GEOMETRICAL OPTICS (Physics)

INTRODUCTION LAWS OF REFLECTION

The branch of Physics called optics deals with the Incident ray, reflected ray and normal lies in the same
behavior of light and other electromagnetic waves. plane.
Under many circumstances, the wavelength of light is The angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incident
negligible compared with the dimensions of the device i.e. ∠i = ∠r.
as in the case of ordinary mirrors and lenses. A light
beam can then be treated as a ray whose propagation
is governed by simple geometric rules. The part of
optics that deals with such phenomenon is known as
geometric optics.
PROPAGATION OF LIGHT
Light travels along straight line in a medium or in
vacuum. The path of light changes only when there is
an object in its path or where the medium changes. We
call this rectilinear (straight-line) propagation of light.
Light that starts from a point A and passes through
another point B in the same medium actually passes
through all the points on the straight line AB. Such a
straight line path of light is called a ray of light. Light
rays start from each point of a source and travel along
straight lines till they fall on an object or a surface
separating two media (mediums). A bundle of light
rays is called a beam of light.
Apart from vacuum and gases, light can travel through
some liquids and solids. A medium in which light can
travel freely over large distances is called a
transparent medium. Water, glycerine, glass and clear
plastics are transparent. A medium in which light
cannot travel is called opaque. Wood, metals, bricks, REFLECTION FROM PLANE MIRROR
etc., are opaque. In materials like oil, light can travel Plane mirror is the perpendicular bisector of the line
some distance, but its intensity reduces rapidly. Such joining object and image.
materials are called translucent. The image formed by a plane mirror suffers lateral-
REFLECTION OF LIGHT inversion, i.e., in the image formed by a plane mirror
When light rays strike the boundary of two media such left is turned into right and vice-versa with respect to
as air and glass, a part of light is bounced back into the object.
same medium. This is called Reflection of light.
(i) Regular / Specular reflection:
When the reflection takes place from a perfect plane
surface then after reflection rays remain parallel.
It is called Regular reflection.

When a watch placed in front of a plane mirror then

watch is object and its time is object time and image of
watch observed by a person standing in front of mirror
(ii) Diffused reflection then time seen by person.
When the surface is rough, light is reflected from the (i) Object Time = AH
surface from bits of its plane surfaces in irregular Image Time = 12 − AH
directions. This is called diffused reflection. This (ii) Object Time = AH B M
process enables us to see an object from any position. Image Time = 11 − 60′ − AH B M
(iii) Object Time = AH B M C S
H
Image Time = 11 − 59′ − 60′′ − AH B M C S

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• A plane mirror behaves like a window to virtual world.

If there are two plane mirror inclined to each other at
an angle θ the number of image (n) of a point object
formed are determined as follows.
360∘
(a) If = m is even then number of images n = m − 1
θ
360∘
• To see complete image in a plane mirror the minimum (b) If = m is odd. There will be two case.
θ
length of plane mirror should be half the height of a
person.
• From figure. △ HNM and △ ENM are congruent
1
∴ EN = HN ∴ MD = EN = HE
2
Similarly ΔEN′ M ′ and ΔLNN′ M ′ are congruent
1 1
Length of the mirror MM ′ = MD + M ′ D = HE + EL
2 2
1 1
= (HE + EL) = HL
2 2 (i) When object is not on bisector, then number of images
n=m
(ii) When object is at bisector, then number of images n =
m−1
360∘
(c) If = m is a fraction, and the object is placed
θ
symmetrically then no. of images n = nearest even
integer

Number of images formed if

S.N 𝛉 in 𝐦= object is placed
odegre 𝟑𝟔𝟎∘
∴ Minimum of length of mirror is just half of the .e 𝛉 asymmetrica symmetrica
person. lly lly
This result does not depend on position of eye (height
of the eye from ground). 1. 0 ∞ ∞ ∞
This result is independent of distance of person in 2. 30 12 11 11
front of mirror.
Deviation for a single mirror 3. 45 8 7 7

4. 60 6 5 5

5. 72 5 5 4
Total deviation produced by the combination of two
plane mirrors which are inclined at an angle θ from 6. 75 4.8 − 4
each other. 7. 90 4 3 3
δ = δ1 + δ2 = 180 − 2α + 180 − 2β = 360 − 2(α + β)
From △ QAB, θ + 90 − α + 90 − β = 180 8. 112.5 3.2 − 4
⇒θ=α+β
Putting the value of θ in (i) from (ii), δ = 360 − 2θ 9. 120 3 3 2

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If the object is placed between two plane mirrors then

images are formed due to multiple reflections. At each
reflection, a part of light energy is absorbed.
Therefore, distant images get fainter.
Keeping the mirror fixed if the incident ray is rotated
by some angle, the reflected ray is also rotated by the
same angle but in opposite sense. (See Fig. 1)

If mirror is moving v ⃗ ip = v ⃗ op and (v

⃗ im )n = −(v⃗ om )n
⇒v ⃗ in − v ⃗ mn = −(v ⃗ on − v ⃗ mn ) ⇒ v
⃗ in = 2v ⃗ mn − v
⃗ on
⃗ mn = component of velocity of mirror along normal.
v
⃗ op = component of velocity of object along mirror.
v
⃗ on = component of velocity of object along normal
v
⃗ ip = component of velocity of image along mirror.
v
⃗ in = component of velocity of image along normal.
v
Example: Find the velocity of the image.
Solution: ⃗ ox = (−10 cos 37∘ )î = −8Î and
v
⃗ oy = (10sin 37∘ )ĵ = 6ĵ
v
⃗ ix = 2v
v ⃗ mx − v ⃗ ox = 2(−2i) − (−8î)
= 4î and v ⃗ iy = v ⃗ oy = 6ĵ

Keeping the incident ray fixed, if the mirror is rotated

by some angle, then the reflected ray rotates by double
the angle in the same sense. (See Fig. 2)

REAL AND VIRTUAL SPACES

A mirror, plane or spherical divides the space into two;
(a) Real space, a side where the reflected rays exist.
(b) Virtual space is on the other side where the reflected
rays do not exist.

⃗von = −v⃗ in , v
⃗ op = v
⃗ ip
though speed of object and image are the same
vop = component of velocity of object along parallel to
mirror.
von = component of velocity of object along normal to
mirror. OBJECT
vip = component of velocity of image along parallel to Object is decided by incident rays only. The point
mirror. object is that point from which the incident rays
vin = component of velocity of image along normal to actually diverge (Real object) or towards which the
mirror. incident rays appear to converge (virtual object).

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(vi) Principal-focus is an image point F on principal axis

for which object is at infinity.
(vii) Focal-length is the distance PF between pole P and
focus F along principal axis.
(viii) Aperture, in reference to a mirror, means the effective
IMAGE diameter of the light reflecting area of the mirror.
Image is decided by reflected or refracted rays only. (ix) Focal Plane is the plane passing through focus and
The point image is that point at which the refracted / perpendicular to principal axis.
reflected rays reflected from the mirror, actually
converge (real image) or from which the refracted
/reflected rays appear to diverge (virtual image).

(x) Paraxial Rays Those rays which make small angle with
normal at point of incidence and hence are close to
SPHERICAL (CURVED) MIRROR principal axis.
Curved mirror is part of a hollow sphere. If reflection (θ is very small)
takes place from the inner surface then the mirror is
called concave and if its outer surface acts as reflector
it is convex.

(xi) Marginal rays:

Rays having a large angle of incidence

DEFINITIONS FOR THIN SPHERICAL MIRRORS

(i) Pole is any point on the reflecting surface of the mirror.
For convenience we take it as the midpoint P of the
mirror (as shown).
(ii) Principal-section is any section of the mirror such as SIGN- CONVENTION
MM' passing through the pole is called principal- Along principal axis, distances are measured from the
section. pole (pole is taken as the origin).
(iii) Centre of curvature is the centre C of the sphere of Distance in the direction of light are taken to be
which the mirror is a part. positive while opposite to be negative.
(iv) Radius of curvature is the radius R of the sphere of The distances above principal axis are taken to be
which the mirror is a part. positive while below it negative.
(v) Principal-axis is the line CP, joining the pole and centre Whenever and wherever possible the ray of light is
of curvature of the mirror. taken to travel from left to right.
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• Incident and reflected rays at the pole of a mirror are

symmetrical about the principal axis ∠i = ∠r.

RULES FOR IMAGE FORMATION (FOR PARAXIAL RAYS ONLY)

(These rules are based on the laws of reflection ∠𝐢 = ∠𝐫)
• A ray parallel to principal axis after reflection from the RELATIONS FOR SPHERICAL MIRRORS
mirror passes or appears to pass through its focus (by Relation between 𝐟 and 𝐑 for the spherical mirror
definition of focus). For Marginal rays
In △ ABC, AB = BC
AC = CD + DA = 2 BCcos θ
⇒ R = 2BCcos θ
R
⇒ BC = and
2cos θ
R
BP = PC − BC = R −
2cos θ

• A ray passing through or directed towards centre of

curvature, after reflection from the mirror, retraces its
path (as for it ∠𝑖 = 0 and so ∠𝑟 = 0 ).

Note: B is not the focus; it is just a point where a marginal

ray after reflection meets.
• A ray passing through or directed towards focus, after For paraxial rays (parallel to principal axis)
reflection from the mirror, becomes parallel to the (θ small so sin θ ≃ θ, cos θ ≃ 1, tan θ ≃ θ). Hence
principal axis. R
BC = and BP =
R
2 2
Thus, point B is the midpoint of PC (i.e. radius of
R
curvature) and is defined as FOCUS so BP = f =
2
(Definition: Paraxial rays parallel to the principal axis
after reflection from the mirror meet the principal axis
at focus)

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−hi −v hi v
= ⇒ =−
ho −u ho u
v
Magnification m = − ;
Paraxial rays (not parallel to principal axis) u
Such rays after reflection meet at a point in the focal v f f − v hi
m=− = = =
plane (F ′ ), such that u f−u f ho
FF ′ If one dimensional object is placed perpendicular to
= tan θ ≈ θ the principal axis then linear magnification is called
FP ′
FF transverse or lateral magnification.
⇒ =θ hi v
f
′
⇒ FF = fθ M= =−
ho u

Magnification Image Magnification Image

|m|> 1 enlarged |m| < 1 diminished
m<0 inverted m>0 erect
Longitudinal magnification
If one dimensional object is placed with its length
along the principal axis then linear magnification is
called longitudinal magnification.
Longitudinal magnification:
length of image |v −v |
mL = = |u2 1 |
length of object 2 −u1
dv
For small objects only: mL = −
du
Relation between 𝐮, 𝐯 and 𝐟 for curved mirror
An object is placed at a distance u from the pole of a
mirror and its image is formed at a distance v (from
the pole)
MP MP MP
If angle is very small: α = d, β = ,γ =
u R v
from △ CMO, β= α+θ ⇒θ=β−α
from Δ CMI, γ=β+θ ⇒θ=γ−β
so we can write β − α = γ − β ⇒ 2β = γ + α 1 1 1 dv du
2 1 1 1 1 1 differentiation of + = gives u s − − =0
v u f v2 u2
∴ = + ⇒ = + dv v 2 dv v 2
R v u f u v ⇒ − = [ ] so mL = − = [ ] = m2
du u du u
Superficial magnification
If two dimensional object placed with its plane
perpendicular to principal axis its magnification is
known as superficial magnification
h w
Linear magnification m = i = i
ho wo
hi = mho , wi = mwo and Aobj = ho × wo
Area of image: Aimage = hi × wi = mho × mwo
= m2 Aobj

Sign convention for object/image for spherical mirrors

Real object u − ve Real image v − ve
Virtual object u + ve Virtual image v + ve
MAGNIFICATION area of image
Transverse or lateral magnification Superficial magnification ms =
area of object
height of image h
Linear magnification m = = i =
(ma)×(mb)
= m2
height of object ho (a×b)
ΔABP and ΔA B P are similar so
′ ′
IMAGE FORMATION BY SPHERICAL MIRRORS
Concave mirror

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(i) Object: Placed at infinity

Image: real, inverted, diminished at F
|m| << 1& m < 0

(iv) Object: Placed in between F and C

Image: real, inverted, enlarged beyond C
|m| > 1 & m < 0

(ii) Object: Placed in between infinity and C

Image: real, inverted, diminished in between C and F
|m| < 1& m < 0

(vi) Object: Placed between F and P

Image: virtual, erect, enlarged and behind the mirror
(m > +1)

(iii) Object: Placed at C

Image: real, inverted, equal at C
(m = −1)

For concave mirror

Object Image Magnification

−∞ F |m| << 1& m < 0

(iv) Object: Placed in between F and C
Image: real, inverted, enlarged beyond C −∞ − C C−F |m| < 1& m < 0
|m| > 1 & m < 0
C C m = −1

C−F −∞ − C |m| > 1 & m < 0

Just before F
−∞ m << −1
towards C

Just after F
+∞ m >> 1
towards P
(v) Object: Placed at F
Image: real, inverted, very large (assumed) at infinity
Convex mirror
(m << −1)
Image is always virtual and erect, whatever be the
position of the object and m is always positive.

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f
Example: A thin rod of length is placed along the
3
principal axis of a concave mirror of focal
length f such that its image which is real and
elongated, just touches the rod. What is
magnification?
Solution: Image is real and enlarged, the object must be
between C and F.
One end A′ of the image coincides with the end
A of rod itself.
1 1 1
So vA = uA , + = i.e., vA = uA = −2f
vA vA −f
so it clear that the end A is at C. ∵ the length of
f
rod is
3
∴ Distance of the other end B from P is
Example: The focal length of a concave mirror is 30 cm. f
uB = 2f − = f
5
Find the position of the object in front of the 3 3

mirror, so that the image is three times the size

of the object.
Solution: As the object is in front of the mirror it is real
and for real object the magnified image formed
by concave mirror can be inverted (i.e.,real) or
erect (i.e.,virtual), so there are two
possibilities.
(a) If the image is inverted (i.e., real)
f
m=
f−u
−30
⇒ −3 =
−30−u
if the distance of image of end B from P is vB
1 1 1 5
⇒ u = −40 cm then + 5 = ⇒ vB = − f
vB − f −f 2
Object must be at a distance of 40 cm in front 3

of the mirror (in between C and F). ∴ the length of the image
5 1
|vB | − |vA | = f − 2f = f and magnification
2 2
1
|vB |−|vA | f 3
2
m = |u = 1 =−
B |−|uA | − f
3
2
Negative sign implies that image is inverted
with respect to object and so it is real.
Example: A concave mirror of focal length 10 cm and
convex mirror of focal length 15 cm are placed
facing each other 40 cm apart. A point object is
(b) If the image is erect (i.e., virtual) placed between the mirror on their common
f −30
m= ⇒3= ⇒ u = −20 cm axis and 15 cm from the concave mirror. Find
f−u −30 − u the position of image produced by the
Object must be at a distance of 20 cm in front of the reflection first at concave mirror and then at
mirror (in between F and P). convex mirror.
Solution: For M1 mirror O act as a object, let its image is
I1 then,

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1 1 1
u = −15 cm, f = −10 cm ⇒ + =
v −15 −10
⇒ v = −30 cm
Image I1 will act as a object for mirror M2 its
distance from mirror M2 .
So u1 = −(40 − 30)cm = −10 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ = ⇒ − = ⇒ v1 = +6 cm
v1 u1 f v1 10 15

dv
[vix = = velocity of image along principal-axis;
dt
du
vox = = velocity of object along principal-axis
dt
]X1 , … , Xn
(b) Velocity component perpendicular to axis
(Transverse velocity)
hI v f f
m= =− = ⇒ hI = ( )h
h0 u f−u f−u 0
dhI f dh0 fh0 du
=( ) +
dt f − u dt (f − u)2 dt
So final image I2 is formed at a distance 6 cm dhI
behind the convex mirror and is virtual. = velocity of image ⊥r to principal-axis
dt
Example: The sun subtends an angle θ radians at the pole [
dh
]
of a concave mirror of focal length f. What is the = velocity of object ⊥r to principal-axis
dt
diameter of the image of the sun formed by the m2 h0
mirror. ⃗ iy = [mv
v ⃗ oy + ⃗ ox ] ĵ
v
Solution: Since the sun is at large distance very distant, u f
1 Note: Here principal axis has been taken to be along x -axis.
is very large and so ≈ 0
u POWER OF A MIRROR
1 1 1 1 1 1
∴ + = ⇒ = − ⇒ v = −f The power of a mirror is defined as P = −
v u f v f f(m)
100
=−
f(cm)
NEWTON'S FORMULA
In case if spherical mirrors if object distance (x1 ) and
image distance (x2 ) are measured from focus instead
of pole,
1 1 1
u = −(f + x1 ) and v = −(f + x2 ), by + =
v u f
1 1 1
⇒ − (f+x ) − (f+x ) = −
2 1 f
The image of sun will be formed at the focus on solving x1 x2 = f 2 This is Newton's formula.
and will be real, inverted and diminished
A′ B ′ = height of image and
Arc A′ B′
θ= =
Radius FP
d
⇒ θ = ⇒ d = fθ
f
VELOCITY OF IMAGE OF MOVING OBJECT
(SPHERICAL MIRROR)
(a) Velocity component along axis
(Longitudinal velocity)
When an object is coming from infinite towards the
focus of concave mirror
1 1 1 1 dv 1 du v2
∵ + = ⇒− 2 − 2 =0⇒v ⃗ ix = − 2 v
⃗ REFRACTION
v u f v dt u dt u ox
= −m v2
⃗ ox Refraction is the phenomenon in which direction of
propagation of light changes at the boundary when it
passes from one medium to the other. In case of
refraction frequency does not change.
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Laws of Refraction
(i) Incident ray, refracted ray and normal always lie in the
same plane In vector form (ê × n̂). r̂ = 0
(ii) The product of refractive index and sine of angle of
incidence at a point in a medium is constant. μ1 sin i =
μ2 sin r (Snell's law) In vector form μ1 |ê × n̂| =
μ2 |r̂ × n̂|

(ii) If light passes from denser to rarer medium μ1 = μD

and μ2 = μR
sin i μR
= < 1 ⇒ ∠i < ∠r
sin r μD
In passing from denser to rarer medium, the ray
bends away from the normal.

Absolute refractive index

It is defined as the ratio of speed of light in free space
c
' c ' to that in a given medium v. μ or n =
v
Denser is the medium, lesser will be the speed of light
and so greater will be the refractive index,
∵ vglass < vwater ,
∴ μG > μW
Relative refractive index
When light passes from one medium to the other, the
refractive index of medium 2 relative to 1 is written as APPARENT DEPTH AND NORMAL SHIFT
If a point object in denser medium is observed from
1 μ2 and is defined as
μ2 (c/v2 ) v1 rarer medium and boundary is plane, then from
1 μ2 = = = Snell's law we have μD sin i = μR sin r. . . (i) If the rays
μ1 (c/v1 ) v2
OA and OB are close enough to reach the eye. sin i ≃
p p
tan i = and sin r ≃ tan r =
dac dap
here dac = actual depth, dap = apparent depth So that
equation
p p d μ μ
(i) becomes μD = = μR ⇒ ac = D = 1
dac dap dap μR μ2

Bending of light ray

According to Snell's law, μ1 sin i = μ2 sin r
(i) If light passes from rarer to denser medium μ1 = μR
and μ2 = μD
sin i μ
so that = D > 1 ⇒ ∠i > ∠r
sin r μR
In passing from rarer to denser medium, the ray
bends towards the normal.
dac
(If μR = 1, μD = μ ) then dap = so dap < dac
μ
The distance between object and its image, called
normal shift (x)
dac dac
x = dac − dap [∵ dap = ] ; x = dac −
μ μ

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1 1 The perpendicular distance between incident and
= dac [1 − ] … (iii) If dac = d then x = d [1 − ]
μ μ emergent ray is known as lateral shift.
Lateral shift d = BC and t = thickness of slab
BC d
In △ BOC: sin(i − r) = =
OB OB
⇒ d = OBsin (i − r) …
OD t t
In ΔOBD: cos r = = ⇒ OB =
OB OB cos r
t
From (i) and (ii) d = sin (i − r )
cos r

TRANSPARENT GLASS SLAB (Normal shift)

When an object is placed in front of a glass slab, it shift
the object in the direction of incident light and form a
image at a distance x.
1
x = t [1 − ]
μ

Object in a rarer medium is seen from a denser medium

dac μ1 μR 1
= = = (< 1)
dap μ2 μD μ
dap = μdac i.e., dap > dac
A high flying object appears to be higher than in
SOME ILLUSTRATIONS OF REFRACTION
reality.
Bending of an object
x = dap − dac ⇒ x = [μ − 1]dac
When a point object in a denser medium is seen from
d
a rarer medium it appears to bend by
μ

Twinkling of stars
Due to fluctuations in refractive index of atmosphere
the refraction becomes irregular and the light
sometimes reaches the eye and sometimes it does not.
This gives rise to twinkling of stars.
Example: A 20 cm thick glass slab of refractive index 1.5
is kept infront of a plane mirror. An object is
LATERAL SHIFT kept in air at a distance 40 cm from the mirror.

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Find the position of image w.r.t an observer Example: An object is placed 21 cm in front of a concave
near the object. What is effect of separation mirror of radius of curvature 20 cm. A glass
between glass slab and the mirror on image. slab of thickness 3 cm and refractive index 1.5
Solution: Shifting in object due to glass slab is placed closed to the mirror in space between
1 1 20 the object and the mirror. Find the position of
x = d (1 − ) = 20 [1 − ]= cm
μ 1.5 3 final image formed if distance of nearer surface
Distance of object from mirror (as seen by of the slab from the mirror is 10 cm.
20 100
mirror) = 40 − = cm
3 3
100
Image will be formed at a distance cm from
3
mirror M.
20
Shifting in image due to glass slab = cm
3
So distance of image from mirror

1 1
Solution: Shift by slab x = d (1 − ) = 3 (1 − )
μ 1.5
= 1 cm
for image formed by mirror
u = −(21 − 1)cm = −20 cm.
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ = ⇒ + = ⇒ v = −20 cm
u v f −20 v −10
shift in the direction of light v = −(20 + 1)
= −21 cm.
100 20 80
= − = cm
3 3 3
Distance of image from the actual plane mirror
is independent of separation b between glass
slab and the mirror. If the distance is more then
brightness of image will be less.
Example: If one face of a prism angle 30∘ and μ = √2 is
silvered, the incident ray retraces its initial
path. What is the angle of incidence?
Solution: As incident ray retraces its path the ray is
incident normally on the silver face of the Example: A particle is dropped along the axis from a
f
prism as shown in figure. height on a concave mirror of focal length f as
2
Further, as in △ AED30∘ + 90∘ + ∠D shown in figure. Find the maximum speed of
= 180∘ ⇒ ∠D = 60∘ image.
Now as by construction, ∠D + ∠r = 90∘ Solution: vIM = −m2 vOM = −m2 (gt) where
⇒ ∠r = 90∘ − 60∘ = 30∘ f −f 2f
∴ from Snell's law at surface AC, 1 sin i M= = f gt2
= 2
f−u −f+( − ) f+gt
1 1 2 2
= √2sin 30∘ = √2 × = 2f 2 −4f2 gt
2 √2
1 ⇒ v1 = − ( ) (gt) = (f+gt2 )2
∘ f+gt2
∴ sin i = ⇒ i = 45
√2

dvI f
For maximum speed =0⇒t=√
dt 3g

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3
⇒ vImax = √3fg
4

TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

When light ray travel from denser to rarer medium it
bend away from the normal if the angle of incident is
increased, angle of refraction will also increased. At a
particular value of angle the refracted ray subtend 90∘
angle with the normal, this angle of incident is known
as critical angle (θC ). If angle of incident further
increase the ray come back in the same medium this
phenomenon is known as total internal reflection.

CONDITIONS
Angle of incident > critical angle [i > θc ]
Light should travel from denser to rare medium ⇒
Glass to air, water to air, Glass to water
Snell's Law at boundary xx ′ , μD sin θC = μR sin 90∘ ⇒
μ
sin θC = R
μD
Graph between angle of deviation ( 𝛅 ) and angle of
incidence (i) as rays goes from denser to rare
medium
μ
If i < θc μD sin i = μR sin r; r = sin−1 ( D sin i)
μR
μD
so δ = r − i = sin−1 ( sin i) − i
μR
If i > θc ; δ = π − 2i
A point object is situated at the bottom of tank filled
with a liquid of refractive index μ upto height h. It is
found light from the source come out of liquid surface
through a circular portion above the object
r 1 1 r 1
sin θC = &sin θC = ⇒ = ⇒ 2
2
√r + h 2 μ μ √r + h 2 2 μ
r2
= 2
r + h2
⇒ μ r = r + h ⇒ (μ2 − 1)r 2 = h2 ⇒ radius of
2 2 2 2

circular portion
h
r = 2 and area = πr 2
√μ −1

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SOME ILLUSTRATIONS OF TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION Example: A rectangular block of glass is placed on a
Sparkling of diamond: The sparkling of diamond is due to printed page laying on a horizontal surface.
total internal reflection inside it. As refractive index Find the minimum value of the refractive index
for diamond is 2.5 so θc = 24∘ . Now the cutting of of glass for which the letters on the page are
diamond are such that i > θC . So TIR will take place not visible from any of the vertical faces of the
again and again inside it. The light which beams out block.
from a few places in some specific directions makes it Solution: The situation is depicted in figure. Light will
sparkle. not emerge out from the vertical face BC if at it
1
i > θC or sin i > sin θC ⇒ sin i > [as
μ
Optical Fibre: In it light through multiple total internal 1
reflections is propagated along the axis of a glass fibre sin θC = ] … (i)
μ
of radius of few microns in which index of refraction of But from Snell's law at O 1 × sin θ = μsin r
core is greater than that of surroundings. And in Δ OPR, r + 90 + i = 180 ⇒ r + i
= 90∘ ⇒ r = 90 − I
So sin θ = μ sin(90 − i) = μ cos i
sin θ
⇒ cos i =
μ
sin θ 2
so sin i = √1 − cos 2 i = √1 − [ ]
μ

Mirage and looming: Mirage is caused by total internal

reflection in deserts where due to heating of the earth,
refractive index of air near the surface of earth
becomes lesser than above it. Light from distant
objects reaches the surface of earth with i > θC so that
TIR will take place and we see the image of an object so substituting the value of sin i from equation
along with the object as shown in figure. (ii) in (i),
sin2 θ
Similar to 'mirage' in deserts, in polar regions √1 − >
1
i.e., μ2 > 1 + sin2 θ
μ2 μ
'looming' takes place due to TIR. Here μ decreases
with height and so the image of an object is formed in ∵ (sin2 θ)max = 1 ∴ μ2 > 2 ⇒ μ > √2
air if ( i > θC ) as shown in figure. ∴ μmin = √2
REFRACTION AT TRANSPARENT CURVED SURFACE
μ1 = refractive index of the medium in which actual
incident ray lies.
m2 = refractive index of the medium in which actual
refractive ray lies.
O = Object
P = pole
C = centre of curvature
R = PC = radius of curvature
Refraction from curved surface
μ1 sin θ1 = μ2 sin θ2
if angle is very small: μ1 θ1 = μ2 θ2
But θ1 = α + β
β = θ2 + γ

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from (i), (ii) and (iii) μ1 (α + β) = μ2 (β − γ) (iii) Ratio of Focal length:

f1
=−
μ1
f2 μ2
⇒ μ1 α + μ1 β = μ2 β − μ2 γ ⇒ μ1 α + μ2 γ = (μ2 − μ1 )β
μ1 PM μ2 PM (μ2 − μ1 )PM μ2 μ1 μ2 − μ1
⇒ + = ⇒ − =
−u v R v u R
SIGN CONVENTION FOR RADIUS OF CURVATURE

Example: An air bubble in glass (μ = 1.5) is situated at a

distance 3 cm from a spherical surface of
diameter 10 cm as shown in Figure. At what
distance from the surface will the bubble
appear if the surface is (a) convex (b) concave.

These are valid for all single refraction surfaces -

convex, concave or plane. In case of plane refracting
μ μ μ −μ μ μ u
surface R → ∞, 2 − 1 = 2 1 ⇒ 2 − 1 = 0 i.e. =
v u R v u v
μ1 dAc μ1
or =
μ2 dAp μ2
FOCAL LENGTH OF A SINGLE SPHERICAL SURFACE
A single spherical surface as two principal focus points
which are as follows-
(i) First focus: The first principal focus is the point on the Solution: In case of refraction from curved surface
axis where when an object is placed, the image is μ2 μ1 (μ2 − μ1 )
− =
formed at infinity. That is when v u R
μ μ μ −μ (a) μ1 = 1.5, μ2 = 1, R = −5 cm and u = −3 cm
u = f1 , v = ∞, then from − 1 + 2 = ( 2 1) 1 (1.5) 1−1.5
u v R
μ1 μ2 −μ1 −μ1 R ⇒ − = ⇒ v = −2.5 cm the bubble will
We get − = ⇒ f1 = (μ v (−3) (−5)
f1 R 2 −μ1 ) appear at a distance 2.5 cm from the convex curved
surface inside the glass.
1
(b) μ1 = 1.5, μ2 = 1, R = 5 cm and u = −3 cm ⇒ −
v
(1.5) 1−1.5
= ⇒ v = −1.66 cm the bubble will appear at
(−3) (5)
a distance 1.66 cm from the concave curved surface
inside the glass.
Note: If the surface is plane then R → ∞
1 (1.5) (1−1.5)
case (a) or (b) would yield − (−3) =
v ∞
⇒ v = −2 cm
Example: In a thin spherical fish bowl of radius 10 cm
(ii) Second focus: Similarly, the second principal focus is filled with water of refractive index (4/3),
the point where parallel rays focus. That is u1 = there is a small fish at a distance 4 cm from the
−∞, v1 = f2 , then centre C as shown in Figure. Where will the fish
μ2 μ2 − μ1 μ2 R appear to be, if seen from (a) E and (b) F
= ; f2 =
f2 R (μ2 − μ1 ) (neglect the thickness of glass)?
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LENS
A lens is a piece of transparent material with two
refracting surfaces such that at least one is curved and
refractive index of its material is different from that of
the surroundings.
A thin spherical lens with refractive index greater than
that of surroundings behaves as a convergent or
convex lens, i.e., converges parallel rays if its central
(i.e. paraxial) portion is thicker than marginal one.
Solution: In the case of refraction from curved surface However if the central portion of a lens is thinner than
μ2 μ (μ −μ )
− 1= 2 1 marginal, it diverges parallel rays and behaves as
v u R
4
divergent or concave lens. This is how wse and classify
(a) Seen from Eμ1 = , μ2 = 1, R = −10 cm & identify convergent and divergent lenses.
3
u = −(10 − 4) = −6 cm
4 4
1 1−
⇒ − 3 = 3 ⇒ v == 90 = −5.3 cm
v −6 −10 17
i.e., fish will appear at a distance 5.3 cm from E
towards F

(lesser than actual distance, i.e., 6 cm )

4
(b) Seen from Fμ1 = , μ2 = 1, R = −10 cm and
3
u = −(10 + 4) = −14 cm Optical Centre: O is a point for a given lens through which
4 4 any ray passes undeviated
1 1−
⇒ − 3 = 3 ⇒ v = −210
v −14 −10 13
= −16.154 cm
so fish will appear at a distance 16.154 cm from
F toward E

(more than actual distance, i.e., 14 cm)

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Principal Axis: 𝐂1 𝐂𝟐 is a line passing through optical centre

and perpendicular to the lens. Focal Length 𝐟: is defined as the distance between optical
Principal Focus: A lens has two surfaces and hence two focal centre of a lens and the point where the parallel beam
points. First focal point is an object point on the of light converges or appears to converge.
principal axis for which image is formed at infinity. Aperture: In reference to a lens, aperture means the
effective diameter. Intensity of image formed by a lens
which depends on the light passing through the lens
will depend on the square of aperture,
i.e., Intensity ∝ ( Aperture )2
LENS-MAKER'S FORMULA
In case of image formation by a lens
Image formed by first surface acts as object for the
second.

So, from the formula of refraction at curved surface.

𝜇2 𝜇 𝜇 −𝜇
− 1= 2 1
𝑣 𝑢 𝑅
While second focal point is an image point on the 𝜇L 𝜇M 𝜇L −𝜇M
For first surface A − = … (i)
principal axis for which object lies at infinity v1 u R1
[∵ 𝜇2 = 𝜇L , 𝜇1 = 𝜇M ]
𝜇 𝜇 𝜇 −𝜇 𝜇 −𝜇
For second surface 𝐵 𝑀 − 𝐿 = 𝑀 𝐿 = − 𝐿 𝑀
𝑣 𝑣1 𝑅2 𝑅2
[∵ 𝜇2 = 𝜇M , 𝜇1 = 𝜇L , 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 , u → v1 ]
By adding (i) and (ii)
1 1 1 1
𝜇M [ − ] = (𝜇L − 𝜇M ) [ − ]
v u R1 R2
1 1 𝜇L −𝜇M 1 1 1 1
⇒ − = [ − ] = (𝜇 − 1) [ − ].
v u 𝜇M R1 R2 R1 R2

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𝜇𝐿
(∵ 𝜇 = )
𝜇𝑀
Now if object is at infinity, Image will be formed at the
focus, 𝑢 = −∞, 𝑣 = 𝑓
1 1 1
So = (𝜇 − 1) [ − ]
f R1 R2

(ii) Object is placed in between ∞ − 2 F

Image:
real (F − 2 F) inverted small in size (diminished)
|m| < 1& m < 0

This is known as lens makers formula by equating (iii)

1 1 1
and (iv) − = this is known as lens formula
𝑣 𝑢 𝑓
height of image ℎ1 𝑣 𝑓 𝑓−𝑣
Magnification: 𝑚 = = = = =
height of object ℎ0 𝑢 𝑓+𝑢 𝑓
RULES FOR IMAGE FORMATION (iii) Object is placed at 2 F
A ray passing through optical centre proceeds Image:
undeviated through the lens real (at 2 F ) inverted equal (of same size)
A ray passing through first focus or directed towards it, (m = −1)
after refraction from the lens, becomes parallel to the
principal axis.
A ray passing parallel to the principal axis after
refraction through the lens passes or appears to pass
through F2
For Convergent or convex lens
Object Image Magnification

−∞ F |m| << 1& m < 0

(iv) Object is placed in between 2 F − F
−∞ − 2 F F−2F | m| < 1& m < 0 Image:
real (2 F − ∞) inverted enlarged
2F 2F m = −1 |m| > 1& m < 0
F−2F ∞−2F | m| > 1& m < 0

Just before F
+∞ m << −1
towards C

Just before F
−∞ m >> 1
towards P

In front of
F−O m>1
lens

(v) Object is placed in between F – O

IMAGE FORMATION FOR CONVEX LENS (CONVERGENT LENS)
Image: virtual (in front of lens) erected enlarge
(i) Object is placed at infinity
(m > + 1)
Image:
at F real inverted very small in size |m| << 1& m < 0

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Two thin lens are placed in contact to each other

1 1 1
power of combination. P = P1 + P2 ⇒ = +
F f1 f2
Use sign convention when solve numericals
Two thin lens are placed in at a small distance d
(provided incident rays are parallel to principal axis).
1 1 1 d
= + − ⇒ P = P1 + P2 − dP1 P2
F f1 f2 f1 f2
Use sign convention when solving numericals
IMAGE FORMATION FOR CONCAVE LENS (DIVERGENT LENS)
Image is virtual, diminished, erect, towards the object,
m = +ve
(i) Object is placed at infinity
Image:
At F virtual erected
diminished (m << +1)

Newton's Formula
f = √x1 x2
x1 = distance of object from focus.
(ii) Object is placed infront of lens x2 = distance of image from focus.
Image:
between F and optical centre virtual erected
diminished (m < +1)

SOME SPECIAL CASES

(i) The focal length of equiconvex lens placed in air
refractive index of lens
Sign convention for object/image for lens μL = μ refractive index of medium μM = 1
R1 = +R, R 2 = −R
(ii) Focal length of planoconvex lens placed in air
Real object u − ve 1 1 1 R
= (μ − 1) [ − ] ⇒ Focal length f =
f R ∞ (μ−1)
Real image v + ve

Virtual object u + ve

Virtual image v − ve

POWER OF LENS
Reciprocal of focal length in meter is known as power
of lens.
SI UNIT: dioptre (D)
1 100
Power of lens: P = = dioptre [in air]
f(m) f(cm)
COMBINATION OF LENSES

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(v) If a lens is made of number of layers of different

refractive index for a given wavelength then no. of
1
images is equal to number of refractive index, as ∝
f
(μ − 1)
In figure number of images = 2

1
(vi) Focal length of lens depends on wavelength. ∵ ∝
f
If object is placed towards plane surface 1
(μ − 1) ∝ [f ∝ λ]fR > fV will be reduced but
1 1 1 R λ
= (μ − 1) [ − (− )] ⇒ Focal length f = complete image will be formed.
f ∞ R (μ − 1)
(viii) Sun-goggles:
(iii) If an equiconvex lens of focal length f is cut into equal
radius of curvature of two surfaces is equal with
parts by a horizontal plane AB then the focal length of
centre on the same side
each part will be equal to that of initial lens. 1 1 1
Because μ, R1 and R 2 will remain unchanged. Only R1 = R 2 = +R so = (μ − 1) [ − ]
f R R
intensity will be reduced. ⇒
1
= 0 ⇒ f = ∞ and P = 0 ⇒ sun goggles have no power
f

∵ intensity I ∝ ( apertures) )2
(ix) If refractive index of medium < Refractive index of
∴ intensity through a single part will be reduced
lens If μM < μL then f = +ve
(iv) If the same lens is cut into equal parts by a vertical
Convex lens behave as convex lens.
plane CD the focal length of each part will be double
While concave lens behave as concave lens.
of initial value but intensity will remain unchanged.
1 (μ−1)2 (x) Refractive index of medium = Refractive index of lens
For equiconvex lens = For plano convex lens 1 μ 1 1 1
f R (μM = μL ) = ( L − 1) ( − ) ; = 0
1 μ−1 f μM R1 R2 f
=
f1 R ⇒ f = ∞ &P = 0
1 2
So = ⇒ f1 = 2f ⇒ Focal length of each part = 2 Lens will behave as plane glass plate
f f1

focal length of each part become 2 f

(focal length of original lens) (xi) Refractive index of medium > Refractive index of lens

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μL 1 1
μM > μL ⇒ < 1[f will be negative] Solution: (a) P = = = +2D
μM f(m) 0.5
convex lens will behave as concave lens and concave 1
(b) = (μ − 1) (
1
−
1
)⇒
1
= (μ − 1)
lens will behave as convex lens. If a air bubble is f R1 R2 12
1 1
formed in water it behaves as concave lens. (
10
−
−15
) ⇒ μ = 1.5
1 1 1 1 fw
(c) = (μ − 1) ( − ) so ∝ (μ − 1); =
f R1 R2 f fa
(μℓ −1) (1.5−1)
( w μℓ −1)
⇒ fw = 1.5 × 20 = 78.2 cm
( −1)
1.33

Example: Column I (optical system)

Example: A point source S is placed at distance of 15 cm

from a converging lens of focal length 10 cm.
Where should a (i) concave mirror (ii) convex
mirror of focal length 12 cm be placed so that
real image is formed on object itself.
1 1 1
Solution: u = −15 cm, f = +10 cm; − =
v u f
1 1 1
⇒ − = ⇒ v = 30 cm
v (−15) 10
(i) x = v + 2f ⇒ 30 + 2 × 12 = 54 cm

Column II (focal length)

(P) 80 cm
(Q) 40 cm
(R) 30 cm
(ii) x = v − 2f = 30 − 2 × 12 = 6 cm
(S) 20 cm
Solution: Ans. (A) -S (B) -P (C) -R
1 1 1
For (A): = (μ − 1) ( + )
f p1 p2
1 1 1
= (1.5 − 1) ( + )= ⇒ f = 20 cm
20 20 20
1 1.5 1 1 1
For (B): = ( 4 − 1) ( + )=
f 20 20 80
3
⇒ f = 80 cm
Example: A convex lens of focal length f is producing real 1.5
4
4 1 1 1.5
1 For (C): − 3
= (1.5 − ) ( ) & −
image which is times of the size of the object. v1 ∞ 3 20 f v1
n 1
Find out position of the object. = (1 − 1.5) (
−20
) ⇒ f = 30 cm
Solution: Image is real so 1.5 1 1
4
1.5
1 v 1 1 For (D) − = (1.5 − 1) ( ) & 3 −
From lens formula − = = v1 ∞ 20 f v1
v u u f 4 1
⇒
1
− = ⇒
1 1 −(n+1) 1
= ⇒ u = −f(1 + n) = ( − 1.5) (− ) ⇒ f = 40 cm
u 3 20
− u f u f
n
Example: (a) If f = +0.5 m, what is the power of the lens? DISPLACEMENT METHOD
(b) The radii of curvature of the faces of a It is used for determination of focal length of convex
double convex lens are 10 cm and 15 cm. Its lens in laboratory. A thin convex lens of focal length f
focal length is 12 cm. What is the refractive is placed between an object and a screen fixed at a
index of glass ? distance D apart. If D > 4f there are two position of
(c) A convex lens has 20 cm focal length in air. lens at which a sharp image of the object is formed on
What is the focal length in water? (Refractive the screen
index of air-water
= 1.33, refractive index for air glass is 1.5)

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Example: A convex lens is placed between an object and

a screen which are at a fixed distance apart for
one position of the lens. The magnification of
the image obtained on the screen is m1 . When
the lens is moved by a distance d the
magnification of the image obtained on the
same screen is m2 , Find the focal length of the
1 1 1 1 1 1 lens.
By lens formula − = ⇒ − = Solution: If D is the distance between the object and the
v u f D−u −u f
2
⇒ u − Du + Df = 0 ⇒ u =
D±√D(D−4f)
there are three screen, d the separation of the two position of
2
lens throwing two images on the screen then
possibilities (D+d) (D−d) 4Dd
(i) for D < 4f u will be imaginary hence physically no m1 = and m2 = ∴ m1 − m2 = 2 2
(D−d) (D+d) D −d
position of lens is possible D2 −d2 d d
D but = f so m1 − m2 = ⇒ f =
4D f m1 −m2
(ii) for D = 4f u = = 2f so only one position of lens is
2 Example: In a displacement method using lens, we obtain
possible and since v = D − u = 4f − 2f = u = 2f two images for separation of the lens d. One
D−√D(D−4f) D+√D(D−4f)
(iii) for D > 4f u1 = and u2 = image is magnified as much as the other is
2 2
So there are two positions of lens for which real image diminished. If m is the magnifications of one
will be formed on the screen.(for two distances u1 and image, find the focal length of the lens.
d
u2 of the object from lens) Solution: From above question f =
m1 −m2
1
here if m1 is taken as m, m2 = ,
m
md
so f becomes (m2
−1)
Example: In the displacement method the distance
between the object and the screen is 70 cm and
the focal length of the lens is 16 cm, find the
separations of the magnified and diminished
image position of the lens.
Solution: d = √D2 − 4fd = √(70)2 − 4 × 16 × 70
= √420 = 20.5 cm
If the distance between two positions of lens is x then Example: An object 25 cm high is placed in front of a
D + √D(D − 4f) D − √D(D − 4f) convex lens of focal length 30 cm. If the height
x = u2 − u1 = − of image formed is 50 cm, find the distance
2 2
= √D(D − 4f) ⇒ x 2 = D2 − 4Df between the object and the image (real and
D2 − x 2 virtual) ?
⇒ f= Solution: As object is in front of the lens, it is real and as
4D
Distance of image corresponds to two positions of the h1 = 25 cm, f = 30 cm, h2 = −50 cm;
lens: h2 −50
m= = = −2
1 h1 25
v1 = D − u1 = D − [D − √D(D − 4f)] f 30
2 m= ⇒ −2 = ⇒ u = −45 cm
1 f+u 30 + u
= [D + √D(D − 4f)] = u2 ⇒ v1 = u2
2
1
v2 = D − u2 = D − [D + √D(D − 4f)]
2
1
= [D − √D(D − 4f)] = u1 ⇒ v2 = u1
2
for two positions of the lens distances of object and
image are interchangeable.
Now x2 = u2 − u1 and D = v1 + u1 = u2 + u1 v v
[∵ v1 = u2 ] ⇒m= ⇒ −2 = ⇒ v = 90 cm
D−x D+x
u −45
so u1 (= v2 ) = and v1 = = u2 ; As in this situation object and image are on
2 2
I1 v1 D+x I2 v2 D−x opposite sides of lens, the distance between
m1 = = = and m2 = = =
O u1 D−x O u2 D+x object and image
D+x D−x I1 I2
Now m1 × m2 = × ⇒ = 1 ⇒ O = √I1 I2 d1 = u + v = 45 + 90 = 135 cm. If the image
D−x D+x O2
is erect (i.e., virtual)
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f 30 Example: The radius of curvature of the convex face of a

m= ⇒2= ⇒ u = −15 cm ⇒ m
f+u 30 + u plano-convex lens is 12 cm and its refractive
v −v
=− ⇒2= ⇒ v = 30 cm index is 1.5.
u −15
As in the situation both image and object are in (a) Find the focal length of this lens. The plane
front of the lens, the distance between object surface of the lens is now silvered.
and image d2 = v − u = 30 − 15 = 15 cm (b) At what distance from the lens will parallel
COMBINATION OF LENSES AND MIRRORS rays incident on the convex face converge ?
When several lenses or mirrors are used, the image (c) Sketch the ray diagram to locate the image,
formation is considered one after another in steps, when a point object is placed on the axis 20 cm
The image formed by the lens facing the object serves from the lens.
as an object for the next lens or mirror, the image (d) Calculate the image distance when the
formed by the second lens acts as an object for the object is placed as in (c).
third, and so on, The total magnification in such Solution: (a) As for a lens, by lens-maker's formula
1 1 1
situations will be given by f
= (μ − 1) [ − ]
R1 R2
I I1 I2
m = = × × … ⇒ m = m1 × m2 × … Here μ = 1.5; R1 = 12 cm and R 2 = ∞
O O I1 1 1 1
1 So = (1.5 − 1) [ − ] i.e. f = 24 cm i.e., the
Power of Lens [in air] PL = f 12 ∞
fL lens as convergent with focal length 24 cm.
Converging lens PL = +ve Diverging lens PL = −ve
1
Power For mirror 𝑃𝐿 = −
𝑓𝑚
Convex mirror 𝑃𝑀 = −𝑣𝑒 Concave mirror 𝑃𝑀 = +ve
SILVERING OF LENS
Calculate equivalent focal length of a equiconvex lens
silvered at one side.

P = PL + PM + PL = 2PL + PM
1 1 1 1 2 1 2(μ − 1) × 2 2
= + + == + = + (b) As light after passing through the lens will
F fℓ fm fℓ fℓ fm R R
4μ − 4 + 2 R be incident on the mirror which will reflect it
= ⇒F= back through the lens again, so P = PL + PM +
R 4μ − 2
1 1
Example: Calculate equivalent focal length of plano PL = 2PL + PM But PL = = and PM =
fL 0.24
convex lens for following case:- 1 R
(i) When curved surface is silvered. − = 0 [as fM = = ∞]
∞ 2
1 1
(ii) When plane surface is silvered. So P = 2 × +0= D. The system is
0.24 0.12
Solution: (i) equivalent to a concave mirror of focal length
1
F, P = −
F
1
i.e., F = − = −0.12 m = −12 cm i.e., the rays
P
will behave as a concave mirror of focal length
12 cm.
So as for parallel incident rays u = −∞, from
1 1 1 1 1 1
mirror formula + = we have + =
v u f v −∞ −12
(ii) ⇒ v = −12 cm i.e., parallel incident rays will
focus will at a distance of 12 cm in front of the
lens as shown in Figure (c) and (d) When
object is at 20 cm in front of the given silvered
lens which behaves as a concave mirror of
1
focal length 12 cm, from mirror formula +
v
1 1 1 1 1
= we have + =
u f v −20 −12

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⇒ v = −30 cm i.e., the silvered lens will form Solution:

image at a distance of 30 cm in front of it as
shown in fig. (C)
Example: A pin is placed 10 cm in front of a convex lens of focal
length 20 cm, made of material having refractive
index 1.5. The surface of the lens farther away from
the pin is silvered and has a radius of curvature 22
cm. Determine the position of the final image. Is the
image real or virtual?
Solution: As radius of curvature of silvered surface is 22 cm,
R −22
so fM = = = −11 cm = −0.11 m
2 2
1 1 1
and hence, M = − = = D
fM −0.11 0.11
Further as the focal length of lens is 20 cm, i.e.,
0.20 m its power will be given by:

1 1
Comparing with y 2 = 4ax
PL = = D. ⇒ a = 0.5
fL 0.20
Now as in image formation, light after passing PC is a normal so
through the lens will be reflected back by the −1
tan (π − θ) = = −y1
curved mirror through the lens again P = PL + (dy/dx)x1,y1
PM + PL = 2PL + PM i.e. P =
2
+
1
=
210
D. final position of image = 0.5 m = 50 cm
0.20 0.11 11 y −0
So the focal length of equivalent mirror F = But tan 2θ = 1 &
x2 −x1
1 11 110 2 tan θ
− =− m=− cm i.e., the silvered lens tan 2θ =
P 210 21
behave as a concave mirror of focal length 1 − tan2 θ
y1 2(y1 ) 1
(110/21)cm. So for object at a distance 10 cm ⇒ = x2 = m
1 1 21 x2 − x1 1 − y1 2 2
in front of it, + =−
v −10 110
i.e., v = −11 cm i.e., image will be 11 cm in
front of the silvered lens and will be real as
shown in Figure.
Example: A point object is kept at a distance of 2 m from a
parabolic reflecting surface y 2 = 2x. An equiconvex
lens is kept at a distance of 1.80 m from the
parabolic surface. The focal length of the lens is 20
cm. Find the position from origin of the image in cm,
after reflection from the surface.

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PRISM
A prism is a homogeneous, transparent medium (such as glass) enclosed by two plane surfaces inclined at an angle. These
surfaces are called the 'refracting surfaces' and the angle between them is called the 'refracting angle' or the 'angle of
prism'. The section cut by a plane perpendicular to the refracting surfaces is called the 'principal section' of the prism.

DEVIATION CONDITION OF MINIMUM DEVIATION

PQ = incident ray For minimum deviation
QR Refracted ray In this condition i1 = i2 = i ⇒ r1 = r2 = r and since
RS = emergent ray r1 + r2 = A ∴ r + r = A ⇒ 2r = A ⇒ r =
A
2
A = Prism angle A+δ A
i1 = incident angle on face AB Minimum deviation δmin = 2i − A; i = min
,r =
2 2
i2 = emergent angle on face AC if prism is placed in air μ1 = 1; 1 × sin i = μsin r
r1 = refracted angle on face AB A+δ A sin [
A+δmin
]
r2 = incident angle on face AC sin [ 2min ] = μsin 2
⇒μ= 2
A
sin
Angle of deviation on face AB. δ1 = i1 − r1 2

Angle of deviation on face AC δ2 = i2 − r2

Total angle of deviation
δ = δ1 + δ2 ⇒ δ = (i1 − r1 ) + (i2 − r2 )
= i1 + i2 − (r1 + r2 )
In △ QOR r1 + r2 + θ = 180∘
In AQOR A + θ = 180∘
from (ii) and (iii) r1 + r2 = A
from (i) and (iv) Total angle of deviation
δ = i1 + i2 − A
from Snell's law at surface AB μ1 sin i1 = μ2 sin r1
and at surface AC μ2 sin r2 = μ1 sin i2

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if angle of prism is small A < 10∘ then sin θ ≈ θ Example: A ray of light passes through an equilateral
A+δmin
A+δmin prism such that angle of incidence is equal of
2
μ= A = A
⇒ A + δmin = μA emergence and the later is equal to 3/4th of the
2 angle of prism. Calculate the angle of deviation.
⇒ δmin = (μ − 1)A Refractive index of prism is 1.5.
CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM DEVIATION/GRAZING 3
EMERGENCE Solution: A = 60∘ , μ = 1.5; i1 = i2 = A = 45∘ , δ =?
4
Angle of incidence ( ig )for grazing emergence ∵ A + δ = i1 + i2 ∴ 60∘ + δ = 45∘ + 45∘
For ig , e = 90∘ ⇒ δ = 90∘ − 60∘ = 30∘
Applying Snell's law at face AC Example: A prism of refractive index 1.53 is placed in
1 1 water of refractive index 1.33. If the angle of
μsin2 = 1 × 1 ⇒ sinr2 = ; r2 = sin−1 ( ) = θc prism is 60∘ , calculate the angle of minimum
μ μ
r1 + r2 = A ⇒ r1 = A − θc deviation in water. (sin 35.1∘ = 0.575)
Again, Applying Snell's law at face AB Solution: Here, a μg = 1.33, a μw = 1.53, A = 60∘ ,
aμ
w g 1.53
δm =? μg =aμ = = 1.15
w 1.33
A+δ
sin 2 m
w
∵ μ =
g A
sin
2
sin(A+δm ) w A 60∘
∴ = μg × sin = 1.15 sin
2 2 2
A+δ
= 0.575 ⇒ m
= sin−1 (0.575) = 35.1∘
2
∴ δm = 35.1 × 2 − 60 = 10.2∘
DISPERSION OF LIGHT
When white light is incident on a prism then it is
splitted into seven colours. This phenomenon is
1 × sin ig = μsinr1 ; 1 × sin ig = μsin (A − θc ) known as dispersion. Prism introduces different
sin ig = μ[sin Acos θc − cos Asin θc ] refractive index with different wavelength
ig = sin−1 [√μ2 − 1 sin A − cos A] As δmin = (μ − 1)A ∵ λR > λV
So μV > μR ⇒ δm (violet) > δm (red)
1 √μ2 −1
[(assin θc = , cos θc = )] ANGULAR DISPERSION
μ μ
It is the difference of angle of deviation for violet
If i increases beyond ig , r1 increases thus r2 decreases
colour and red colour
and becomes less than θc and ray emerges.
Angular dispersion
Thus i ≥ ig ⇒ ray emerges, otherwise TIR.
θ = δV − δR = (μV − 1)A − (μR − 1)A = (μV − μR )A
Δmax = ig + 90∘ − A It depends on prism material and on the angle of prism
NO EMERGENCE CONDITION θ = (μV − μR )A
Let maximum incident angle on the face ABimax = 90∘
1
1 × sin 90∘ = μsin r1 ; sin r1 = = sin θC ; r1 = θC
μ
if TIR occur at face AC then r2 > θC
r1 + r2 = A
from (i) and (ii) r1 + r2 > θC + θC ⇒ r1 + r2 > 2θC

A A
from (iii) and (iv) A > 2θC ⇒ > θC ⇒ sin >
2 2
A 1 1
sin θC ⇒ sin > ⇒ A <μ
2 μ sin
2

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DISPERSIVE POWER (𝛚) δB = (1.659 − 1) × 5∘ = 3.295∘ and

It is ratio of angular dispersion (θ) to mean colour δR = (1.641 − 1) × 5∘ = 3.205∘
deviation (δy ) so θ = δB − δR = 3.295∘ − 3.205∘ = 0.090∘
θ (μV −μR )A μV −μR Example: Prism angle of a prism is 10∘ . Their refractive
Dispersive power ω = ⇒ω= = index for red and violet color is 1.51 and 1.52
δy (μy −1)A μy −1
⇒ω=
μV −μR respectively. Then find the dispersive power.
μy −1 Solution: Dispersive power of prism
μ +μ
Refractive index of mean colour μy = V R . Dispersive μv −μr μv +μr 1.52+1.51
2 ω=( ) but μy = = = 1.515
μy −1 2 2
power depends only on the material of the prism. 1.52−1.51 0.01
COMBINATION OF PRISM Therefore ω = = = 0.019
1.515−1 1.515
Deviation without dispersion (θ = 0∘ ) Example: The refractive indices of flint glass for red and
Two or more than two thin prism are combined in violet colours are 1.644 and 1.664. Calculate its
such a way that deviation occurs i.e. emergent light ray dispersive power.
makes angle with incident light ray but dispersion Solution: Here, μr = 1.644, μv = 1.664, ω = ?
μ +μ 1.664+1.644
does not occur i.e., light is not splitted into seven Now μy = v r = = 1.654
2 2
colours. μv −μr 1.664−1.644
∵ω= = = 0.0305
μy −1 1.654−1
Example: In a certain spectrum produced by a glass
prism of dispersive power 0.031, it was found
that μr = 1.645 and
μv = 1.665. What is the refractive index for
yellow colour?
Solution: Here, ω = 0.031, μr = 1.645μv = 1.665, μy =?
μv −μr μv −μr 1.665−1.645
∵ω= ∴ μy − 1 = =
μy −1 ω 0.031
0.020
= = 0.645 ∴ μy = 0.645 + 1 = 1.645
Total dispersion = θ = θ1 + θ2 = (μV − μR )A + 0.31
(μ′ V − μ′ R )A′ Example: A combination of two prisms, one of flint and
For no dispersion θ = 0; (μV − μR )A + (μ′ V − other of crown glass produces dispersion
μ′ R )A′ = 0 without deviation. The angle of flint glass
(μ −μ )A prism is 15∘ . Calculate the angle of crown glass
Therefore, A′ = − V′ R′ prism and angular dispersion of red and violet.
μV −μR
-ve sign indicates that prism angles are in opposite (μ for crown glass = 1.52, μ for flint glass =
direction. 1.65, ω for crown glass 0.20, ω for flint glass =
Dispersion without deviation (𝛅 = 𝟎∘ ) 0.03 ).
Two or more than two prisms combine in such a way Solution: Here, A = 15∘ , A′ =? , ω = 0.03, ω′ = 0.02,
that dispersion occurs i.e., light is splitted into seven μ = 1.65, μ′ = 1.52, For no deviation,
δ + δ′ = 0
colours but deviation do not occur i.e., emergent light
(μ − 1)A + (μ′ − 1)A′ = 0
ray becomes parallel to incident light ray.
⇒ (1.65 − 1)15∘ + (1.52 − 1)A′ = 0
Total deviation δ = δ1 + δ2 −0.65×15
⇒ δ = 0; (μ − 1)A + (μ′ − 1)A′ = 0 ⇒ A′ ⇒ A′ = = −18.75∘
0.52
(μ − 1)A Negative sign indicates that two prisms must be
=− ′ joined in opposition. Net angular dispersion
μ −1
(μv − μr )A + (μ′v − μ′r )A′
= ω(μ − 1)A + ω′ (μ′ − 1)A′
= 0.03(1.65 − 1)15∘ + 0.02
(1.52 − 1)(−18.75∘ )
= 0.2925 − 0.195 = 0.0975∘
CHROMATIC ABERRATION
The image of a object in white light formed by a lens is
usually colored and blurred. This defect of image is
-ve sign indicates that prism angles are in opposite called chromatic aberration and arises due to the fact
direction. that focal length of a lens is different for different
Example: White light is passed through a prism of angle 1 1 1
colors. For a single lens = (μ − 1) [ − ] and as μ
f R1 R2
5∘ . If the refractive indices for red and blue
of lens is maximum for violet while minimum for red,
colours are 1.641 and 1.659 respectively,
violet is focused nearest to the lens while red farthest
calculate the angle of dispersion between
from it. It is defect of lens.
them.
Solution: As for small angle of prism δ = (μ − 1) A,
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ω ω′ ω1 ω2 ω1 f1
+ =0⇒ + =0⇒ =−
fy f′y f1 f2 ω2 f2
1 1 1
For combination of lens. = +
F f1 f2
(Apply sign convention in numerical)

OPTICAL INSTRUMIENTS
Simple microscope
When object is placed between focus and optical
centre a virtual, magnified and erect image is formed
Longitudinal or Axial Chromatic Aberration
When a white object O is situated on the axis of a lens,
then images of different colors are formed at different
points along the axis. The formation of images of
different colors at different positions is called 'axial' or
longitudinal chromatic aberration. The axial distance
between the red and the violet images IR − IV is
known as longitudinal aberration. When white light is
incident on lens, image is obtained at different point
on the axis because focal length of lens depend on
wavelength.
f ∝ λ ⇒ fR > fV
fR − fV = ωfy
⇒ Axial or longitudinal chromatic aberration
If the object is at infinity, then the longitudinal
chromatic aberration is equal to the difference in
focal-lengths (fR fV ) for the red and the violet rays.
LATERAL CHROMATIC ABERRATION Magnifying power ( MP )
As the focal-length of the lens varies from visual angle with instrument (β)
=
f maximum visual angle for unaided eye (α)
color to color, the magnification m = [ ] produced h
u+f D
by the lens also varies from color to color. ⇒ MP = −u
h =
u
Therefore, for a finite-size white object AB, the images −D

of different colors formed by the lens are of different (i) When the image is formed at infinity:
1 1 1 1 1 1
sizes. by lens equation − = ⇒ − =
v u f −∞ −u f
D D
⇒ u = f So MP = =
u f
(ii) If the image is at minimum distance of clear vision D:
1 1 1 1 1 1
− = ⇒ = + [v = −D and u = −ve]
−D −u f u D f
D D
Multiplying by D both the sides = 1+
u f
D D
⇒ MP = = 1 +
u f
Example: A man with normal near point 25 cm reads a
book with small print using a magnifying glass,
a thin convex lens of focal length 5 cm.
(a) What is the closest and farthest distance at which he
The formation of images of different colors in different can read the book when viewing through the
sizes is called lateral chromatic aberration. The magnifying glass?
difference in the height of the red image BR AR and the (b) What is the maximum and minimum MP possible
violet image BV AV is known as lateral chromatic using the above simple microscope ?
aberration. Solution: (a) As for normal eye far and near point are ∞ and
LCA = hR − hV 25 cm respectively, so for magnifier vmax = −∞
1 1
ACHROMATISM and vmin = −25 cm. However, for a lens as − =
v u
If two or more lens combined together in such a way 1
⇒u=
f

that this combination produce image at a same point f (f/v)−1

then this combination is known as achromatic So u will be minimum when v = minimum

combination of lenses. = −25 cm i.e.

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(u)min =
5
=−
25
= −4.17 cm Example: A thin convex lens of focal length 5 cm is used
−(5/25)−1 6
as a simple microscope by a person with
Ans u will be maximum when v = maximum = ∞
5 normal near point (25 cm). What is the
i.e., umax = 5 = −5 cm magnifying power of the microscope ?
( −1)
∞
Solution: Here, f = 5 cm; D = 25 cm,
So the closest and farthest distance of the book D 25
from the magnifier (or eye) for clear viewing are M = MP = 1 + = 1 + = 6
f 5
4.17 cm and 5 cm respectively. Example: A compound microscope consists of an
(b) As in case of simple magnifier MP = (D/u). objective lens of focal length 2.0 cm and an eye
So MP will be minimum when u = max = 5 cm piece of focal length 6.25 cm, separated by a
−25 D distance of 15 cm. How far from the objective
⇒ (MP)min = = 5 [= ] and
−5 f should an object be placed in order to obtain
MP will be maximum when " u=min = (25/6)cm the final image at (a) the least distance of
−25
⇒ (MP)max = 25 distinct vision (25 cm)(b) infinity?
)
−(
6 Solution: Here, f0 = 2.0 cm; fe = 6.25 cm, u0 = ?
D 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 6 [= 1 + ] (a) ve = −25 cm ∵ − = ∴ = −
f ve ue fe ue ve fe
COMPOUND MICROSCOPE 1 1 −1−4 −5
= − = = ⇒ ue = −5 cm
Compound microscope is used to get more magnified −25 6.25 25 25
image. Object is placed infront of objective lens and As distance between objective and eye piece
image is seen through eye piece. The aperture of = 15 cm; v0 = 15 − 5 = 10 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1−5
objective lens is less as compare to eye piece because ∵ − = ∴ = − = − =
v0 u0 f0 u0 v0 f0 10 2 10
object is very near so collection of more light is not −10
⇒ u0 = = −2.5 cm
required. Generally object is placed between F − 2 F 4
v D
due to this a real inverted and magnified image is Magnifying power = |u0 | [1 + ]
0 fe
formed between 2 F − ∞. It is known as intermediate 10 25
image A′ B ′ . The intermediate image act as a object for = [1 + ] = 20
2.5 6.25
eye piece. Now the distance between both the lens are (b) ∵ ve = ∞, ue = fe = 6.25 cm
adjusted in such a way that intermediate image falls ∴ v0 = 15 − 6.25 = 8.75 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
between the optical centre of eye piece and its focus. ∵ − = ⇒ = − = −
v0 u0 f0 u0 v0 f0 8.75 20
In this condition, the final image is virtual, inverted 2−8.75 −17.5
and magnified. = ⇒ u0 = = −2.59 cm
17.5 6.75
v D v D
Magnifying power = |u0 | × [1 + ] = |u0 | × |u
0 fe 0 e|
8.75 25
= × = 13.51
2.59 6.25
ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPE

Total magnifying power = Linear magnification ×

v D
angular magnification MP = m0 me = 0
u0 ue
(i) When final image is formed at minimum, distance of
distinct vision. A telescope is used to see distant object, objective lens
v0 D f0 D f0 − v0 D
MP = [1 + ] = [1 + ] = [1 + ] forms the image A′ B ′ at its focus. This image A′ B ′ acts
u0 fe f0 + u0 fe f0 fe as a object for eyepiece and it forms final image A"B".
h2 D visual angle with instrument (β)
= (1 + ) MP =
h1 fe visual angle for unaided eye(α)
h′
Length of the tube = v0 + |ue | f0 f0
1 1 1 ⇒ MP = =− [A′ B ′ = h′ ]
(ii) When final image is formed at infinity − = h′ ue
ve ue fe −ue

⇒
1
+
1
=
1
⇒ ue = fe (i) If the final image is at infinity ve = −∞, ue = −ve
∞ ue fe 1 1 1 f
v0 D f0 D f0 −v0 D h2 D − = ⇒ ue = fe . So MP = − 0 and
MP = [ ]= [ ]= [ ]= [ ]. −∞ −ue fe fe
u0 fe f0 +u0 fe f0 fe h1 fe
length of the tube L = f0 + fe
Length of the tube L = v0 + fe (ii) If the final image is at D: ve = −D ue = −ve
Sign convention for solving numerical u0 = −ve, v0 = +ve, f0 = +ve
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 f
ue = −ve, ve = −ve, fe = +ve, m0 = −ve, me = +ve, M = −ve − = ⇒ = + = [1 + e]
−D −ue fe ue fe D fe D

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So MP = −
f0 f
= − 0 [1 + e]
f Example: Diameter of the moon is 3.5 × 103 km and its
ue fe D
distance from earth is 3.8 × 105 km. It is seen
Length of the tube is L = f0 + ue by a telescope whose objective and eyepiece
have focal lengths 4 m and 10 cm respectively.
Compound - Astronomical - What will the angular diameter of the image of
S.No. S.No.
Microscope Telescope the moon.
f 400
Solution: MP = − 0 = −
It is used to It is used to fe 10
increase visual increase visual = −40.
1. 1. Angle subtended by the moon at the objective
angle of near angle of distant
tiny object. large objects. radian.
3.5 × 103
In it objective = = 0.009
3.8 × 105
lens is of large Thus angular diameter of the image
focal length = MP × visual angle = 40 × 0.009 = 0.36
In it field and eye
and aperture radian =
0.36×180
≃ 21∘
lens both are
while eye lens 3.14
2. convergent, of 2. Example: A telescope consisting of an objective of focal
of short focal
short focal length length 60 cm and a single-lens eyepiece of focal
length and
and aperture. length 5 cm is focussed at a distant object in
aperture and
such a way that parallel rays emerge from the
both are
eye piece. If the object subtends an angle of 2∘
convergent.
at the objective, then find the angular width of
Final image is the image.
f β
Final image is inverted, Solution: MP = 0 =
fe α
inverted, virtual virtual and f0 60
3. and enlarged and 3. enlarged ⇒β=α = 2∘ × = 24∘
fe 5
at a distance D to at a distance D Example: The focal lengths of the objective and the eye
∞ from the eye. to ∞ from the piece of an astronomical telescope are 60 cm
eye. and 5 cm respectively. Calculate the magnifying
power and the length of the telescope when the
MP does not final image is formed at (i) infinity, (ii) least
MP becomes
change distance of distinct vision (25 cm)
(1/m2 ) times of
appreciably if Solution: (i) When the final image is at infinity, then:
its initial value
objective and eye f 60
4. 4. if objective and MP = − 0 = −
lens are fe 5
eye-lenses are = −12 and length of the telescope is
interchanged
interchanged as L = f0 + fe = 60 + 5 = 65 cm
as
MP ∼ [f0 /fe ] (ii) For least distance of distinct vision, the
[MP ∼ (LD/f0 fe )]
magnifying power is:
MP is increased f f 60
MP = − 0 (1 + e) = − (1 + )
5

by increasing 12×6
fe D 5 25

the focal =− = −14.4

MP is increased 5
length of Now
1
=v −u
1 1
by decreasing the
5. 5. objective lens fe e e
focal length of 1 1 1
and by ⇒ 5 = − 25 u
both the lenses.
decreasing −1 1
e
1
the focal length ⇒ ue
= 25 + 5
of eyepiece ⇒ ue = −4.17 cm ⇒ |ue | = 4.17 cm
The length of telescope in this position is
RP is increased RP is increased
L = f0 + |ue | = 60 + 4.17 = 64.17 cm
by decreasing the by increasing
6. wavelength of 6. the aperture
LENS - CAMERA
light used. of objective.
2μsin θ D There is a convex lens whose aperture and distance
(∵ RP = ) (∵ RP = ) from the film can be adjusted. Object is real and placed
λ 1.22λ
between ∞ and 2 F, so the image is real, inverted
diminished and between F and 2 F.

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1 1
[as >> ] ⇒ v = 0.5 m = 50 cm = f
0.5 2000
v 0.5
Now as in case of a lens, m = =
u −2000
1
= − × 10−3
4
So 1 = (ma)(mb) = m2 A [∵ A = ab
I 18 cm×18 cm
A = 12 = [(1/4)×10−3]2 = (720 m × 720 m)
m
Example: The proper exposure time for a photographic
print is 20 s at a distance of 0.6 m from a 40
If I is the intensity of light, S is the light transmitting candle power lamp. How long will you expose
area of lens and t is the exposure time, then for proper the same print at a distance of 1.2 m from a 20
exposure, I × S × t = constant light transmitting area candle power lamp?
of a lens is proportional to the square of its aperture Solution: In case of camera, for proper exposure
D; I × D2 × t = constant I1 D1 2 t1 = I2 D2 2 t 2
L
If aperture is kept fixed, for proper exposure, I × t = As here D is constant and I = ( 2 ) ;
r
constant, i.e., I1 t1 = I2 t 2 If intensity is kept fixed, for L1 L2 40 20
2 × t1 = × t 2 So 2 × 20 = t
proper exposure, D2 × t = constant r1 r2
2 (0.6) (1.2)2
1 ⇒ t = 160 s
Time of exposure ∝ (i) DEFECTS OF EYES
( aperture )2
The ratio of focal length to the aperture of lens is MYOPIA [or Short-sightedness or Near-sightedness]
called f-number of the camera,
focal length 1
f − number = ⇒ Aperture ∝ (ii)
aperture f− number
From equation (i) and (ii) ⇒ Time of exposure
∝ (f − number )2
f
Example: With diaphragm of the camera lens set at , the
2
1
correct exposure time is , then with
100
f
diaphragm set at . Calculate the correct
4
exposure time.
1
Solution: As exposure time ∝ 2 ( aperture )
1 1
⇒ t1 ∝
[f/2] 2 and t 2 ∝ [f/4]2
1 t2 16
here t1 = s then = =4 (i) Distant object are not clearly visible, but near object
100 t1 4
⇒ t 2 = 4t1 = s
4 are clearly visible because image is formed before the
100 retina.
Example: A good photographic print is obtained by an (ii) To remove the defect concave lens is used.
exposure of two seconds at a distance of 20 cm The maximum distance. Which a person can see
from the lamp. Calculate the time of exposure without help of spectacles is known as far point.
required to get an equally good result at a
distance of 40 cm.
Solution: We know that the intensity of light varies
inversely as the (distance) 2 . When distance is
doubled, the intensity becomes one-fourth. So,
the time of exposure should be four times.
Hence, time of exposure = 2 × 4 = 8 s
Example: Photograph of the ground are taken from an
aircraft, flying at an altitude of 2000 m, by a If the reference of object is not given then it is taken
camera with a lens of focal length 50 cm. The as infinity.
size of the film in the camera is 18 cm × 18 cm. In this case image of the object is formed at the far
What area of the ground can be photographed point of person.
1 1 1 1
by this camera at any one time. v
− = =P⇒
u f distance of far point in m)
(
Solution: As here u = −2000 m, f = 0.50 m, so from lens 1 1
1 1 1 − = =P
distance of object ( in m)
formula − = , 100
f
100
v u f
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 − =P
we have − (−2000) = ⇒ = − ≅ distance of far point ( in cm) distance of object ( in cm)
v 0.5 v 0.5 2000 0.5

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LONG-SIGHTEDNESS OR HYPERMETROPIA

(i) Near object are not clearly visible but far object are
clearly visible.
(ii) The image of near object is formed behind the retina.
(iii) To remove this defect convex lens is used.

Near Point:-
The minimum distance which a person can see
without help of spectacles.
In this case image of the object is formed at the near
point.
If reference of object is not given it is taken as 25 cm.
1 1 1 1
v
−u= f =P⇒ distance of near point ( in m)
1 1
− distance of object (in m)
=f =P

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EXERCISE – I 5. AB is a boundary separating two media of different

1. Each of these diagrams is supposed to show two refractive indices. A ray is incident on the boundary is
different rays being reflected from the same point on partially reflected and partially transmitted.
the same mirror. Which option is correct. Choose the CORRECT statement.
(A) 3 is incident ray and 1 is refracted ray
(B) 2 is incident ray and 1 is partially reflected ray
(C) 1 is incident ray and 3 is refracted ray
(A) Only I (D) 3 is incident ray and 2 is partially reflected ray
(B) Only II
(C) Only III
(D) All

2. Figure shows a small concave mirror with CP as its

principal axis. A ray XY is incident on the mirror.
Which of the four rays can be the reflected ray.
6. Statement: 1 You see a geostationary satellite above
the horizon. You desire to communicate with the
satellite by sending a beam of laser light. You should
aim your laser slightly higher than the line of sight of
the satellite.
Statement:2 Light bends away from the normal while
moving from denser to rarer medium.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and
statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and
(A) 1
statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for
(B) 2
statement-1.
(C) 3
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) 4
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
3. A ray of light is incident on a concave mirror. It is
7. As light from the sun enters the atmosphere, it refracts
parallel to the principal axis and its height from
due to the small difference between the speeds of light
principal axis is equal to the focal length of the mirror.
in air and in vacuum. The optical length of the day is
The ratio of the distance of point B to the distance of
defined as the time interval between the instant when
the focus from the centre of curvature is ( AB is the
the top of the sun is just visibly observed above the
reflected ray)
horizon to the instant at which the top of the sun just
disappears below the horizon. The geometric length of
the day is defined as the time interval between the
instant when a geometric straight line drawn from the
observer to the top of the sun just clears the horizon
to the instant at which this line just dips below the
horizon?
(A) The optical length of a day is longer than
geometrical length.
2
(A) (B) The geometric length of the day is longer than
√3
√3 optical length
(B) (C) Optical length and geometrical length of day are
2
(C)
2
equal.
3
1 (D) Cannot be determined.
(D)
2
8. A ray of light travelling in a medium of refractive index
4. The distance of an object from a spherical mirror is μ is incident at an angle θ on a composite transparent
equal to the focal length of the mirror. Then the image: plate consisting of 50 plates of R.I.
(A) must be at infinity 1.01μ, 1.02μ, 1.03μ, … … . . . ,1.50 μ. The ray emerges
(B) may be at infinity from the composite plate into a medium of refractive
(C) may be at the focus index 1.6μ at angle 'x'. Then:
(D) none

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1.01 50
(A) sin x = ( ) sin θ
1.5
5
(B) sin x = sin θ
8
8
(C) sin x = sin θ
5
1.5 50
(D) sin x = ( ) sin θ
1.01

9. A ray R1 is incident on the plane surface of the glass

slab (kept in air) of refractive index √2 at an angle of (A) x 2 + y 2 = ℓ2
incidence equal to the critical angle for this air glass x2 y2
system. The refracted ray R 2 undergoes partial (B) + =1
(ℓ/μ)2 ℓ2
reflection and refraction at the other surface. The x2 y 2
(C) +( ) =1
angle between reflected ray R 3 and the refracted ray ℓ2 ℓ/μ
R 4 at that surface is: ℓ 2
(D) x 2 + y 2 = ( )
μ

12. When a pin is moved along the principal axis of a small

concave mirror, the image position coincides with the
object at a point 0.5 m from the mirror, refer figure. If
the mirror is placed at a depth of 0.2 m in a transparent
liquid, the same phenomenon occurs when the pin is
placed 0.4 m from the mirror. The refractive index of
the liquid is

(A) 45∘
(B) 135∘
(C) 105∘
(D) 75∘

10. What is the length of the image of the rod in mirror,

according to the observer in air? (refractive index of
the liquid is μ ) (A) 6/5
(B) 5/4
(C) 4/3
(D) 3/2

13. A fish floats in liquid with its eye at the centre of an

opaque walled full tank of liquid of circular cross
section. When the fish look upwards, it can see a fish-
eye view of the surrounding scene i.e. it is able to view
the entire space above the liquid surface. The diameter
of the tank is 30 cm, and the critical angle for liquid is
37∘ . At what maximum depth below the surface of the
3
liquid, d, must the fish be floating? (sin 37∘ = )
5
(A) μL + L
L
(B) L +
μ
L
(C) Lμ +
μ
(D) None of these

11. A pendulum of length is free to oscillate in vertical

plane about point O in a medium of refractive index μ.
An observer in air is viewing the bob of the pendulum (A) 16 cm
directly from above. The pendulum is performing (B) 20 cm
small oscillations about its equilibrium position. The (C) 11.25 cm
equation of trajectory of bob as seen by observer is: (D) 25 cm

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14. Statement-1: A point source of light is placed inside (A) 40∘ , 70∘ , 70∘ (B) 50∘ , 65∘ , 65∘
water. A light detector present out side, in air can (C) 36∘ , 72∘ , 72∘ (D) data insufficient
detect light only in a conical region, with the apex at
the source and circumscribing the circle of 18. In the diagram shown below, a point source O is placed
illuminance. vertically below the center of a circular plane mirror.
Statement-2: Ray incident from denser to rarer The light rays starting from the source are reflected
medium undergoes total internal reflection when the from the mirror such that a circular area A on the
angle of incidence become more than the critical angle, ground receives light. Now, a glass slab is placed
this situation create a circular region from which light between the mirror and the source O. What will the
escapes and is called circle of illuminance. magnitude of the new area on the ground receiving
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and light?
statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and
statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for
statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
(A) A
15. A glass slab of width ' t ', refractive index ' μ ' is placed (B) Greater than A
as shown in the figure. If the point object, moves with (C) Less than A
a speed 2 cm/s towards the slab the speed observered (D) Cannot tell, as the information given is insufficient
will be
19. Figure shows graph of deviation δ versus angle of
incidence for a light ray striking a prism. Angle of
prism is

(A) 2 cm/s
(B) less than 2 cm/s
(C) greater than 2 cm/s
(D) dependent on the refractive index of surrounding
medium
(A) 30∘
(B) 45∘
16. The optical density of turpentine is higher than that of
(C) 60∘
water while its mass density is lower. Figure shows a
(D) 75∘
layer of turpentine floating over water in a container.
For which one of the four rays incident on turpentine
20. A given ray of light suffers minimum deviation in an
in figure, the path shown is CORRECT ?
equilateral prism P. If refractive index increases
slightly then the ray will now suffer
(A) greater deviation
(B) no deviation
(C) same deviation as before
(D) total internal reflection

21. The curve of angle of incidence versus angle of

deviation shown has been plotted for prism. The value
of refractive index of the prism used is:
17. An isosceles glass prism having refractive index μ has
one of its faces coated with silver. A ray of light is
incident normally on the other face (which is equal to
the silvered face). The ray of light is reflected twice on
the same sized faces and then emerges through the
base of the prism perpendicularly.The angles of prism
are

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(A) √3 26. A light ray is incident on a transparent sphere of index

(B) √2 = √2, at an angle of incidence = 45∘ . What is the
√3 deviation of a tiny fraction of the ray, which enters the
(C)
√2 sphere, undergoes two internal reflections and then
2
(D) refracts out into air?
√3
(A) 270∘
22. A beam of monochromatic light is incident at i = 50∘ (B) 240∘
on one face of an equilateral prism, the angle of (C) 120∘
emergence is 40∘ , then the angle of minimum (D) 180∘
deviation is:
(A) 30∘ 27. A beam of diameter ' d ' is incident on a glass
(B) < 30∘ hemisphere as shown. If the radius of curvature of the
(C) ≤ 30∘ hemisphere is very large in comparison to d, then the
(D) ≥ 30∘ diameter of the beam at the base of the hemisphere
will be
23. A ray incident at an angle 53∘ on a prism emerges at
an angle 37∘ as shown. If the angle of incidence is made
50∘ , which of the following is a possible value of the
angle of emergence?

3
(A) d
4
(B) d
d
(A) 35∘ (C)
3
(B) 42∘ (D)
2
d
(C) 40∘ 3
(D) 38∘
28. An air bubble is inside water. The refractive index of
24. Statement-1: When light falls on a sphere made of water is 4/3. At what distance from the air bubble
diamond total internal reflection takes place which should a point object be placed so as to form a real
makes it shine more than a similar sphere made of image at the same distance from the bubble:
common glass. (A) 2R
Statement-2: Refractive index for diamond is more (B) 3R
than refractive index of cheap glass. (C) 4 R
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and (D) The air bubble cannot form a real image
statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and 29. In a converging lens of focal length f, the distance
statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation between real object and its real image is 4 f. If the
forstatement-1. object moves x1 distance towards lens its image moves
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false. x2 distance away from the lens and when object moves
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true. y1 distance away from the lens its image moves y2
distance towards the lens, then choose the correct
25. A light ray strikes a hexagonal ice crystal floating in the option:
air as shown in the figure. The correct path of ray may
be ?

(A) x1 > x2 and y1 > y2

(B) x1 < x2 and y1 < y2
(C) x1 < x2 and y1 > y2
(D) x1 > x2 and y2 > y1

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30. A point object is placed on the principal axis of a 1

(A) √u1 u2
2
converging lens and its image (I1 ) is formed on its u +u
principal axis. If the lens is rotated by an small angle θ (B) 1 2
2
about its optical centre such that its principal axis also (C) √u1 u2
rotates by the same amount then the image (I2 ) of the (D) √(u1 + u2 )
same object is formed at point P. Choose the correct
option. 34. A concave lens of glass, refractive index 1.5, has both
surfaces of same radius of curvature R. On immersion in
a medium of refractive index 1.75, it will behave as a
(A) convergent lens of focal length 3.5 R
(B) convergent lens of focal length 3.0 R.
(C) divergent lens of focal length 3.5 R
(D) divergent lens of focal length 3.0 R
(A) Point P lies on the new principal axis.
(B) Point P lies on the old principal axis.
35. A beam of light consisting of red, green and blue and is
(C) Point P is anywhere between the two principal
incident on a right angled prism. The refractive index
axes
of the material of the prism for the above red, green
(D) None of these
and blue wavelengths are 1.39,1.44 and 1.47
respectively. The prism will
31. The two lenses shown are illuminated by a beam of
parallel light from the left. Lens B is then moved slowly
toward lens A.

(A) separate part of the red color from the green and
blue colors
(B) separate part of the blue color from the red and
green colors
(C) separate all the three colors from the other two
The beam emerging from lens B is: colors
(A) Initially parallel and then diverging (D) not separate even partially, any colors from the
(B) Always diverging other two colors
(C) Initially converging and finally parallel
(D) Always parallel 36. A prism of angle 3∘ is made of glass having refractive
index 1.64. Two thin prisms made of glass having
32. A point object O moves from the principal axis of a refractive index 1.48 are intended to be coupled with
converging lens in a direction OP. I the image of O, will the former prism to yield a combination without an
move initially in the direction: average deviation. Which of the following angles
cannot correspond to the two prism?
(A) 2∘ and 2∘
(B) 1.5∘ and 2.5∘
(C) 6∘ and 2∘
(D) 5.5∘ and 3.5∘

37. Two thin prisms of flint glass, with refracting angles of

6∘ and 8∘ respectively, possess dispersive powers in
(A) IQ the ratio:
(B) IR (A) 4: 3
(C) IS (B) 3: 4
(D) IU (C) 1: 1
(D) 9: 16
33. When the object is at distances u1 and u2 the images
formed by the same lens are real and virtual 38. It is desired to make an achromatic combination of
respectively and of the same size. Then focal length of two lenses (L1 &L2 ) made of materials having
the lens is: dispersive powers ω1 and ω2 (< ω1 ). If the
combination of lenses is converging then

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(A) L1 is converging 44. A large temple has a depression in one wall. On the
(B) L2 is converging floor plan it appears as a indentation having spherical
(C) Power of L1 is greater than the power of L2 shape of radius 2.50 m. A worshiper stands on the
(D) None of these center line of the depression, 2.00 m out from its
deepest point, and whispers a prayer. Where is the
39. A concave mirror of focal length 20 cm is cut into two sound concentrated after reflection from the back wall
parts from the middle and the two parts are moved of the depression?
perpendicularly by a distance 1 mm from the previous
principal axis AB. If an object is placed of a distance of 45. A rod of length ℓ is moving with constant speed 1 m/s
10 cm from the mirror on the line AB then, find the towards the pole of a concave mirror of focal length ℓ.
distance between the images formed by the two Find the rate of change in length of the image of the
parts? rod (mm/s) at the moment centre of the rod coincides
with the centre of curvature of the mirror.
40. A thin rod of length d/3 is placed along the principal
axis of a concave mirror of focal length = d such that
its image, which is real and elongated, just touches the
rod. Find the length of the image?

41. A cube of side length 1 mm is placed on the axis of a

concave mirror at a distance of 45 cm from the pole as
46. In the given figure rays incident on an interface would
shown in the figure. One edge of the cube is parallel to
converge 2 cm below the interface if they continued to
the axis. The focal length of the mirror is 30 cm. Find
move in straight lines without bending. But due to
approximate volume of the image.
refraction, the rays will bend and meet somewhere
else. Find the distance of meeting point of refracted
rays below the interface (in cm). (Assuming the rays to
be making small angles with the normal to the
interface)

42. An experimentalist devises a method for finding the

radius of curvature of a convex mirror. He uses a plane
mirror strip between the object and the convex mirror
and adjusts it till the two virtual images formed by 47. The x − y plane is the boundary between two
reflection at both the mirrors coincide without transparent media. Medium-1 with z > 0 has
parallax. In his observations, the object distance from refractive index √2 and medium-2 with z < 0 has a
the convex mirror is 0.5 m while it is 0.30 m in front of refractive index √2. A ray of light in medium-1 given
the plane mirror. Find the radius of curvature (in cm ) by the vector A = 6√3î + 8√3ĵ − 10k̂ is incident on
of the convex mirror. the plane of separation. Find the unit vector in the
direction of refracted ray in medium-2.
43. Consider a concave mirror kept at origin with focal
length 40 cm. Parallel rays which subtend an angle θ = 48. A beam of parallel rays of width b propagates in glass
1
radian are incident on it. A convex mirror is kept at at an angle θ to its plane face. The beam width after it
40
a distance 25 cm from the first mirror as shown. Find goes over to air through this face is if the refractive
the y-coordinate of the image (in cm ) formed by the index of glass is μ.
system of mirrors after two reflections.
49. A convergent beam is incident on two slabs placed in
contact as shown in figure. Where will the rays finally
converge from the interface of B and air ?

50. A point object is placed 33 cm from a convex mirror of

curvature radius = 40 cm. A glass plate of thickness 6
cm and index 2.0 is placed between the object and
mirror, close to the mirror. Find the distance of final
image from the object?

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51. A room contains air in which the speed of sound is 56. A transparent sphere of radius R = 2.0 m has a
340 m/s. The walls of the room are made of concrete, mirrored surface on its right half as shown in figure. A
in which the speed of sound is 1700 m/s. light ray travelling in air is incident on the left side of
(a) Find the critical angle for total internal reflection the sphere. The incident light ray
of sound at the concrete-air boundary. (1) & exiting light ray
(b) In which medium must the sound be traveling to (2) are parallel & separated by distance d = 2.0 m.
undergo total internal reflection? Then find the refractive index of the material.
(Take: sin 15∘ = 0.25 )
52. A thin plate of transparent plastic is embedded in a
thick slab of glass. The index of refraction of the glass
is n = 1.50; the index of refraction of the plate changes
as shown in the diagram. A beam of light passes
through glass and strikes the surface of the plastic
plate. The maximum angle of incidence θmax which
enables the beam to pass through the plate. Find θmax .
57. A converging beam of rays is incident on a diverging
lens. Having passed through the lens the rays intersect
at a point 15 cm from the lens. If the lens is removed,
the point where the rays meet will move 5 cm closer to
the mounting that holds the lens. Find the focal length
(in cm ) of the lens without sign.

58. A lens is placed at origin, with x-axis as its principal

axis. A ray of light is incident on it from the negative
x
side of x-axis along the line y = + 0.1, where x, y
53. A ray of light enters a diamond (n = 2) from air and is 400
being internally reflected near the bottom as shown in are in cm. Focal length of lens is 20 cm. Find the
the figure. Find maximum value of angle θ possible? equation of the ray after passing the lens.

59. The rays of a converging beam meet at a point A. A

diverging lens is placed in their path in the plane B.
Plot the position of the point where the rays meet after
passing through the lens. The position of the principal
foci F1 , F2 is known.

54. A small object of length 1 mm lies along the principal

axis of a spherical glass of radius R = 10 cm and
refractive index is 3/2. The object is seen from air
along the principal axis from left. The distance of
object from the centre is 5 cm. Find the size of the
image. Is real, inverted ?
60. A converging bundle of light rays in the shape of a cone
with the semi-vertex angle of 37∘ falls on a circular
diaphragm of 14 cm diameter. A lens with a focal
power of 25/3 diopter is fixed in diaphragm. What will
be the new semi vertex angle of cone (in degree)

61. A thin converging lens L1 forms a real image of an

object located far away from the lens as shown in the
55. A narrow parallel beam of light is incident on a figure. The image is located at a distance 4l and has
transparent sphere of refractive index ' n '. If the beam height h. A diverging lens of focal length l is placed 2l
finally gets focussed at a point situated at a distance = from lens L1 at A. Another converging lens of focal
2 × (radius of sphere) from the centre of the sphere, length 2l is placed 3l from lens L1 at B. Find the height
then find n ? of final image thus formed?

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62. There is a hole in middle of a thin converging lens

1
whose radius is × radius of the lens. The lens has a
2
focal length of 4 cm. A point object is kept 9 cm from a 67. A flint glass convex lens of focal length 16 cm is placed
screen and this lens is kept in between. It is seen that in contact with crown glass lens. The refractive indices
there is a single circular illuminated spot on the wall of crown glass for violet and red colour are μv =
with a sharp edge (as seen in figure). What is the 1.525, μr = 1.515 and for flint glass μv′ = 1.655 and
distance of the lens from the object (in cm )? Consider μr′ = 1.645.
the case when the rays after refraction from the lens (a) Find the nature and focal length of the crown glass
are converging in nature. lens which will form an achromatic combination with
the flint glass lens.
63. Plane surface of a thin planoconvex lens reflects 50% (b) What is the focal length of the combination?
of light, while the curved surface is completely
transparent, if final image of ' O ' after refraction EXERCISE – II
through thin lens coincides with the image formed due 1. In which of the following diagrams the image formed
to partial reflection from plane surface. If distance is virtual and inverted ?
between O and lens is x (in m ) then find the value of
x/4. (Given μ = 3/2 )

2. An infinitely long rod lies along the axis of a concave

64. A plano convex lens (μ = 1.5) has a maximum mirror of focal length f. The near end of the rod is at
thickness of 1 mm. If diameter of its aperture is 4 cm. distance u > f from the mirror. Its image will have a
Find length
uf
(i) Radius of curvature of curved surface; (A)
u−f
(ii) Its focal length in air. uf
(B)
u+f
f2
65. A point source of light is kept at a distance of 15 cm (C)
u+f
from a converging lens, on its optical axis. The focal f2
length of the lens is 10 cm and its diameter is 3 cm. A (D)
u−f
screen is placed on the other side of the lens,
perpendicular to the axis of lens, at a distance 20 cm 3. A short linear object of length b lies along the axis of a
from it. Then find the area of the illuminated part of concave mirror of focal length f, at a distance u from
the screen? the mirror. The size of the image is approximately
u−f 1/2
(A) b ( )
66. A parallel paraxial beam of light is incident on the f
f
arrangement as shown μA = 3/2, μB = 4/3, the two (B) b ( )
u−f
spherical surfaces are very close and each has radius u−f
(C) b ( )
of curvature 10 cm. Find the point where the rays are f
2
focussed. (w.r.t. point of entry) (D) b (
f
)
u−f

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4. The table below lists object and image positions for

four objects placed in front of mirrors, using Cartesian
sign convention with pole of the mirror as origin. In
the following cases, the case in which images is formed
by a convex spherical mirror, is:
Object Position Image Position
(A) -25.0 cm −16.7 cm
(B) -5.0 cm 10.0 cm
(C) -20.0 cm 5.71 cm
(D) -40.0 cm 80.0 cm

5. The graph shows the variation of v with change in u

for a mirror. Points plotted above the point P on the
curve are for values of v

8. A point source of light is 60 cm from a screen and is

kept at the focus of a concave mirror which reflects
light on the screen. The focal length of the mirror is 20
cm. The ratio of average intensities of the illumination
on the screen when the mirror is present and when the
mirror is removed is:
(A) 36: 1
(B) 37: 1
(A) smaller than f (C) 49: 1
(B) smaller than 2 f (D) 10: 1
(C) larger than 2 f
(D) larger than f 9. A bird is flying 3 m above the surface of water. If the
bird is diving vertically down with speed = 6 m/s, his
6. Which of the following graphs is the magnification of a apparent velocity as seen by a stationary fish
real image against the distance of object from the focus underwater is:
of a concave mirror? (A) 8 m/s
(B) 6 m/s
(C) 12 m/s
(D) 4 m/s

10. A ray of light travelling in air is incident almost along

y-axis on medium of variable refractive index at the
origin. The refractive index of the medium changes
according to the relation μ = 1 + x 2 . What is the light
ray vector at the point where the x coordinate
becomes equal to 1 ?

7. An object is moving with constant speed v0 , towards a

concave mirror along its principal axis, from a distance
4f0 as shown, where f0 is the focal length of mirror. The
correct graph of speed of image (vi ) with time (t) is

√3 1
(A) ( ) î + ( ) ĵ
2 2
1 √3
(B) ( ) î + ( ) ĵ
2 2
1 1
(C) ( ) î + ( ) ĵ
2 √2
(D) None of these

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11. A quality control engineer working at the Davinci (A) 2√3 m

Glass Company has invented a new method to (B) 2m
measure the thickness of glass panes. By directing a (C) 6 m
laser beam at an incident angle of 45∘ w.r.t. the glass, √3 3
(D) ( + )m
he notices that not one but two parallel beams are 2 2
reflected. He measures the distance between the
reflected beams with an automated camera system, as 14. A ray of light is incident normally on the first refracting
shown. (The camera is pointed directly at the reflected face of the prism of refracting angle A. The ray of light
beams). Assuming that the index of refraction of glass comes out at grazing emergence. If one half of the
is √2, and the distance between the reflected beams is prism (shaded position) is knocked off, the same ray
measured to be 1 mm, how thick is the glass? will

1 A
(A) Emerge at an angle of emergence sin−1 ( sec )
2 2
1 (B) Not emerge out of the prism
(A) mm 1 A
√6 (C) Emerge at an angle of emergence sin−1 ( sec )
2 4
2
(B) √ mm (D) None of these
3
3
(C) √ mm 15. A thin isosceles prism with angle 4∘ and refractive
2
index 5/4 is placed inside a transparent tube with
(D) None of these liquid (refractive index = 1.5) as shown. The deviation
of light due to prism will be
12. The observer at O views two closely spaced spots on a
vertical wall through an angled glass slab as shown. As
seen by observer, the spots appear.

(A) 0.8∘ upward

(B) 0.8∘ downward
(C) 0.67∘ upward
(A) shifted upward
(D) 0.67∘ downward
(B) shifted downward
(C) spaced farther apart
16. In the arrangement shown, separation between
(D) spaced closer together
observer and object as seen by observer is
13. A ray of light strikes a cubical slab surrounded by air
as shown in the figure. Then the geometrical path
length traversed by the light in the slab will be:

(A) 60 cm
(B) more than 60 cm
(C) less than 60 cm
(D) depends on μ
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17. Choose the incorrect ray diagram(s). All the rays 21. A light ray hits the pole of a thin biconvex lens as
shown are paraxial. shown in figure. The angle made by the emergent ray
with the optic axis will be nearly

(A) 0∘
(B) (1/3)∘
(C) (2/3)∘
(D) 2∘

22. In the given situation object and plane mirror are fixed
while the lens is performing SHM perpendicular to
18. Choose incorrect ray diagram [q denotes converging
principle axis with an amplitude 4 mm. At mean
lens and y denotes diverging lens] All symbols have
position of the lens the object lies on the principal axis.
their usual meaning and all the rays shown are
Distance between two extreme positions of image
paraxial. (focal length of each lens is F)
formed by mirror is (consider paraxial light rays)

(A) 1.2 cm
19. A point object is located 30 cm in front of a camera lens
(B) 2.4 cm
of aperture diameter 6 cm. The image is focussed on
(C) 0.8 cm
the film plate. If the film plate is moved back 10 cm the
(D) can not be determined
width of the image blurs to 1 cm wide. Find the focal
length of the lens.
23. A point object O is placed at a distance of 20 cm in front
(A) 20 cm
(B) 10 cm of a equi-convex lens (μg = 1.5) of focal length 10 cm.
(C) 30 cm The lens is placed on a liquid of refractive index 2 as
(D) 40 cm shown. Image will be formed at a distance h from lens.
The value of h is
20. Look at the ray diagram shown, what will be the focal
length of the 1st and the 2nd lens, if the incident light
ray passes without any deviation?

(A) -5 cm and +10 cm (A) 5 cm

(B) +5 cm and +10 cm (B) 10 cm
(C) -5 cm and +5 cm (C) 20 cm
(D) +5 cm and -5 cm (D) 40 cm

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24. Consider a common mirage formed by super-heated (A) the second image is real, inverted of 1/5th
air just above a roadway. A truck driver is in a medium magnification w.r.t AB
of μ = 1.0003 looks forward. He perceives the illusion (B) the second image is virtual and erect with
of a patch of water ahead on the road, where his line of magnification 1/5 w.r.t AB
sight makes an angle of 1.20∘ below the horizontal. (C) the second image moves towards the convex
Find the index of refraction of the air just above the mirror
road surface. Take Cos (1.20∘ ) = 0.99978. (Hint: Treat (D) the second image moves away from the convex
this as a problem in total internal reflection). mirror.
(A) 1.00006
(B) 1.0001 28. A fish, F in the pond, is at a depth of 0.8 m from water
(C) 1.00008 surface and is moving vertically upwards with velocity
(D) None of these 2 ms −1 . At the same instant, a bird B is at a height of 6
m from water surface and is moving downwards with
25. A thin lens with focal length f is to be used as a velocity 3 ms −1 . At this instant both are on the same
magnifying glass. Which of the following statements vertical lines as shown in the figure. Which of the
regarding the situation is true? following statement(s) is(are) correct?
(A) A converging lens may be used, and the object be
placed at a distance greater than 2 f from the lens.
(B) A diverging lens may be used, and the object be
placed between f and 2 f from the lens.
(C) A converging lens may be used, and the object be
placed at a distance less than f from the lens.
(D) A diverging lens may be used, and the object be
placed at any point other than the focal point.

MULTIPLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS

26. An object AB is placed parallel and close to the optical (A) Height of B, observed by F (from itself) is equal to
axis between focus F and centre of curvature C of a 8.00 m.
converging mirror of focal length f as shown in figure. (B) Depth of F, observed by B (from itself) is equal to
6.60 m.
(C) Velocity of B, observed by F (relative to itself) is
equal to 5.00 ms −1 .
(D) Velocity of F, observed by B (relative to itself) if
equal to 4.50 ms −1

29. For the system as shown in the figure, the image

formed by the concave mirror.
(A) Image of A will be closer than that of B from the
mirror.
(B) Image of AB will be parallel to the optical axis.
(C) Length of image is equal to AB.
(D) Length of image is more than AB.

27. In the figure shown consider the first reflection at the

plane mirror and second at the convex mirror. AB is
object.
(A) will have speed greater than the speed of the
object.
(B) will move in the direction of motion of the mirror.
(C) will have speed greater than the speed of the
mirror.
(D) moves away from the mirror.

30. The nature of object and image given with each of the
optical condition is shown. Choose the correct
option(s)

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34. A cubic container is filled with a liquid whose

refractive index increases linearly from top to bottom.
Which of the following figures may represent the path
of a ray of light inside the liquid?

35. Following are graphs of angle of deviation versus

31. A glass prism is immersed in a hypothetical liquid. The angle of incidence
curves showing the refractive index n as a function of
wavelength λ for glass and liquid are as shown in the
figure. When a ray of white light is incident on the
prism parallel to the base:
Based on the above graphs mark the correct options
(A) Graph-a may be a part of the graph for ray of light
that is incident on rarer medium.
(B) Graph-b may be for ray of light that is incident on
rarer medium.
(C) Graph-c may be a part of the graph for ray of light
that is incident on denser medium.
(A) yellow ray travels without deviation (D) Graph-b may be a part of the graph for ray of light
(B) blue ray is deviated towards the vertex that is reflected from a plane mirror
(C) red ray is deviated towards the base
(D) there is no dispersion 36. In the figure shown a point object O is placed in air on
the principal axis. The radius of curvature of the
32. The figure shows a ray incident at an angle i = π/3. If spherical surface is 60 cm. If is the final image formed
the plot drawn shows the variation of ∣ r − i ∣ versus after all the refractions and reflections.
μ1
= k, (r = angle of refraction )
μ2

2
(A) the value of k1 is
√3
π
(B) the value of θ1 = (A) If d1 = 120 cm, then the ' If ' is formed on ' O ' for
6
(C) the value of θ2 =
π any value of d2 .
3 (B) If d1 = 240 cm, then the ' If ' is formed on ' O ' only
(D) the value of k 2 is 1 if d2 = 360 cm.
33. For the refraction of light through a prism (C) If d1 = 240 cm, then the ' If ' is formed on ' O ' for
(A) For every angle of deviation there are two angles all values of d2 .
of incidence. (D) If d1 = 240 cm, then the 'If' cannot be formed on ' O '.
(B) The light travelling inside an equilateral prism is
necessarily parallel to the base when prism is set for 37. Optical axis of a thin equi-convex lens is the X -axis.
minimum deviation. The co-ordinate of a point object and its image are
(C) There are two angles of incidence for maximum (−20 cm, 1 cm) and (25 cm, −2 cm) respectively
deviation. (A) the lens is located at x = 5 cm
(D) Angle of minimum deviation will increase if (B) the lens is located at x = −5 cm
refractive index of prism is increased keeping the (C) the focal length of the lens is 10 cm
outside medium unchanged if μP > μS (D) the focal length of the lens is 15 cm

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38. The principal axis of an optical device is along y = −1, 42. Which of the following silvered lenses kept in air may
image of a small body placed at (−30,3) is formed at a form real image of a real object.
point (60, −3). Then the optical device is
(A) A convex lens of focal length 20 cm
(B) A concave mirror of focal length 60 cm
(C) A concave lens of focal length 20 cm
(D) A convex mirror of focal length 60 cm

39. A concave lens is placed in the path of a uniform 43. A man wanted to get a picture of a Zebra. He
parallel beam of light falling on a screen as shown. photographed a white donkey after fitting a glass with
Then black streaks onto the objective of his camera.
(A) the image will look like a white donkey on the
photograph.
(B) the image will look like a Zebra on the photograph.
(C) the image will be more intense compared to the
case in which no such glass is used.
(D) the image will be less intense compared to the case
in which no such glass is used.
44. A lens is formed by a material having refecting index
3
& radii of curvature 20 cm&10 cm. Then choose the
2
correct option(s):
(A) If lens is concavo-convex & light is falling on the
surface having radius of curvature 20 cm, then focal
length is 40 cm
(A) intensity of light will be the uniform everywhere (B) If lens is concavo-convex & light is falling on the
on the screen. surface having radius of curvature 10 cm, then focal
(B) intensity in the region AB will be lesser than what length is -40 cm
it would be in the absence of the lens. (C) If lens is convexo-concave & light is falling on the
(C) in the region AC and BD, the intensity will be lesser surface having radius of curvature 20 cm, then focal
than what it would be in the absence of the lens. length is 40 cm
(D) in the region AC and BD, the intensity will be more (D) If lens is convexo-concave & light is falling on the
than what it would be in the absence of the lens. surface having radius of curvature 10 cm, then focal
length is -40 cm
40. In displacement method, the distance between object COMPREHENSION TYPE QUESTIONS
and screen is 96 cm. The ratio of length of two images Paragraph for Question 45 and 46
formed by a convex lens placed between them is 4.84: If Snell's law is found valid for two media, whose
(A) Ratio of the length of object to the length of shorter refractive indexes have opposite signs, the incident
image is 11/5. and the refracted rays must lay on the same side of the
(B) Distance between the two positions of the lens is normal at the point of incidence. In the figure is shown
36 cm. a ray crossing the interface between two media makes
(C) Focal length of the lens is 20.625 cm. angle θ1 and θ2 with the normal in medium-I and
(D) Distance of the lens from the shorter image is 30 medium-II of refractive indexes μ1 and μ2 . Refractive
cm. indexed of these media have opposite signs.
41. Figure shows a convex lens cut symmetrically into two
equal halves and separated laterally by a distance h.
point object O placed symmetrically at a distance 30
cm, from the lens halves, within the focus, forms two
images separated by a distance d. A plot of d versus h
is shown in figure. The focal length of the lens is
(A) 22.5 cm
(B) 40 cm
(C) 45 cm
(D) 20 cm

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Snell's law is expressed for the above situation as For the reflected wave of same type, vi = vr as the
usual by the equation μ1 sin θ1 = μ2 sin θ2 . Therefore, wave returns to the same medium. Thus sin i =
to satisfy equation μ1 sin θ1 = μ2 sin θ2 , the angles θ1 sin r ⇒ i = r.
and θ2 must also have opposite signs. It is observed that when a longitudinal wave reaches
at a surface, it generates longitudinal and transverse
45. A self-luminous point object placed at distance x0 from wave. These two waves get reflected and transmitted
a slab of transparent material of negative refractive in direction suggested by Snell's law.
index is viewed through it as shown in the figure. Given:
Thickness of the slab is d, refractive index of material that velocity of longitudinal wave in steel = 4000 m/s
of the slab with respect to the outside medium is μ = velocity of longitudinal wave in cast iron = 3000 m/s
−1. For different magnitudes of value of x0 and d the velocity of transverse wave in steel = 3200 m/s
observer may find real or virtual image of the object. velocity of transverse wave in cast iron = 1600 m/s
Which of the following statement is true? Do not use Longitudinal waves come at boundary of cast iron and
any sign conventions. steel from cast iron at angle of incidence i.

(A) If x0 > d image is virtual and for x0 < d image is

real.
(B) If x0 < d image is virtual and for x0 > d image is
real. 47. If the longitudinal wave is incident at an angle of 30∘ ,
(C) If x0 ≤ d image is virtual and for x0 > d image is then the angle between the refracted longitudinal and
real. reflected transverse wave will be
2 4
(D) If x0 > d image is virtual and for x0 ≤ d image is (A) sin−1 − sin−1
3 15
real. (B) sin−1
2
+ sin−1
4
3 15
2 4
46. Suppose a virtual object is placed instead of a real (C) π − sin−1 − sin−1
3 15
5π −1 2
object at a distance x0 from the surface A of the slab. (D) − sin
6 3
Now which of the following statement is true? Do not
use any sign conventions. 48. If the angle of incidence of longitudinal wave is such
(A) If x0 < d a real image is formed outside the slab that produced longitudinal wave just fails to enter
and for, x0 > d a virtual image is formed inside the steel, then the angle of reflection for transverse wave
slab. will be:
(B) If x0 < d a real image is formed and for x0 > d a 3
(A) sin−1
virtual image is formed and in both the case the image 4
2
is outside the slab. (B) sin−1
5
(C) For both the cases x0 < d and x0 > d a real and 4
(C) sin−1
erect image is formed outside the slab. π
5
(D) For both the cases x0 < d and x0 > d a real and (D)
2
inverted image is formed outside the slab.
49. Choose the CORRECT statement:
Paragraph for Question No. 47 to 49 (A) For any angle of incidence, we can never get
When a wave reaches at boundary of any medium it transverse wave in steel.
get partially refracted and partially reflected. (B) Reflected longitudinal wave will be closer to
Direction of refracted as well as reflected ray can be normal than reflected transverse wave (normal is
given by Snell's law. taken towards cast iron)
sin i sin r (C) Refracted transverse wave will bend towards the
= v = velocity of incident wave
vi vr i normal.
vr = velocity of reflected/refracted wave (D) Refracted longitudinal wave will bend away from
the normal.

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Paragraph for Question 50 & 51 Figure shows an example of an optical system

An object O is placed at the bottom of a pond of depth designed to detect the amount of water present on the
1 m. A fish is lying at the bottom of the pond as shown windshield of a car to adjust the wiper speed. As
in figure. shown in this figure, we can use the windshield as a
waveguide to guide the light from a source located at
one end (bottom of the windshield) to a detector
located in the opposite end. The light suffers total-
internal reflection (TIR) at the glass-air interface.
However, when rain drops are present, some of the
light will suffer frustrated TIR escaping outside the
waveguide. Since we know the power of the light
source, a given drop in power can be correlated to the
50. If refractive index of the liquid is √2, what will be amount of water present and used to adjust the wiper
minimum distance between fish and the object so that speed.
image of the object can be seen by the fish.
(A) 3 m
(B) 2m
(C) 1 m
(D) none of these

51. Suppose fish is observing the image and object starts

moving vertically upwards. Pick the correct option
(A) image will not move
(B) image will move vertically upwards 52. Choose the CORRECT statement.
(C) image will move vertically downward (A) The energy carried by evanescent wave is zero in
(D) none of these both TIR and FTIR.
(B) The energy carried by evanescent wave is non-
Paragraph for Question 52 & 54 zero in both TIR and FTIR.
Frustrated TIR (F-TIR): In optics, when light rays (C) The energy carried by evanescent wave is zero in
traveling in a denser medium strike at medium TIR and non-zero in FTIR.
boundary at an angle greater than critical angle, TIR (D) The energy carried by evanescent wave is non-
occurs and a surface wave which is called Evanescent zero in TIR and zero in FTIR.
wave forms in rarer medium. An evanescent wave is a
near-field standing wave with an intensity that 53. In the following systems which should not be based on
exhibits exponential decay with distance (less than FTIR?
wavelength) from the boundary at which the wave is (A) Credit card swiping system
formed. Imagine that a beam of light traveling within a (B) Thumb attendance system
block of glass is internally reflected at a boundary. (C) Finger print scanner
Presumably if you pressed another piece of glass (D) Multi touch screen
against the first, the air-glass interface would be made
to vanish and the beam would then propagate onward 54. For the wiper speed control system to work, the angle
undisturbed. Further more, this transition from total of incidence on the glass air interface is θ, then
to no reflection occurs gradually as the air film μwater
between them thinned out as explained above, when (A) θ < sin−1 ( )
μglass
third medium with a higher refractive index (than the μwater
(B) θ > sin−1 ( )
low-index second medium) is placed within less than μglass
several wavelengths distance from the interface μair μwater
(C) sin−1 ( ) < θ < sin−1 ( )
between the first medium and the second medium, the μglass μglass
evanescent wave will be different from the one under (D) θ > sin−1 (
μair
)
"ordinary conditions" and it will pass energy across μglass

the second into the third medium (evanescent wave

coupling). This process is called "frustrated" total Paragraph for Questions 55 and 56
internal reflection (FTIR) and is very similar to There is a spherical glass ball of refractive index μ1 and
quantum tunneling. An example of application of this another glass ball of refractive index μ2 inside it as
principle is automatic Wiper speed control found in shown in figure. The radius of the outer ball is R1 and
high end cars like Skoda, Audi, BMW etc. that of inner ball is R 2 . A ray is incident on the outer
surface of the ball at an angle i1 .

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59. Suppose that a sharp image must be formed on a card

which is at a certain distance behind the lens
[figure(b)], while you move the turnip away from the
lens, then you should

55. Find the value of r1

sin i1 (A) decrease the squeeze of the lens
(A) sin−1 ( )
μ1 (B) increase the squeeze of the lens
(B) sin−1 (μ1 sin i1 ) (C) keep the card and lens as it is.
μ
(C) sin−1 ( 1 ) (D) move the card away from the lens
sin i1
1
(D) sin −1
( ) MATRIX MATCH TYPE QUESTIONS
μ1 sin i1
60. Light is incident at surface PQ of prism as shown in
column I then match the column I with column II
56. Find the value of r2 (surrounding medium is air in all cases)
R
(A) sin−1 ( 1 sin i1 )
μ2 R2
R2
(B) sin−1
( sin i1 )
μ2 R1
R1 1
(C) sin−1 ( )
μ1 R2 sin i1
R2
(D) sin−1 ( sin i1 )
μ1 R1

Paragraph for Questions 57 and 59

A turnip sits before a thin converging lens, outside the
focal point of the lens. The lens is filled with a
transparent gel so that it is flexible; by squeezing its
ends toward its center [as indicated in figure(a)], you
can change the curvature of its front and rear sides.

57. When you squeeze the lens, the image.

(A) moves towards the lens
(B) moves away from the lens
(C) shifts up
(D) remains as it is

58. When you squeeze the lens, the lateral height of image.
(A) increases
(B) decreases
(C) remains same
(D) data insufficient

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61. A very small circular object is kept in front of an optical 63. A light ray parallel to the x-axis strikes the outer
device as shown in figure. The plane of object is reflecting surface of a sphere at a point (2,2,0). Its
parallel to the optical device. Match the images as seen center is at the point (0,0, −1). The unit vector along
by the observer (ignoring magnification): the direction of the reflected rays is xî + yî + zk̂. Find
yz
the value of 2
x

64. A point object is placed at the centre of curvature of a

concave mirror (taken as origin). A plane mirror is also
placed at a distance of 10 cm from the object as shown.
Consider two reflection first at plane mirror and then
at concave mirror (x0 , y0 ).
πx0
Find the coordinates of the image thus formed are.
y0

65. Find the co-ordinates of image of point object P

formed after two successive reflection in situation as
shown in figure considering first reflection at concave
mirror and then at convex.

62. Medium of lens in (R), (S), (T) is denser than

surroundings

66. A ray of light travelling in air is incident at grazing

angle (incident angle = 90∘ ) on a long rectangular
slab of a transparent medium of thickness t = 1.0 (see
figure). The point of incidence is the origin A(O, O).
The medium has a variable index of refraction n(y)
1/2
given by: n (y) = [ky 3/2 + 1] , where k = 1.0 m−3/2 .
The refractive index of air is 1.0.

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(i) Obtain a relation between the slope (dy/dx) of the

trajectory of the ray at a point B(x, y) in the medium
and the incident angle (i) at that point.
(ii) Find the value of nsin i.
(iii) Obtain an equation for the trajectory y(x) of the
ray in the medium.
(iv) Determine the coordinates (x1 , y1 ) of the point P,
where the ray the ray intersects the upper surface of
the slab-air boundary.
(v) Indicate the path of the ray subsequently.

67. A narrow beam of light passing through the 71. A parallel beam of light falls normally on the first face
hemisphere of material with refractive index n, of a prism of small angle. At the second face it is partly
intersects at point O. Where does the beam converge transmitted and partly reflected, the reflected beam
(i.e. y in cm ) if beam were to travel in the opposite striking at the first face again, and emerging from it in
direction as shown in figure (b)? The value of x is given a direction making an angle 6∘ 30′ with the reversed
to be 10 cm. Radius of the hemisphere is also 10 cm. direction of the incident beam. The refracted beam is
found to have undergone a deviation of 1∘ 15′ from the
original direction. Find the refractive index of the glass
and the angle of the prism.

72. A composite slab consisting of different media is

placed infront of a concave mirror of radius of
68. A light beam of diameter √3R is incident curvature 150 cm. The whole arrangement is placed in
symmetrically on a glass hemisphere of radius R and water. An object O is placed at a distance 20 cm from
of refractive index n = √3. Find the radius of the beam the slab. The R.I. of different media are given in the
at the base of hemisphere diagram. Find the position of the final image formed
by the system.

69. A surveyor on one bank of canal observes the images

of the 4 inch mark and 17 ft mark on a vertical staff, 73. The rectangular box shown is the place of lens. By
which is partially immersed in the water and held looking at the ray diagram, answer the following
against the bank directly opposite to him. He see that questions:
reflected and refracted rays come from the same point
which is the centre of the canal. If the 17 ft mark and
the surveyor's eye are both 6 ft above the water level,
estimate the width of the canal, assuming that the
refractive index of the water is 4/3. Zero mark is at the
bottom of the canal.

70. A hollow sphere of glass of R.I. n has a small mark M

on its interior surface which is observed by an
observer O from a point outside the sphere. C is centre
of the sphere. The inner cavity (air) is concentric with
the external surface and thickness of the glass is every
where equal to the radius of the inner surface. Find the (i) If X is 5 cm then what is the focal length of the lens?
distance by which the mark will appear nearer than it (ii) If the point O is 1 cm above the axis then what is
really is in terms of n and R assuming paraxial rays. the position of the image? Consider the optical center
of the lens to be the origin.

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74. A luminous point P is inside a circle. A ray enters from 77. An observer holds in front of himself a thin
P and after two reflections by the circle, return to P. If symmetrical converging lens; a is the numerical value
θ be the angle of incidence, a the distance of P from the of the radius of curvature of each face. He sees two
centre of the circle and b the distance of the centre images of his eyes, one erect and the other inverted.
from the point where the ray in its course crosses the Explain the formation of these images and assuming
a−b the refractive index of glass to be 1.50, prove that he
diameter through P, prove that tan θ = √ will see two erect images if the distance of the lens is
a+b
less than 0.25 a.
75. A parallel beam of light of diameter 4 cm falls on a thin
convex lens of focal length 40 cm and then on a thin 78. A point source of light is placed 60 cm away from
convex lens of focal length 10 cm as shown in figure screen. Intensity detected at point P is I. Now a
(a). In figure (b) the second lens is an equiconcave lens diverging lens of focal length 20 cm is placed 20 cm
of focal length 10 cm. In both the cases, the second lens away from S between S and P. The lens transmits 75%
has an aperture equal to 1 cm and μ = 1.5. Compare of light incident on it. Find the new value of intensity
the area illuminated by the beam of light on the screen, at P.
which passes through the second lens in the two cases.

79. Two rays travelling parallel to the principal axis strike

a large plano-convex lens having a refractive index of
1.60. If the convex face is spherical, a ray near the edge
does not pass through the focal point (spherical
aberration occurs). If this face has a radius of
curvature of magnitude 20.0 cm and the two rays are
h1 = 0.500 cm and h2 = 12.0 cm from the principal
axis, find the difference in the positions where they
cross the principal axis.

76. A convex lens of focal length 15 cm and a concave

mirror of focal 30 cm are kept with their optic axes PQ
and RS parallel but separated in vertical direction by
0.6 cm as shown. The distance between the lens and
mirror is 30 cm. An upright object AB of height 1.2 cm
is placed on the optic axis PQ of the lens at a distance 80. Water level in the tank is decreasing at a constant rate
of 20 cm from the lens. If A′ B ′ is the image after of 1 cm/s. A small metal sphere is moving downwards
refraction from the lens and reflection from the mirror, with a constant velocity 5 cm/s. Base of the tank is a
find the distance of A′ B ′ from thepole of the mirror concave mirror of radius 40 cm. Find the velocity of
and obtain its magnification. Also locate positions of A′ the image seen [ Take a μw = 4/3 ].
and B ′ with respect to the optic axis RS. (a) directly
(b) after reflection at the mirror

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81. A man places his eye parallel to rim of a cylinder. When 84. A prism of refractive index n1 & another prism of
the cylinder is empty, the man cannot see anything refractive index n2 are stuck together without a gap as
inside the cylinder. Now, the cylinder is filled by two shown in the figure. The angles of the prisms are as
immiscible liquids to the top. Both the liquid layers shown. n1 &n2 depend on λ, the wavelength of light
have the same width. Now from the same position, the according to n1 = 1.20 +
10.8×104
&n2 = 1.45 +
observer can just see the base of the cylinder. The λ2
1.80×104
upper layer has refractive index √2. If the height of the where λ is in nm.
λ2
cylinder is 2 H and the diameter of the base is 3 H then
find out the refractive index of the lower layer.

82. A large glass cube (n = 1.5) has a small air bubble (i) Calculate the wavelength λ0 for which rays incident
below one surface. When a rupee coin (diameter 2 cm at any angle on the interface BC pass through without
) is placed directly over the bubble on the outside of bending at that interface.
the cube, the bubble cannot be seen by looking down (ii) For light of wavelength λ0 , find the angle of
into the cube at any angle. However when a 50 paise incidence i on the face AC such that the deviation
coin (diameter 1.5 cm ) is placed directly over it, the produced by the combination of prisms is minimum.
bubble can be seen by the looking down into the cube.
What is the range of the possible depths d of the air 85. Two rays are incident on a spherical mirror or radius
bubble beneath the surface? of R = 5 cm parallel to its optical axis at the distance
h1 = 0.5 cm and h2 = 3 cm. Determine the distance Δx
between the point at which these rays intersect the
optical axis after being reflected at the mirror.

86. Two spherical mirrors, one convex and the other

concave, each of same radius of curvature R are
arranged coaxially at a distance of 2R from each other
as shown in figure. A small circle of radius a is drawn
on the convex mirror. What is the radii of first three
83. The refractive indices of the crown glass for violet and images of the circle.
red lights are 1.51 and 1.49 respectively and those of
the flint glass are 1.77 and 1.73 respectively. A prism
of angle 6∘ is made of crown glass. A beam of white
light is incident at a small angle on this prism. The
other thin flint glass prism is combined with the crown
glass prism such that the net mean deviation is 1.5∘
anticlockwise.
(i) Determine the angle of the flint glass prism.
87. The figure shows a very long circular cylinder of
(ii) A screen is placed normal to the emerging beam at
radius R made of glass μg = 3/2 fixed to the horizontal
a distance of 2 m from the prism combination. Find the
surface. The space between the cylinder and a vertical
distance between red and violet spot on the screen.
wall (plane mirror) is filled with water of refractive
Which is the top most colour on screen.
index μw = 4/3, as shown in figure

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Find the positions of the final image formed of an 3. What is the position and nature of image formed by
object O placed on the horizontal axis passing through lens combination shown in figure? (f1 , f2 are focal
the centre of mass C of the cylinder as shown in figure. lengths ) [JEE MAIN 2019]
Express you answer with respect to centre C of the
cylinder. Consider only paraxial rays lying in the
vertical plane containing the point O and C.

88. An equilateral prism ABC is placed in air with its base

side C lying horizontally along X-axis as shown in the
figure. A ray given by √3z + x = 10 is incident at a
point P on face AB of prism (A) 70 cm from point B at left; virtual
(B) 40 cm from point B at right; real
20
(C) cm from point B at right, real
3
(D) 70 cm from point B at right; real
4. An observer can see through a small hole on the side
of a jar (radius 15 cm ) at a point at height of 15 cm
from the bottom (see figure). The hole is at a height of
45 cm. When the jar is filled with a liquid up to a
height of 30 cm the same observer can see the edge at
the bottom of the jar. If the refractive index of the
(a) Find the value of μ for which the ray grazes the
liquid is N/100, where N is an integer, the value of N
faces AC.
is [JEE MAIN 2020]
(b) Find direction of the finally refracted ray if μ =
3/2.
(c) Find the equation of ray coming out of prism if
bottom BC is silvered ?

EXERCISE – JEE MAIN

1. A convex lens is put 10 cm from a light source and it
makes a sharp image on a screen, kept 10 cm from the
lens. Now a glass block (refractive index 1.5) of 1.5 cm
thickness is placed in contact with the light source. To
get the sharp image again, the screem is shifted by a
distance d. Then d is: [JEE MAIN 2019] 5. When an object is kept at a distance of 30 cm from a
(A) 1.1 cm away from the lens concave mirror, the image is formed at a distance of
(B) 0 10 cm from the mirror. If the object is moved with a
(C) 0.55 cm towards the lens speed of 9cms −1 , the speed (in cms −1 ) with which
(D) 0.55 cm away from the lens image moves at that instant is [JEE MAIN 2020]
2. A point source of light, S is placed at a distance L in 6. A point like object is placed at a distance of 1 m in
front of the centre of plane mirror of width d which is front of a convex lens of focal length 0.5 m. A plane
hanging vertically on a wall. A man walks in front of mirror is placed at a distance of 2 m behind the lens.
the mirror along a line parallel to the mirror, at a The position and nature of the final image formed by
distance 2 L as shown below. The distance over which the system is [JEE MAIN 2020]
the man can see the image of the light source in the (A) 2.6 m from the mirror, real
mirror is: [JEE MAIN 2019] (B) 1 m from the mirror, real
(C) 2.6 m from the mirror, virtual
(D) 1 m from the mirror, virtual
7. Two immiscible liquids of refractive index √2 and 2√2
are filled with equal height h in a vessel. Then
apparent depth of bottom surface of the container
given that outside medium is air: [JEE MAIN 2020]
3√2h 3h 3h 3h
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(A) d (B) 2d 4 4 2 4√2
d
(C) 3d (D)
2

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8. A short straight object of height 100 cm lies before the 13.

1 1
The graph between and for a thin convex lens in
u v
central axis of a spherical mirror whose focal length has
order to determine its focal length is plotted as shown
absolute value |f| = 40 cm. The image of object
in the figure. The refractive index of length is 1.5 and
produced by the mirror is of height 25 cm and has the
its both the surfaces have same radius of curvatures
same orientation of the object. One may conclude from
R. The value of R will be cm. [JEE MAIN 2022]
the information: [JEE MAIN 2021]
(Where u = object distance, v = image distance)
(A) Image is real, same side of concave mirror.
(B) Image is virtual, opposite side of convex mirror.
(C) Image is virtual, opposite side of concave mirror.
(D) Image is real, same side of convex mirror.
9. The image of an object placed in air formed by a
convex refracting surface is at a distance of 10 m
2rd
behind the surface. The image is real and is at of the
3
distance of the object from the surface. The
2
wavelength of light inside the surface is times the
3
wavelength in air. The radius of the curved surface is
x
m. the value of ' x ′ is [JEE MAIN 2021] 14. In the given figure, the face AC of the equilateral prism
13
is immersed in a liquid of refractive index ' n '. For
10. Three rays of light, namely red (R), green (G) and blue incident angle 60∘ at the side AC, the refracted light
(B) are incident on the face PQ of a right-angled prism beam just grazes along face AC. The refractive index of
PQR as shown in figure. [JEE MAIN 2021] √x
the liquid n = . The value of x is [JEE MAIN 2022]
4
(Given refractive index of glass = 1.5)

The refractive indices of the material of the prism for

red, green and blue wavelength are 1.27, 1.42 and 1.49
respectively. The colour of the ray(s) emerging out of 15. In normal adjustment, for a refracting telescope, the
the face PR is : distance between objective and eye piece is 30 cm.
(A) green (B) red The focal length of the objective, when the angular
(C) blue and green (D) blue magnification of the telescope is 2 , will be:
11. An object viewed from a near point distance of 25 cm, [JEE MAIN 2022]
using a microscopic lens with magnification '6', gives (A) 20 cm
an unresolved image. A resolved image is observed at (B) 30 cm
infinite distance with a total magnification double the (C) 10 cm
earlier using an eyepiece along with the given lens and (D) 15 cm
a tube of length 0.6 m, if the focal length of the 16. A thin prism P1 with an angle 6∘ and made of glass of
eyepiece is equal to cm. [JEE MAIN 2021] refractive index 1.54 is combined with another prism
12. A prism of refractive index μ and angle of prism A is P2 made from glass of refractive index 1.72 to produce
placed in the position of minimum angle of deviation. dispersion without average deviation. The angle of
If minimum angle of deviation is also A, then in terms prism P2 is : [JEE MAIN 2023]
of refractive index [JEE MAIN 2021] (A) 6∘ (B) 1.3∘
−1 μ
(A) 2cos ( ) (C) 7.8∘ (D) 4.5∘
2
μ 17. A pole is vertically submerged in swimming pool, such
(B) sin−1 ( )
2 that it gives a length of shadow 2.15 m within water
(C) sin−1 (√
μ−1
) when sunlight is incident at an angle of 30∘ with the
2 surface of water. If swimming pool is filled to a height
μ
(D) cos −1 ( ) of 1.5 m, then the height of the pole above the water
2 4
surface in centimeters is (nw = ) [JEE MAIN 2023]
3

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18. A 2 meter long scale with least count of 0.2 cm is used 2. Two identical glass rods S1 and S2 (refractive index =
to measure the locations of objects on an optical 1.5 ) have one convex end of radius of curvature 10 cm.
bench. While measuring the focal length of a convex They are placed with the curved surfaces at a distance
lens, the object pin and the convex lens are placed at d as shown in the figure, with their axes (shown by the
80 cm mark and 1 m mark, respectively. The image of dashed line) aligned. When a point source of light P is
the object pin on the other side of lens coincides with placed inside rod S1 on its axis at a distance of 50 cm
image pin that is kept at 180 cm mark. The % error in from the curved face, the light rays emanating from it
the estimation of focal length is: [JEE MAIN 2023] are found to be parallel to the axis inside S2 . The
(A) 0.85 (B) 1.70 (C) 1.02 (D) 0.51 distance d is
[JEE ADVANCED 2015]
19. A point object O is placed in front of two thin
symmetrical coaxial convex lenses L1 and L2 with
focal length 24 cm and 9 cm respectively. The distance
between two lenses is 10 cm and the object is placed
6 cm away from lens L1 as shown in the figure. The
distance between the object and the image formed by
the system of two lenses is cm [JEE MAIN 2023] (A) 60 cm
(B) 70 cm
(C) 80 cm
(D) 90 cm
3. A monochromatic beam of light is incident at 60∘ on
one face of an equilateral prism of refractive index n
and emerges from the opposite face making an angle
20. An ice cube has a bubble inside. When viewed from θ(n) with the normal (see the figure). For n = √3 the
dθ
one side the apparent distance of the bubble is 12 cm. value of θ is 60∘ and = m The value of m is
dn
When viewed from the opposite side, the apparent [JEE ADVANCED 2015]
distance of the bubble is observed as 4 cm. If the side
of the ice cube is 24 cm, the refractive index of the ice
cube is [JEE MAIN 2023]
3 2 6 4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 5 3

21. A bi convex lens of focal length 10 cm is cut in two

identical parts along a plane perpendicular to the
principal axis. The power of each lens after cut is
[JEE MAIN 2023]
Paragraph (For questions No. 4 & 5)
EXERCISE – JEE ADVANCED Light guidance in an optical fiber can be understood
1. Consider a concave mirror and a convex lens by considering a structure comprising of thin solid
(refractive index = 1.5 ) of focal length 10 cm each, glass cylinder of refractive index n1 surrounded by a
separated by a distance of 50 cm in air (refractive medium of lower refractive index n2 . The light
index = 1 ) as shown in the figure. An object is placed guidance in the structure takes place due to successive
at a distance of 15 cm from the mirror. Its erect image total internal reflections at the interface of the media
formed by this combination has magnification M1 . n1 and n2 as shown in the figure. All rays with the angle
When the set- up is kept in a medium of refractive of incidence i less than a particular value im are
index 7/6, the magnification becomes M2 . The confined in the medium of refractive index n1 . The
M
magnitude | 2 | is numerical aperture (NA) of the structure is defined as
M1
[JEE ADVANCED 2015] sin im .
[JEE ADVANCED 2015]

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4. For two structures namely S1 with n1 = √45/4 and 8. A transparent slab of thickness d has a refractive index
n2 = 3/2 and S2 with n1 = 8/5 and n2 = 7/5 and n(z) that increases with z. Here z is the vertical
taking the refractive index of water to be 4/3 and that distance inside the slab, measured from the top. The
of air to be 1, the correct option(s) is(are) slab is placed between two media with uniform
(A) NA of S1 immersed in water is the same as that of refractive indices n1 and n2 (> n1 ), as shown in the
16
S2 immersed in a liquid of refractive index figure. A ray of light is incident with angle θi from
3√15
(B) NA of S1 immersed in liquid of refractive index
6 medium 1 and emerges in medium 2 with refraction
√15 angle θf with a lateral displacement l.
is the same as that of S2 immersed in water
(C) NA of S1 placed in air is the same as that of S2
4
immersed in liquid of refractive index
√15
(D) NA of S1 placed in air is the same as that of S2
placed in water
5. If two structures of same cross-sectional area, but
different numerical apertures NA1 and NA2 (NA2 <
NA1 ) are joined longitudinally, the numerical aperture
of the combined structure is Which of the following statement (s) is (are) true?
NA NA
(A) 1 2 [JEE ADVANCED 2016]
NA1 +NA2
(B) NA1 + NA2 (A) n1 sin θi = n2 sin θf
(C) NA1 (B) n1 sin θi = (n2 − n1 )sin θf
(D) NA2 (C) l is independent of n2
(D) l is dependent on n(z)
6. A parallel beam of light is incident from air to an angle
α on the side PQ of a right angled triangular prism of 9. A small object is placed 50 cm to the left of a thin
refractive index n = √2. Light undergoes total internal convex lens of focal length 30 cm. A convex spherical
reflection in the prism at the face PR when α has a mirror of radius of curvature 100 cm is placed to the
minimum value of 45∘ . The angle θ of the prism is right of the lens at a distance of 50 cm. The mirror is
[JEE ADVANCED 2016] tilted such that the axis of the mirror is at an angle θ =
30∘ to the axis of the lens, as shown in the figure.

10. If the origin of the coordinate system is taken to be at

the centre of the lens, the coordinates (in cm) of the
(A) 15∘ point (x, y) at which the image is formed are
. (B) 22.5∘ [JEE ADVANCED 2016]
(C) 30∘ (A) (0,0) (B) (50 − 25√3, 25)
(D) 45∘ 125 25
(C) (25,25√3) (D) ( , )
3 √3
7. A plano-convex lens is made of a material of refractive
index n. When a small object is placed 30 cm away in 11. A monochromatic light is travelling in a medium of
front of the curved surface of the lens, an image of refractive index n = 1.6. It enters a stack of glass layers
double the size of the object is produced. Due to from the bottom side at an angle θ = 30∘ . The
reflection from the convex surface of the lens, another interfaces of the glass layers are parallel to each other.
faint image is observed at a distance of 10 cm away The refractive indices of different glass layers are
from the lens. Which of the following statement(s) monotonically decreasing as nm = n − mΔn, where
is(are) true?
nm is the refractive index of the mth slab and Δn = 0.1
[JEE ADVANCED 2016]
(see the figure). The ray is refracted out parallel to the
(A) The refractive index of the lens is 2.5
interface between the (m − 1)th and mth slabs from
(B) The radius of curvature of the convex surface is 45 cm
the right side of the stack. What is the value of m ?
(C) The faint image is erect and real
[JEE ADVANCED 2017]
(D) The focal length of the lens is 20 cm

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15. A thin convex lens is made of two materials with

refractive indices n1 and n2 , as shown in figure. The
radius of curvature of the left and right spherical
surfaces are equal, f is the focal length of the lens when
n1 = n2 = n. The focal length is f + Δf when n1 = n
and n2 = n + Δn. Assuming Δn ≪ (n − 1) and 1 < n <
2, the correct statement(s) is/are,
[JEE ADVANCED 2019]

12. For an isosceles prism of angle A and refractive index

μ, it is found that the angle of minimum deviation δm =
A. Which of the following options is/are correct?
Δn Δf
[JEE ADVANCED 2017] (1) If < 0 then > 0
n f
(A) At minimum deviation, the incident angle i1 and (2) For n = 1.5, Δn = 10−3 and f = 20 cm, the value of
the refracting angle r1 at the first refracting surface are |Δf| will be 0.02 cm (round off to 2nd decimal place).
related by r1 = (i1 /2) Δf Δn
(3) The relation between and remains unchanged
(B) For this prism, the refractive index μ and the angle f n
1 μ if both the convex surfaces are replaced by concave
of prism A are related as A = cos −1 ( )
2 2 surfaces of the same radius of curvature.
(C) For this prism the emergent ray at the second Δf Δn
(4) | | < | |
surface will be tangential to the surface when the f n
angle of incidence at the first surface is i1 = 16. A planar structure of length L and width W is made of
A two different optical media of refractive indices n1 =
sin−1 [sin A√4cos 2 − 1 − cos A]
2 1.5 and n2 = 1.44 as shown in figure. If L ≫ W, a ray
(D) For the angle of incidence i1 = A, the ray inside the entering from end AB will emerge from end CD only if
prism is parallel to the base of the prism the total internal reflection condition is met inside the
structure. For L = 9.6 m. if the incident angle θ is
13. Sunlight of intensity 1.3 kW m−2 is incident normally varied, the maximum time taken by a ray to exit the
on a thin convex lens of focal length 20 cm. Ignore the plane CD is t × 10−9 s, where t is ________.
energy loss of light due to the lens and assume that the [Speed of light c = 3 × 108 m/s ]
lens aperture size is much smaller than its focal length. [JEE ADVANCED 2019]
The average intensity of light, in kWm−2 , at a distance
22 cm from the lens on the other side is ________.
[JEE ADVANCED 2018]
14. A wire is bent in the shape of a right angled triangle
and is placed in front of a concave mirror of focal
length f, as shown in the figure. Which of the figures
17. Three glass cylinders of equal height H = 30 cm and
shown in the four options qualitatively represent(s)
same refractive index n = 1.5 are placed on a
the shape of the image of the bent wire? (These figures
horizontal surface as shown in figure. Cylinder I has a
are not to scale.)
flat top. cylinder II has a convex top and cylinder III has
[JEE ADVANCED 2018]
a concave top. The radii of curvature of the two curved
tops are same (R = 3 m). If H1 , H2 , and H3 are the
apparent depths of a point X on the bottom of the three
cylinders, respectively, the correct statement(s)
is/are: [JEE ADVANCED 2019]

(1) H2 > H1 (2) H2 > H3

(3) H3 > H1 (4) 0.8 cm < (H2 − H1 ) < 0.9 cm

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18. A monochromatic light is incident from air on a

refracting surface of a prism of angle 75∘ and refractive
index n0 = √3. The other refracting surface of the
prism is coated by a thin film of material of refractive
index n as shown in figure. The light suffers total
internal reflection at the coated prism surface for an
incidence angle of θ ≤ 60∘ . The value of n2 is _____.
[JEE ADVANCED 2019]

19. An optical bench has 1.5 m long scale having four

equal divisions in each cm. While measuring the focal
length of a convex lens, the lens is kept at 75 cm mark
of the scale and the object pin is kept at 45 cm mark.
The image of the object pin on the other side of the
lens overlaps with image pin that is kept at 135 cm
mark. In this experiment, the percentage error in the
measurement of the focal length of the lens is ________.
[JEE ADVANCED 2019]

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ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE-I
1. A 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. D 7. A 8. B 9. C 10. B 11. C 12. D
13. B 14. D 15. A 16. B 17. C 18. A 19. B 20. A 21. A 22. B 23. D 24. D
25. C 26. A 27. D 28. D 29. C 30. B 31. A 32. C 33. B 34. A 35. A 36. D
10 32
37. C 38. B 39. 2 mm 40. d/2 41. 16 mm3
42. 25 43. 2 44. ( m) 45. , Expanding
3 9
1/2
3 2√2 1 b(1−μ2 cos2 θ)
46. 5 47. r = î + ĵ − k̂ (angle of incidence = 60 ; r = 45 ) ∘ ∘
48.
5√2 5 √2 sin θ
1
49. 8 50. 42 cm 51. (a) sin −1
( ) (b) air 52. θ = 53 ∘
53. θ < sin −1 (2sin 15∘ )
5
8 4 x
54. mm 55. 56. 2 57. 30 58. y = − + 0.1
3 3 400
59. Real, below principal axis, anywhere b/wP&F1 60. 53 61. 2h 62. d = 6 cm
π
63. 3 64. (i) 0.2 m ; (ii) 0.4 m 65. ( ) cm2 66. 17.5 cm
4
67. (a) f = −20 cm, (b) +80 cm , convergent achromatic lens
EXERCISE-II
1. B,C 2. D 3. D 4. C 5. C 6. D 7. C 8. D 9. A 10. A 11. C 12. A
13. C 14. A 15. C 16. A 17. ABC 18. ACD 19. A 20. C 21. C 22. B 23. D 24. C
25. C 26. AD 27. BC 28. BD 29. ABC 30. ACD 31. ABC 32. BCD 33. BCD 34. AD 35. ABD 36. AB
37. BC 38. AB 39. BD 40. ABCD 41. BD 42. AC 43. AD 44. AD 45. D 46. C 47. C 48. B
49. D 50. B 51. C 52. C 53. A 54. C 55. A 56. A 57. A 58. B 59. A
60. (A)→ P; (B)→Q; (C)→RT; (D)→PT;
61. (A)→ PQR; (B)→Q; (C)→S; (D)→ST;
62. (A)→ PRST; (B)→Q; (C)→PQST; (D)→PRST;
63. 32 64. 0180 65. 30 cm, −14 mm
dy x 4
66. (i) tan θ = = cot i; (ii) 1; (iii) y = k 2 ( ) (iv) 4.0,1; (v) It will become parallel to x -axis
dx 4
10 dI
67. v1 = 20 cm; d0 = 10 cm; = ⇒ dI = 5 cm
2 1
R 13
68. 69. 16 feet 70. (n − 1)R/(3n − 1) 71. μ = , A = 20 72. On the object itself
√3 8
73. (i) 10 cm, (ii) (10,2) 75. 81 76. 15 cm left of the mirror, magnification
= 1.5(−15 cm, −1.5 cm; −15 cm, 0.3 cm)
52
77. 0.25 a 78. 0.27 I 79. cm
3
59
80. (a) vi = 4 cm/s downwards; (b) cm/s upwards
4
√5 3√5 √5 4π
81. 82. ( cm ≤ d ≤ cm) 83. (i) 20 , (ii) mm
2 8 2 9
84. (i) λ0 = 600 nm, n = 1.5 (ii) i = sin−1 (0.75) = 48.59∘
5 a a a 15R 2
85. cm 86. ; ; 87. , 3R 88. (a) (b) Normal to surface (c) Retrace the path, √3𝑧 + 𝑥 = 10
8 3 11 41 4 √3
EXERCISE-JEE MAIN
1. D 2. C 3. D 4. 158 5. 1 6. A 7. A 8. B 9. 30 10. B 11. 25 12. A
13. 10 14. 27 15. A 16. D 17. 50 18. B 19. 34 20. A 21. 5
EXERCISE-JEE ADVANCED
1. B 2. 7 3. B 4. 2 5. AC 6. D 7. A 8. AD 9. ACD 10. C 11. 8 12. ACD
13. 130.00 14. D 15. 1,2,3 16. 50 17. 1,2 18. 1.50 19. 0.69

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