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Hydrostatic
1. (a) Water and oil are stored in a uniform U-tube as shown below. The density of oil is 0.8
3
g/cm . Find the height of the column of oil ℎ.

2 cm
ℎ
Oil

Water

(b) If the cross-section of the left arm has a diameter of 4 cm while that of the right arm has a
diameter of 2 cm. Find the value of ℎ again.

4 cm
2 cm

2 cm
ℎ
Oil

Water

2. Two columns containing liquid are connected by a very thin tube as shown in the below figure.
In the right column, liquid B is floating on liquid A.
(a) Find the relation between the height of two levels and ratio of liquid densities.

Δh
𝜌𝐵
h
𝜌𝐴

(b) Assume two liquids are water and oil. Which liquid is oil? Given the density of oil
 𝜌𝑜 = 910 kg/m3 .
(c) Given ℎ = 1 m, what is the difference in the two levels 𝛥ℎ?
3. A piezometer is a device used to measure liquid pressure in a system by measuring the height to
which a column of the liquid rises against gravity as shown in the following figure. By
inserting the piezometers to a certain level of underground water (the horizontal level containing
point A and point B), we find that the difference between the left and right column is 55 cm.
What is the pressure difference between point A and point B?

55 cm

Impermeable layer

Underground water
A B
Fig.2.

Pascal’s Law
4. Below shows a schematic diagram of a hydraulic lift. An external force is applied on a small
piston which has a cross sectional area of 100 cm2 (shown on the left). This pressure is
transmitted by a liquid to a large piston that has a cross sectional area of 600 cm2. Find the force
on the small piston required to lift a weight of 1200 kg.
Hint: According to the Pascal’s law, a change in the pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted
undiminished to every point of the fluid and to the walls of the container.

𝐹2

𝐹1

Continuity Equation
5. Water flows steadily in a fork shape water pipe horizontally from left to right as shown in the the
figure below. In the left section of the pipe, the water flows at a speed 𝑣1 = 10 m/s. The
 cross section area of the left section is 𝐴. In the right section, the water flows into three
separated channels with a smaller speed. The cross section area of one channel is 𝐴 and that of
other channels are 𝐴/2.
(a) Find the speed of water in the right section of the pipe.
(b) Find the pressure difference between two ends of the middle pipe.

** level
6. Mercury is stored in a U-tube. The cross-sectional areas of the left arm and the right arm are 10
cm2 and 5 cm2 respectively. 100 grams of water are then poured into the right arm as shown.
(a) Determine the length of the water column in the right arm.
(b) Given that the density of mercury is 13.6 g/cm3, find the distance ℎ that the mercury rises in
the left arm.

ℎ
Water

Mercury Mercury

7. A pitot tube can be used to determine the velocity of air. If the fluid in the tube is mercury and
Δℎ = 5 cm, find the speed of the air flow. Assume that the air is stagnant at point A and the
height between point A and point B is negligible. Take 𝜌𝐻𝑔 = 13600 kg/m3 and 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 =
1.25 kg/m3
 A B

Δℎ

8. When we turn on a water tap, we can often see the stream of water becomes narrower as it falls
as Fig.4. Assuming the water is falling freely with acceleration 𝑔 (no air resistance), cross
section area of the tap be 𝐴1 , and the water leaving at speed 𝑣1 , what is the cross section area
𝐴2 of the stream at the level below the tap ℎ meter? Express your answer in terms of 𝑣1 , ℎ
and gravitational constant 𝑔.

Fig.4.

9. There is an iron cube with real weight 𝑚𝑔 = 1200 N and volume 𝑉 = 8000 cm3 . When it is
partially dipped in water as shown in Fig.5 (left figure), its apparent weight is 𝑊 < 1200 N.
When it is partially dipped in oil with density ρo = 910 kg ⋅ m−3 (Fig.5, right figure), its
apparent weight is also 𝑊. (a) Find the ratio of 𝑥 and 𝑦. (b) Find the apparent weight if
𝐿 = 4𝑥.
 Fig.5
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10. A uniform rod is hung at one end and is partially submerged in water. If the density of the rod is
5/9 that of water, find the fraction of the length of the rod below water.

11. The water in a water pipe with a small hole as Fig.6 is losing with a varying rate.
(a) show the volume outflow rate is given by

2𝑔ℎ1 (𝑡)
𝑅(𝑡) = 𝐴
√ 𝐴 2
(𝐴 ) − 1
ℎ

(b) When the water level reaches the hole, the losing stops. Given the initial height
ℎ1 (𝑡 = 0) = ℎ, show the total time of losing is
 𝐴 2
(𝐴 ) − 1
√ ℎ
𝛥𝑡 = 2 √ℎ
2𝑔

Area = A

h1

Area = Ah.

Fig.6.