ates

 logic Gates:
Logic gates are important digital devices that are mainly based on the Boolean
function. Logic gates are used to carry out logical operations on single or multiple
binary inputs and give one binary output.
In simple terms, logic gates are the electronic circuits in a digital system which
implements Boolean functions.

 What are universal gates?

A universal gate is a logic gate that can implement any Boolean function without
using another logic gate. The universal gates are the NOR and NAND gates.

 What is the use of basic logic gates?

Fundamental logical functions are performed using basic logic gates. These are the
fundamental components of integrated circuits.

 What are the types of basic logic gates?

AND gate, OR gate, XOR gate, NAND gate, NOR gate, XNOR gate, and NOT gate are
the seven types of basic logic gates.
 What is Truth Table :
a diagram in rows and columns which contains the outputs from its all possible
combinations of input And shows whether a propositional expression is true or not.
 Difference Between Analog Computer and Digital Computer?

Analog Computer Digital Computer

The speed of these computers is low. Digital computers are relatively faster.

Continuous values are used in analog These sorts of systems process discrete
computers, and these systems handle data or deal with discrete values in digital
continuous data. computers.

It does not depend upon physical

It depends upon physical variations.
variations.

Analog computers provide less accurate Digital computers provide more accurate
results. results.

They have high power consumption. They have low power consumption.

They are used in engineering and

These are used in almost every field.
scientific fields.

Analog computers are not easy to use. Digital computers are easy to use.
LOW LEVEL VS HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE
High-level language
 It can be easily interpreted as well as compiled in comparison to low-level language.
 It can be considered as a programmer-friendly language.
 It is easy to understand.
 It is easy to debug.
 It is simple in terms of maintenance.
 It requires a compiler/interpreter to be translated into machine code.
 It can be run on different platforms.
 It can be ported from one location to another.
 It is less memory efficient, i.e it consumes more memory in comparison to low-level
languages.
 Examples of high level languages include C, C++, Java, Python.
Low-level language
 It is also known as machine level language.
 It can be understood easily by the machine.
 It DON’T requires a compiler/interpreter to be translated into machine code.
 It is considered as a machine-friendly language.
 It is difficult to understand.
 It is difficult to debug.
 Its maintenance is also complex.
 It is not portable.
 It depends on the machine; hence it can't be run on different platforms.

 SSI, MSI, LSI,VLSI

he first integrated circuits contained only a few transistors and so were called “Small-Scale
Integration (SSI).
SSI was followed by introduction of the devices which contained hundreds of transistors on
each chip, and so were called “Medium-Scale Integration (MSI).
Next development was of Large Scale Integration (LSI). The development of LSI was driven by
economic factors and each chip comprised tens of thousands of transistors
LSI was followed by Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) where hundreds of thousands of
transistors were used and still being developed. It was for the first time that a CPU was
fabricated on a single integrated circuit, to create a microprocessor


 MINI COMPUTER, MICRO COMPUTER , MAINFRAME COMPUTER SUPER
COMPUTER
SUPER COMPUTER
  Supercomputers are the most powerful computers. They are used for problems
requiring complex calculations.
 Because of their size and expense, supercomputers are relatively rare.
 Supercomputers are used by universities, government agencies, and large
businesses
MAINFRAME COMPUTER
 Mainframe computers can support hundreds or thousands of users, handling
massive amounts of input, output, and storage.
 Mainframe computers are used in large organizations where many users need
access to shared data and programs.
 Mainframes are also used as e-commerce servers, handling transactions over the
Internet.
MINI COMPUTER
 Minicomputers are smaller than mainframes but larger than microcomputers.
 Minicomputers usually have multiple terminals.
 Minicomputers may be used as network servers and Internet servers.
MICRO COMPUTER
 Microcomputers are more commonly known as personal computers. The term
"PC" is applied to IBM-PCs or compatible computers.
 Full-size desktop computers are the most common type of PC.
 Notebook (laptop) computers are used by people who need the power of a desktop
system, but also portability.
 Handheld PCs (such as PDAs) lack the power of a desktop or notebook PC, but
offer features for users who need limited functions and small size

 .DIGITAL COMPUTER SYSTEM

A digital computer is considered to be a calculating device that can perform arithmetic

operations at enormous speed. It is defined as a device that operates upon information/data.
To
be able to process data the computer is made of various functional units to perform its
specified
task.
Input Unit:
. The input unit consists of one or
more input devices. Keyboard is the one of the most commonly used input device. Other
commonly used input devices are the Mouse, Scanner, Microphone etc. All the input devices
perform the following functions.
• Accept the data and instructions from the outside world.
• Convert it to a form that the computer can understand.
• Supply the converted data to the computer system for further processing.
Storage Unit:
The storage unit of the computer holds data and instructions that are entered through the
input
unit, before they are processed. It preserves the intermediate and final results before these
are
sent to the output devices. It also saves the data for the later use. The various storage
devices
of a computer system are divided into two categories.
a) Primary Storage: Stores and provides very fast. This memory is generally used to hold
the program being currently executed in the computer, the data being received from the
input unit, the intermediate and final results of the program.
The primary memory is
temporary in nature. The data is lost, when the computer is switched off. In order to store
the data permanently, the data has to be transferred to the secondary memory. The cost of
the primary storage is more compared to the secondary storage. Therefore, most computers
have limited primary storage capacity.
b) Secondary Storage: Secondary storage is used like an archive. It stores several
programs,
documents, data bases etc. The programs that you run on the computer are first transferred
to the primary memory before it is actually run. Whenever the results are saved, again they
get stored in the secondary memory. The secondary memory is slower and cheaper than the
primary memory. Some of the commonly used secondary memory devices are Hard disk,
CD, etc.,
Output Unit:
The output unit of a computer provides the information and results of a computation to
outside
world. Printers, Visual Display Unit (VDU) are the commonly used output devices. Other
commonly used output devices are Speaker, Headphone, Projector etc.
Arithmetic Logical Unit:
All calculations are performed in the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) of the computer. It also
does comparison and takes decision. The ALU can perform basic operations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, etc and does logic operations viz, >, <, =, ‘etc. Whenever
calculations are required, the control unit transfers the data from storage unit to ALU once the
computations are done, the results are transferred to the storage unit by the control unit and
then it is send to the output unit for displaying results.
Control Unit:
It controls all other units in the computer. The control unit instructs the input unit, where to
store the data after receiving it from the user. It controls the flow of data and instructions
from
the storage unit to ALU. It also controls the flow of results from the ALU to the storage unit.
The control unit is generally referred as the central nervous system of the computer that
control
and synchronizes its working.
Central Processing Unit:
The Control Unit (CU) and Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) of the computer are together known
as the Central Processing Unit (CPU). The CPU is like brain performs the following functions:
• It performs all calculations.
• It takes all decisions.
•It controls all units of the computer.