GRADE 12 VELAMMAL VIDHYASHRAM, MAMBAKKAM

QUESTION BANK – XIII - MATHEMATICS

TOPIC: UNIT XIII– PROBABILITY
CONCEPT – I - CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY
NUMERICAL SUMS ON CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY
1. Given that E and F are events such that P(E) = 0.6, P(F) = 0.3 and P(E∩ 𝐹) = 0.2, Find
P(E/F) and P(F/E)
2. Compute P(A/B), if P(B) = 0.5 and P (A∩ 𝐵) = 0.32
3. If P(A) = 0.8, P(B) = 0.5, P(B/A) = 0.4 Find the following:
i) P (A∩ 𝐵) 𝑖𝑖) 𝑃(𝐴/𝐵) 𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)
4. Evaluate: 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵), if 2 P(A) = P(B) = 5/13 and P(A/B) = 2/5
5. If P(A) = 6/11, P(B) = 5/11 and 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 7/11, find,
i) P (A∩ 𝐵) ii) P(A/B) iii) P(B/A)
6.. If P(A) = 6/11, P(B) = 5/11 and 𝑃 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 7/11,evaluate P(A/B)
CONCEPT – II - STATEMENT SUMS ON CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY
7. A family has two children. What is the probability that both the children are boys, given
that at least one of them is a boy?
8.Assume that each born child is likely to be a boy or girl. If a family has two children, what
is the conditional probability that both are girls given that
i) the youngest is a girl ii) at least one is a girl.
9. A couple has two children,
i) find the probability that both children are males, if it is known that at least one of the
children are male.
ii) Find the probability that both children are females, if it is known that the elder child is a
female.
10.A coin is tossed three times, where
E: head on third toss F: heads on first two tosses Find P(E/F)
11. A coin is tossed three times, where
E: at least 2 heads F: at most 2 heads Find P(E/F)
12. A coin is tossed three times, where
E: at most 2 tails F: at least one tail Find P(E/F)
13. Two coins are tossed once, where
E: tail appears on one coin F: one coin shows head
 E: no tail appears F: no head appears Find P(E/F)
14. Mother, father and son line up at random for a family picture
E: son on one end F: father in the middle, Find P(E/F)
15. A black and red die are rolled.
i) Find the conditional probability of obtaining sum greater than 9, given that black die
resulted in a 5
ii) Find the conditional probability that of obtaining sum 8, given that red die resulted in
a number less than 4.
16. Ten cards numbered 1 to 10 are placed in a box, mixed up thoroughly and then one card
is drawn randomly. If it is known that the number on the drawn card is more than 3,
what is the probability that it is an even number?
17. In a school, there are 1000 students, out of which 430 are girls. It is known that out of
430, 10% of the girls’ study in grade XII. What is the probability that a student chosen at
random studies in grade XII given that the chosen student is a girl?
18. A die is thrown twice and the sum of numbers appearing is observed to be 6. What is the
conditional probability that the number 4 has appeared at least once?
19. A fair die is rolled. Consider the events E = {1,3,5}, F = {2,3} and G = {2,3,4,5}, find
i) P(E/F) ii) P(F/E) iii) P(E/G) iv) P(G/E) v) P(E∪ 𝐹/𝐺) vi) P(E∩ 𝐹/𝐺)
20. An instructor has a question bank consisting of 300 easy true /false questions, 200
difficult true/false questions, 500 easy multiple-choice questions and 400 difficult
multiple choice questions. If a question is selected at random from the question bank,
what is the probability that it will be an easy question given that it is a multiple-choice
question?
21. Given that the two numbers appearing on throwing two dice are different. Find the
probability of the event “sum of two numbers on the dice is 4”
22. Consider the experiment of throwing a die, if a multiple of 3 comes up, throw the die
again, and if any other number comes, toss a coin. Find the conditional probability of the
event “the coin shows a tail”, given that “at least one die shows a 3 “
CONCEPT – III - MULTIPLICATION THEOREM
23. Three cards are drawn successively without replacement from a pack of 52 well shuffled
cards. What is the probability that first two are kings and the third card drawn is ace?
24. An urn contains 10 black and 5 white balls. Two balls are drawn from the urn one after
the other without replacement. What is the probability that both drawn are black?
25. Two cards are drawn without replacement from a pack of 52 cards. Find the probability
 that both the cards are black.
26. A box of oranges is inspected by examining three randomly selected oranges drawn
without replacement. If all the three oranges are good, the box is approved for sale.
Otherwise, it is rejected. Find the probability that a box containing 15 oranges out of
which 12 are good and 3 are bad ones will be approved for sale.
CONCEPT – IV – INDEPENDENT EVENTS
27. If P(A) = 3/5 and P (B) = 1/5, Find P (A∩ 𝐵) if A and B are independent events.
28. Let E and F be events with P € = 3/5, P(F) = 3/10 and P (E∩ 𝐹) = 1/5 .Are E and F are
independent events?
29. A die marked 1, 2, 3 in red and 4,5,6 in green is tossed. Let A be the event, “the number
is even” and B is the event, “the number is red”. Are A and B independent?
30. One card is drawn from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards. Check if
E: the card drawn is a spade F: the card drawn is an ace
31. One card is drawn from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards. Check if
E: the card drawn is black F: the card drawn is a king
32. One card is drawn from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards. Check if
E: the card drawn is king or queen F: the card drawn is a queen or jack
33. If A and B are independent events, prove that 𝐴1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵1 are also independent.
34. If E and F are independent events, prove that E and F’ are independent.
35. If E and F are independent events, prove that E’ and F are independent
36. Two balls are drawn at random with replacement from a box containing 10 black and 3
red balls. Find the probability that

i) both balls are red ii) first ball is black and second is red iii) one of them is black
and the other is red.
37. A problem in statistics is given to John and Rohith to solve and the probabilities of
solving by John is ½ and Rohith is 2/3. If they both try to solve the problem
independently, find the probability that i) the problem is solved
ii) exactly one of them solves the problem.
38. Ram speaks truth in 80% cases and Milton in 75% cases. If they both narrate an incident
at the same time, in what percent of cases they are likely to contradict each other.
39. In a hostel, 60% of the students read Hindi Newspaper, 40 % read English newspaper
and 20% read both the papers. A student is selected at random,
i) Find the probability that the student reads neither Hindi nor English paper
ii) If she reads Hindi paper, find the probability that she reads English paper
iii) If she reads English paper, find the probability that she reads Hindi newspaper.
40. A die is tossed thrice. Find the probability of getting an odd number at least once.
41. If A and B are any two events such tat P(A) = ½, P(B) = 7/12 and P (not A or not B) = ¼,
state whether A and B are independent events.
42. If A and B are any two events such that P(A) = ¼, P(B) = ½, P (A∩ 𝐵) = 1/8
find P (not A and not B)
43. Given 2 independent events A and B such that P(A) = 0.3, P(B) = 0.6, find
i) P (Aand B) ii) P(A and not B) iii) P(Aor B) iv) P(neither A nor B)
44. An unbiased die is thrown twice. Let the event A be the “odd on the first throw “and B
the event of getting ‘odd number on the second throw’. Check the independence of the
events A and B
45. Given that the events A and B are such that P(A) = ½, P(A∪ 𝐵) = 3/5 and P(B) = p, find
 p if they are i) mutually exclusive ii) independent
46. A committee of 4 students is selected at random from a group consisting of 8 boys and 4
girls. Given that there is at least one girl in the committee, calculate the probability that
there are exactly 2 girls in the committee.
47. An electronic assembly consists of two sub-systems say A and B. From previous testing
procedures, the following probabilities are assumed to be known.
P (A fails) = 0.2, P (B fails alone) = 0.15, P (A and B fail) = 0.15.
48. The probability that a certain person will buy a shirt is 0.2, the probability that he will
buy a trouser is 0.3, and the probability that he will buy a shirt given that he buys a
trouser if 0.4. Find the probability that he will buy a both a shirt and a trouser. Find also
the probability that he will buy a trouser given that he buys a shirt.
49. In the two dice experiment, if A is the event of getting the sum of the numbers on dice as
11 and B is the event of getting a number other than 5 on the first die, find P (A and B).
Are A and B independent events?
50. A class consists of 80 students; 25 of them are girls and 55 boys; 10 of them are rich and
the remaining poor; 20 of them are fair complexioned. What is the probability of
selecting a fair complexioned rich girl?
51. A police man fires four bullets on a dacoit. The probability that the dacoit will be killed
by one bullet is 0.6. What is the probability that the dacoit is still alive?
52. A can solve 90% of the problems given in a book and B can solve 70%. What is the
probability that at least one of them will solve the problem, selected at random from the
book?
53. The odds against A solving a certain problem are 4 to 3 and the odds in favour of B
solving the same problem are 7 to 5. Find the probability that the problem will be
solved.
54. The probability that a teacher will give an un-announced test during any class meeting is
1/5. If a student is absent twice, what is the probability that he will miss at least one
test?
55. A town has two fire extinguishing engines functioning independently. The probability of
availability of each engine, when needed, is 0.95. What is the probability that (i) neither
of them is available when needed? (ii) an engine is available when needed? (iii)
Exactly one engine is available when needed?
56. A company has estimated that the probabilities of success for three products introduced
1 2 2
in the market are , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 respectively. Assuming independence, find the probability
3 5 3
that (i) the three products are successful. (ii) none of the products is successful.
57. A can hit a target 4 times in 5 shots, B 3 times in 4 shots, and C 2 times in 3 shots.
Calculate the probability that (i) A, B, C all may hit (ii) B, C may hit and A may hit
(iii) any two of A, B and C will hit the target (iv) none of them will hit the target.
58. A combination lock on a suitcase gas 3 wheels each labelled with nine digits from 1 to 9.
If an opening combination is a particular sequence of three digits with no repeats, what is
the probability of a person guessing the right combination ?
59. The probability that A hits a target is 1/3 and the probability that B hits it, is 2/5. What
is the probability that the target will be hit, if each one of A and B shoots at the target?
60. A bag contains 5 red marbles and 3 black marbles. Three marbles are drawn one by one
without replacement. What is the probability that at least one of the three marbles drawn
be black, if the first marble is red?
61. The probabilities of A, B and C solving a problem are 1/3, 2/7 and 3/8 respectively. If
all three try to solve the problem simultaneously, find the probability that exactly one of
them can solve it.
62. Three critics review a book. Odds in favour of the book are 5 : 2 : 3 and 3 : 4
respectively for three critics. Find the probability that the majority are in favour of the
 book.

CONCEPT – V – LAW OF TOTAL PROBABILITY

57. A bag contains 4 red and 3 black balls. A second bag contains 2 red and 4 black balls.
One bag is selected at random and one ball is drawn. Find the probability that the drawn
ball is red.
58. One bag contains 4 white and 5 black balls. Another bag contains 6 white and 7 black
balls. A ball is transferred from first bag to the second bag and then a ball is drawn from
the second bag. Find the probability that the ball drawn is white.
CONCEPT – VI – BAYE’S THOEREM
61. Bag I contains 3 red and 4 black balls while another Bag II contains 5 red and 6 black
balls. One ball is drawn at random from one of the bags and it is found to be red. Find
the probability that it was drawn from Bag II.
62. Given three identical boxes I, II and III, each containing two coins. In box I both coins
are gold coins, in box II, both are silver coins and in the box III, there is one gold and
one silver coin. A person chooses a box at random and takes out a coin. If the coin is of
gold, what is the probability that the other coin in the box is also of gold?
63. Suppose that the reliability of a HIV test is specified as follows:
Of people having HIV 90% if the test detect the disease but 10% go undetected. Of
people free of HIV, 99% of the test are judged HIV -ive but 1% are diagnosed as
showing HIV +ive. From a large population of which only 0.1% have HIV, one person
is selected at random, given the HIV test, and the pathologist reports him/her as HIV
+ive. What is the probability that the person actually has HIV?
64. In a factory which manufactures bolts, machines A, B and C manufacture respectively
25%, 35% and 40% of the bolts. Of their outputs, 5, 4 and 2 percent are respectively
defective bolts. A bolt is drawn at random from the product and is found to be defective.
What is the probability that it is manufactured by the machine B?
65. A doctor is to visit a patient. From the past experience, it is known that the probabilities
3
that he will come by train, bus, scooter or by other means of transport are respectively 10,
1 1 2 1 1 1
, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 5. The probabilities that he will be late are 4 , 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 , if he comes by train,
5 10 12
bus and scooter respectively, but if he comes by other means of transport, then he will
not be late. When he arrives, he is late. What is the probability that he comes by train ?
66. A man is known to speak truth 3 out of 4 times. He throws a die and reports the it is a
six. Find the probability that it is actually a six.
67. A urn contains 5 red and 5 black balls. A ball is drawn at random, its colour is noted
and is returned to the urn. Moreover, 2 additional balls of the colour drawn are put in
the urn and then a balls drawn at random, What is the probability that the second balls
is red?
68. A bag contains 4 red and 4 black balls, another bag contains 2 red and 6 black balls.
One of the two bas is selected at random and a ball is drawn from the bag which is
found to be red. Find the probability that the ball is drawn from the first bag.
69. Of the students in a college, it is known that 60% reside in the hostel and 40% are day
scholars (not residing in hostel). Previous year results report that 30% of all students
who reside in hostel attain A grade and 20% of day scholars attain A grade in their
annual examination. At the end of the year one student is chosen at random from the
college and he has an A grade, what is the probability that the student is a hostlier ?
70. In answering a question on a multiple choice test, a student either knows the answer or
3 1
guesses. Let 4 be the probability that he knows the answer and 4 be the probability that
he guesses. Assuming that a student who guesses at the answer will be correct with
1
probability 4. What is the probability that the student knows the answer given that he
 answered it correctly.
71. A laboratory blood test is 99% effective in detecting a certain disease when it is in fact,
present. However, the test also yields a false positive result foro 0.5% of the healthy
person tested (i.e if a healthy person is tested, then with probability 0.005, the test will
imply he has the disease). If 0.1 percent of the population actually has the disease, what
is the probability that a person has the disease given that his test result is positive?
72. There are three coins. One is a two headed coin (having head on both faces), another is
a biased coin that comes up heads 75% of the time and third is an unbiased coin. One of
the three coins is chosen at random and tossed, it shows heads, what is the probability
that it was the two headed coin ?
73. An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers, 4000 car drivers and 6000 truck
drivers, The probability of an accidents are 0.01, 0.03 and 0.15 respectively. One of the
insured persons meets with an accident. What is the probability that he is a scooter
driver?
74. A factory has two machines A and B. Past record shows that machine A produced 60%
of the items output and machine B produced 40% of the items. Further, 2% of the items
produced by machine A and 1% produced by machine B were defective. All the items
are put into one stockpile and then one item is chosen at random from this and is found
to be defective. What is the probability that it was produced by machine B?
75. Two groups are competing for the position on the Board of directors of a corporation.
The probabilities that the first and the second groups will win are 0.6 and 0.4
respectively. Further, if the first group wins, the probability of introducing a new
product is 0.7 and the corresponding probability is 0.3 if the second group wins. Find
the probability that the new product introduced was by the second group.
76. Suppose a girl throws a die. If she gets a 5 or 6, she tosses a coin three times and notes
the number of heads. If she gets 1, 2, 3 or 4, she tosses a coin once and notes whether a
head or tail is obtained. If she obtained exactly one head, what is the probability that she
threw 1,2,3 or 4 with the die?
77. A manufacturer has three machine operators A, B and C. The first operator A produces
1% defective items, where as the other two operators B and C produce 5% and 7%
defective items respectively. A is on the job for 50% of the time, B is on the job for
30% of the time and C is on the job for 20% of the time. A defective item is produced,
what is the probability that it was produced by A?
78. A card from a pack of 52 cards is lost. From the remaining cards of the pack, two cards
are drawn and are found to be both diamonds. Find the probability of the lost card being
a diamond.