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Determinants Concepts

The document provides an overview of determinants, including their calculation for 1x1, 2x2, and 3x3 matrices, as well as the concepts of minors, cofactors, adjoints, and inverses of matrices. It also discusses the area of a triangle using determinants and the applications of determinants in solving systems of linear equations. Key properties include conditions for singular and non-singular matrices and the relationship between determinants and matrix inverses.

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5 views2 pages

Determinants Concepts

The document provides an overview of determinants, including their calculation for 1x1, 2x2, and 3x3 matrices, as well as the concepts of minors, cofactors, adjoints, and inverses of matrices. It also discusses the area of a triangle using determinants and the applications of determinants in solving systems of linear equations. Key properties include conditions for singular and non-singular matrices and the relationship between determinants and matrix inverses.

Uploaded by

Pratap
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Determinants

Determinant (XII-4.1)
Determinant of a matrix A = [a11]1 × 1 is given by |a11| = a11
The value of determinant may be Positive or Negative Only square matrices have determinants.

𝑎11 𝑎12 a11 a12


Determinant of a matrix 𝐴=[ 𝑎 ] is given by |A | = | a | = a11 ⋅ a22 -
21 𝑎22 21 a22
2×2
a12a21

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13


Determinant of a matrix 𝐴 = [ 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ] is given by
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
3×3
a11 a12 a13
|A | = | a21 a22 a23 |
a31 a32 a33
𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎22
= 𝑎11 | 𝑎 𝑎33 | − 𝑎 12 | 𝑎31 𝑎33 | + 𝑎 13 | 𝑎31 𝑎32 |
32

Area of a Triangle (XII-4.2)


Area of a triangle with vertices (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) is given by
x1 y 1 1
1
A = 2 | x2 y 2 1 |
x3 y 3 1
Since area is a positive quantity, we always take the absolute value of the determinant.

If area is given, use both positive and negative values of the determinant for calculation.

The area of the triangle formed by three collinear points is zero.

Minors and Cofactors (XII-4.3)

Minor of an element aij of the determinant of matrix A is the determinant obtained by deleting ith row and jth
column and denoted by Mij
𝑎 𝑝 𝑥
|𝐴 | = | 𝑏 𝑞 𝑦 |
𝑐 𝑟 𝑧
q y b y M = b q
M11 = | |, M12 = | |, 13 | |
r z c z c r
p x a x M = a p
𝑀21 = | |, M22 = | c z |, 23 | |
r z c r
p x a x a p
M31 = | q y |, M32 = | b y |, M33 =| |
b q
Value of determinant of a matrix A is obtained by sum of product of elements of a row (or a column) with
corresponding cofactors. For example, A = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13

If elements of one row (or column) are multiplied with cofactors of elements of any other row (or column),
then their sum is zero. For example, a11 A21 + a12 A22 + a13 A23 = 0.

Adjoint and Inverse of a Matrix (XII-4.4)


Let A = [aij]m × n be a square matrix and Cij be cofactor of aij in determinant of A
C11 C12 C13
(adj A) =transpose [Cij] ⇒ adjA = [ C21 C22 C13 ]
C31 C32 C33

A (adj A) = (adj A) A = |A| I, where A is square matrix of order n.

(adj AB) = (adj A) (adj B)

|adj A| = |A|n-1
|A ⋅ adj A| = |A|n

A square matrix A is said to be singular or non-singular according as |A| = 0 or |A| ≠ 0

If AB = BA = I, where B is square matrix, then B is called inverse of A. Also A - 1 = B or B - 1 = A and hence


(A-1)-1 = A.

A square matrix A has inverse if and only if A is non-singular.


1
A-1 = (adj A), |A| ≠ 0
| A|

(AB)-1 = B-1 ⋅ A-1


(AT)-1 = (A-1)T
A ⋅ A-1 = A-1 ⋅ A = I

Applications of Determinants and Matrices (XII-4.5)


If a1x + b1y + c1z = d1
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3, then these equations can be written as A X = B, where
𝑎 1 𝑏 1 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑑1
𝐴 = [ 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 ], 𝑋 = [ 𝑦 ] and 𝐵 = [ 𝑑2 ]
𝑎 3 𝑏 3 𝑐3 𝑧 𝑑3

Unique solution of equation AX = B is given by X = A-1B, where A ≠ 0.

A system of equation is consistent or inconsistent according as its solution exists or not.

For a square matrix A in matrix equation AX = B

i. |A| ≠ 0, there exists unique solution


ii. |A| = 0 and (adj A) B ≠ 0, then there exists no solution
iii. |A| = 0 and (adj A) B = 0, then system may or may not be consistent.

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