1, which is not a real number.
√𝑥 2 − 1 ∈ ℝ ⇔ 𝑥 2 − 1 ≥ 0 ⇔ 𝑥 ≤ −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 1
Activity 1: Conditional or Identity!
Description: InThis activity will check your knowledge on trigonometric identities.
Direction: Determine the equation as identity or conditional. Write your answer at the right column. Make
sure that you got the answer before proceeding to the next activity.

1.) 𝑥 2 − 1 = 0
2.) (𝑥 + 7)2 = 𝑥 2 + 49
3.) 𝑥 2 − 1 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)
4.) (𝑥 + 7)2 = 𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 + 49
𝑥 2 −4
5.) = 2𝑥 − 1
𝑥−2

𝑥 2 −4
6.) = 𝑥+2
𝑥−2

What to PROCESS
Let us take a look at the different examples presented following the order of the topics.

A. IDENTITY AND CONDITIONAL EQUATIONS

An identity is an equation that is true for all valid replacements of the variable.
Example:
1. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 (Pythagorean Theorem)
2. 𝑥 + 3𝑥 = 4𝑥 true for all x
𝑥
3. = 1 true for all x, x≠ 0
𝑥
Conditional equation is a statement that is true on condition that the variable is replaced with the correct
value.
2
Example:
1. x + 5= 11 true if x=6
2. 3x = 15 true if x=5
3. 𝑥 2 = 4𝑥 true if x=0 and x=4

B. FUNDAMENTAL TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

A trigonometric identity is an identity that involves trigonometric functions of one or more variables. The
equation in reciprocal, quotient, and Pythagorean identities which follow each solution is true for all values
of 𝜃 for which both sides are defined.

Reciprocal Identities
1 1
sin 𝜃 = csc 𝜃 =
csc 𝜃 sin 𝜃
1 1
cos 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 =
sec 𝜃 cos 𝜃
1 1
tan 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
cot 𝜃 tan 𝜃

Quotient Identities
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
tan 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃

Pythagorean Identities
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 = 1 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = csc 𝜃
Even-Odd Identities
sin(−x) = − sin 𝑥 cos(−𝑥) = cos 𝑥 tan(−𝑥) = − tan 𝑥

Simplify the following:

tan 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1.)
sin 𝜃
Solution:
sin 𝜃
tan 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 cos 𝜃
= cos 𝜃 =1 by quotient identity
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
2.)
cot 𝜃
Solution:
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = sin 𝜃 by quotient identity
cot 𝜃
sin 𝜃
3
3. If sin 𝜃 = − and cos 𝜃 > 0. Find cos 𝜃.
4
Solution: Using the identity 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 with cos>0, we have
cos 𝜃 = √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
3 2
= √(1 − (− ) )
4
√7
=
4
5
4. If sec 𝜃 = and tan 𝜃 < 0, use the identities to find the values of the remaining trigonometric functions of
2
𝜃.
Solution: Note that 𝜃 lies in QIV.
1 1 2
cos 𝜃 = = 5 =
sec 𝜃 5
2

1 1 −√21
sin 𝜃 = −√1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = −√1 − = −√1 − 2 =
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 5 5
( )
2

1 −5√21
csc 𝜃 = =−
sin 𝜃 21
−√21
sin 𝜃 5 −√21
tan 𝜃 = = 2 =
cos 𝜃 2
5
3
 1 1 2√21
cot 𝜃 = = =−
tan 𝜃 −√21 21
2
What to UNDERSTAND

C. SUM AND DIFFERENCE IDENTITIES

In previous lesson, we introduced the concept of trigonometric identity, presented the fundamental
identities. In this lesson, we apply or evaluate the sum and difference identities for cosine, sine, and
tangent functions, establish the cofunction identities.
.

Examples:
1. Find the exact values of each expression.
𝜋
a. cos 75° b. cos c. sin 105° d. tan 75°
12

Solutions:
a. Notice that 75° = 45° + 30°. Since we know the exact value of sine and cosine at 45° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 30°, we use
the Addition Formula for Cosine to get
cos 75° = cos(45° + 30°)
= cos 45° cos 30° − sin 45° sin 30°
√2 √3 √2 1
= ∗ − ∗
2 2 2 2
√2∗√3−√2
=
4
√6−√2
=
4
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
b. Since = − , the Subtraction Formula for Cosine to get
12 4 6
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
cos = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( − )
12 4 6
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= cos ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + sin ∗ 𝑠𝑖𝑛
4 6 4 6
√2 √3 √2 1
= ∗ + ∗
2 2 2 2
√2∗√3+√2
=
4
√6+√2
=
4
c. Since 105° is the sum of 60° and 45° which are two of the special angles, we can apply the sum identity
for the sin 105°.
sin 105° = sin(60° + 45°)
= sin 60° cos 45° + cos 60° sin 45°
√3 √2 1 √2
= ( )( ) + ( )( )
2 2 2 2
√6 √2
= +
4 4
√6+√2
=
4
d. We will represent 75° = 45 + 30° to evaluate tan 75°, since 45° and 30° are special angles.
tan 75° = tan(45° + 30°)
tan 45°+tan 30°
=
1−tan 45° tan 30
4
 √3
(1+ 3 )
=
3
(1−(1)(√3 ))
3+√3
( 3 )
= 3−√3
( 3 )
3+√3
=
3−√3
3+√3 3+√3
= ∙
3−√3 3+√3
9+6√3+3
=
9−3
= 2 + √3

D. DOUBLE-ANGLE AND HALF-ANGLE IDENTITIES

Trigonometric identities simplify the computations of trigonometric expressions. In this lesson, we
continue on establishing more trigonometric identities. In particular, we derive the formulas for 𝑓(2𝜃)and
1
𝑓( 𝜃) where f is the sine, cosine, or tangent function.
2
Recall the sum identities for sine and cosine.

When A=B. these identities become

Examples:
3 𝜋
1. Given sin 𝑡 = and < 𝑡 < 𝜋, find sin 2𝑡 and cos 2𝑡.
5 2
Solution: We first find c𝑜𝑠 𝑡 using the Pythagorean identity. Since t lies in QII, we have
3 2 4
cos 𝑡 = −√1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 = −√1 − ( ) = − .
5 5
sin 2𝑡 = 2 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡 cos 2𝑡 = 1 − 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡
3 4 3 2
= 2 ( ) (− ) = 1 −2( )
5 5 5
24 7
=− =
25 25
2. If 𝑥 = tan 𝐴, express sin 2A, cos 2A, and tan 2A in terms of x.
Solutions:
a. Let us find first sin A and cos A in terms of x. Since sec 𝐴 = ± √1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴, then, replacing tan A by x, and
using the reciprocal relation,
1 𝑥
cos 𝐴 = ± . Also, sin 𝐴 = ± = tan 𝐴 cos 𝐴
√1+𝑥 2 √1+𝑥 2
Therefore,
1 1 2𝑥
sin 2𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 = 2(± )( )=
√1 + 𝑥 2 √1 + 𝑥 2 1 + 𝑥2
1 𝑥2 1−𝑥 2
b. cos 2𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 = − =
1+𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2
2 tan 𝐴 2𝑥
c. tan 2𝐴 = =
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 1−𝑥 2

5
Activity 2:Let’s Find Out!
Description: In this activity you will apply your knowledge on trigonometric identities.
Direction: Let us find out if you really understand the discussed concept by answering these exercises.
. Make sure that you got the answer before proceeding to the next activity.

5
1. Given sin 𝛽 = in QII, and (6, -8) is on the terminal side of 𝛼, find the exact value of sin(𝛼 + 𝛽).
13
5
2. Given sin 𝛽 = in QII, find the exact value of the following:
13
a. sin(2𝛽) b. cos (2𝛽) c. tan (2𝛽)
3. Simplify the following expresssion:
𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃−𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+cot 𝜃 sin 𝜃
a. b. c.
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃
4. Apply half-angle formula to find
5𝜋
a. cos 15° b. sin 15° c. cos
8
5. A ball is thrown following a projectile motion. It is known that the horizontal distance (range) the ball can
𝑣0 2
travel is given by 𝑅 = sin 2𝜃, where r is the range (in feet), 𝑣0 is the initial speed (in ft/s), 𝜃 is the angle of
𝑔
elevation the ball is thrown, and g=32 ft/s2 is the acceleration due to gravity.
a. Express the new range in terms of the original range when an angle 𝜃 (0< 𝜃 < 45°) is doubled.
b. If a ball travels a horizontal distance of 20 ft when kicked at an angle of 𝛼 with initial speed of 20√2 ft/s,
find the horizontal distance it can travel when you double 𝛼. Hint: use result of item (a).

What to TRANSFER

E. SITUATIONAL PROBLEMS INVOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITITES

1. A baseball player hit the ball at an angle 𝜃 to the horizontal with an initial veocity of 𝑣0 feet per second. If
air resistance is ignored, the horizontal distance 𝑑 travelled by the ball, the range, is given by 𝑅 =
1
𝑣0 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 .
16
1
a. Show that 𝑅 = 𝑣0 2 sin 2𝜃.
32
b. Find the angle 𝜃 for which R is a maximum.
Soutions:
a. Use the double angle formula to rewrite the given:
1 2 1 2sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 1 2
𝑅= 𝑣0 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = 𝑣0 2 = 𝑣 sin 2𝜃.
16 16 2 32 0
b. Since the largest value for sine function is 1, occuring when 𝜃 = 90°, then for maximum R, we must have
2 𝜃 = 90°, or 𝜃 = 45°.
2. You are kicking a football from gorund level with an initial speed of 80 feet per second. Can you make
the ball travel 200 feet?
Solution:
1 2
𝑥= 𝑣 sin 2𝜃
32
1
200 = (80)2 sin 2𝜃
32
1 = sin 2𝜃
90° = 2𝜃
45° = 𝜃
Therefore, you can make the football travel 200 feet if you kick it at an ange of 45°.
Solution:
We ignore first the fixed value of 3 m off the ground, and assume that the central passes through
the center of the wheel and is parallel to the ground.
Let t be the time (in seconds) elapsed that you have been riding the Ferris wheel, and y is the directed
distance of your location with respect to the assumed central position at time t. Because 𝑦 = −10 when t=0,
the appropriate model is 𝑦 = −10 cos 𝑏𝑡 for t ≥ 0.
Given that the Ferris wheel takes 32 seconds to move from the lowest point to the next, the period is
32.
2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋𝑡
= 32 → 𝑏 = → 𝑦 = −10𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑏 16 16
150𝜋
When t=150, we get 𝑦 = 10 cos = 3.83.
16
6
Bringing back to the original condition given in the problem that the riding point is 3 m off the ground, after
riding for 150 seconds, you are approximately located 3.83 +3= 6.83 m off the ground.

Performance task #4

1. An equation is called an identity if it is valid for _________ values of the variable. The equation 2𝑥 = 𝑥 +
𝑥 is an algebraic identity, and the equation 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = _________ is a trigonometric identity.
2. For any x it is true that cos (-x) has the same value as cos x. We express this fact as the identity
___________.
3. If we know the values of the sine and cosine of A and B, we can find the value of sin (A + B) by using the
_____________ Formula for sine. State the formula:
sin (A + B)= ___________.
4. If we know the values of the sine and cosine A and B, we can find the value of cos (A-B) by using the
____________ Formula for Cosine. State the formula:
Cos (A-B) = _____________.
5. If we know the values of sin x and cos x, we can find the value of sin 2x by using the _______________
Formula for Sine. State the formula: sin 2x = ____________.
𝑥 𝑥
6. If we know the value of cos x and the quadrant in which lies, we can find the value of sin( ) by using
2 2
𝑥
the _____________ Formula for Sine. State the formula: sin( ) = ___________
2

IV. SUMMARY/SYNTHESIS/GENERALIZATION
You have learned the following:

1. An identity is an equation that is true for all valid replacements of the variable.
2. Conditional equation is a statement that is true on condition that the variable is replaced with the
correct value.
3. A trigonometric identity is an identity that involves trigonometric functions of one or more variables.
The equation in reciprocal, quotient, and Pythagorean identities which follow each solution is true for all
values of 𝜃 for which both sides are defined.

V. EVALUATION/ASSESSMENT

Write your answers in a one whole sheet of pad paper. Don’t forget to write your NAME, GRADE &
SECTION and the DATE you’ve finished answering the evaluation. Passing score is 12 points.

A. Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is NOT an identity?
a) sin2 a+cos2 a = 1 c) 1 + cot2 a = csc2 a
b) sin a = tan a * cos a d) 1 - sec2 a = tan2 a
2. Which of the following is an identity?
a) sin (a) cos (a) = (1/2) sin(2 a) c) sin(-a) = sin a
b) sin a + cos a = 1 d) tan a = cos a / sin a
3. Which of the following is NOT an identity?
a) tan(2 t) = 2 tan (t) c) sin(-t) = - sin(t)
b) sin2 a = 1 - cos2 a d) sec(-t) = sec(t)
4. Which of the following is an identity?
a) sin2 u = 1 + cos2 u c) sin2 u = 1 - 1 / sec2 u
b) cot u = sin u * cos u d) cos(-u) = - cos u
csc 𝑥−1
5. Where defined, = _________.
sin 𝑥−1
a) sin x b. − sin 𝑥 c) csc 𝑥 d. − csc 𝑥
1
6. Simplify ( ) (tan 𝑥 + cot 𝑥)
csc 𝑥
a. sin 𝑥 b. sec 𝑥 c. tan 𝑥 d. cos 𝑥
(sin 𝑦−cos 𝑦) 2
7. To which of the following is equal?
cos 𝑦
a. sec 𝑦 b. sec 𝑦 − 2 sin 𝑦 c. sec 𝑦 − 2 tan 𝑦 d. −2 sin 𝑦
1 1
8. Simplify cot 𝑥 ( + )=
sec 𝑥 csc 𝑥
cot 𝑥 cot 𝑥 2cot 𝑥 cot 𝑥 sec 𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 csc 𝑥
a. b. c. d.
sec 𝑥 csc 𝑥 sec 𝑥 +csc 𝑥 sec 𝑥 +csc 𝑥 sec 𝑥 csc 𝑥
7
 9. Which of the following is equivalent to sin(𝐴 + 30° + cos(𝐴 + 60°)
a. sin 𝐴 b. cos 𝐴 c.√3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 + cos 𝐴 d. √3 cos 𝐴
10. Which of the following is equivalent to sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) + sin( 𝛼 − 𝛽)?
a. sin 2𝛼 b.sin(𝛼 2 − 𝛽 2 ) c. 2 sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽 d. 2 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽
cos 2𝑥
11. Which of the following is NOT equal to ?
cos 𝑥
a. cos 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 c. 2 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
2 sin 𝑥
b. sec 𝑥 − d. sec 𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
cot 𝑥
4 3𝜋
12. If cos 𝑥 = and ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋, then tan 2𝑥 = ______.
5 2
24 7 24 7
a. − b. − c. − d.
25 24 7 25
1−cos 𝜃 √3
13. If = ,
then 𝜃 = ___.
sin 𝜃 3
a. 15° b. 30° c. 45° d. 60°
𝜃 𝜃
14. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 + cot =
2 2
1
a. cot 𝜃 b. −2 csc 𝜃 c. 2 cot 𝜃 d. 2 csc 𝜃
2
15. Which of the following is NOT equivalent to sin 40°?
a. √1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 40° c. 2 sin 20° cos 20°
1+cos 80° 1−cos 80°
b. √ d. √
2 2

VI. ANSWER KEY

Lesson 1 – Trigonometric Identities
Activity 1: Conditional or Identity! Activity 2:Let’s Find Out!
1. Conditional 1. 63/65
2. Conditional 1201 119 120
2. a. − b. c. −
169 169 119
3. Identity
3. a. sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 b. csc 𝜃 c. 2 sin 𝜃
4. Identity
5. Conditional √2+√3 √2−√3 √2−√2
6. Identity 4. a. b. c.
2 2 4
2𝑅√𝑣0 4−𝑔2 𝑅2
a. b. 24
𝑣0 2

References and Website Links Used in This Module

Amplitude and Period." Accessed September 16, 2020.
https://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/DevelopmentalMath/COURSE_TEXT2_RESOURCE/U1
9_L2_T3_text_final.html.
"Amplitude, Period, Phase Shift and Frequency." Math is Fun. Accessed September 16, 2020.
https://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/amplitude-period-frequency-phase-shift.html
"Domain and Range of Trigonometric Functions." Nool.uoit.ca. Accessed September 15, 2020.
https://nool.ontariotechu.ca/mathematics/functions/domain-range/domain-and-range-of-
trigonometric-functions.php.
Web Links as References and for Learner’s Activities

Prepared by:

HANNAH MAE JEAZEL C. DE VERA