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ChE Calculations
Course Integration 1

N a m e o f I n s t r u c t o r : E n g r. R e y Ma r t i n G . E s t o q u e .

1
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1-3title style
1. Two aqueous sulfuric acid solutions 2. Calculate the feed ratio (L 20%
containing 20wt% H2SO4 (SG=1.139) solution per L 60% solution).
and 60wt% H2SO4 (SG=1.498) are a. 2.95
mixed to form a 4M solution b. 3.08
(SG=1.213). Calculate the mass fraction
of sulfuric acid in the product solution. c. 1.75
d. 4.51
3. What feed rate of the 60% solution
a. 0.105 (L/hr) would be required to produce
b. 0.667 1250kg/hr of the product?
c. 0.323 a. 986L/hr
d. 0.548 b. 257L/hr
c. 110L/hr
d. 462L/hr
2 2
 Click to edit Master title style
Two aqueous sulfuric
acid solutions
containing 20wt%
H2SO4 (SG=1.139) and
60wt% H2SO4
(SG=1.498) are mixed
to form a 4M solution
(SG=1.213). Calculate
the mass fraction of
sulfuric acid in the
product solution.

a. 0.105
b. 0.667
c. 0.323
d. 0.548

3 3
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Calculate the feed ratio
(L 20% solution per L
60% solution).
a. 2.95
b. 3.08
c. 1.75
d. 4.51

What feed rate of the

60% solution (L/hr)
would be required to
produce 1250kg/hr of
the product?
a. 986L/hr
b. 257L/hr
c. 110L/hr
d. 462L/hr
4 4
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4 title style

Air is bubbled through a drum of liquid hexane at a rate of

0.1kmol/min. The gas stream leaving the drum contains 10mol%
hexane vapor. Air may be considered insoluble in liquid hexane.
Estimate the time required to vaporize 10m3 of the liquid. SG=0.659.

a. 4200min
b. 6900min
c. 7700min
d. 8100min

5 5
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Air is bubbled through a
drum of liquid hexane at
a rate of 0.1kmol/min.
The gas stream leaving
the drum contains
10mol% hexane vapor.
Air may be considered
insoluble in liquid
hexane. Estimate the
time required to
vaporize 10m3 of the
liquid. SG=0.659.

a. 4200min
b. 6900min
c. 7700min
d. 8100min
6 6
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5 title style
Gas at 15˚C and 105kPa is flowing through an irregular duct. To determine the
rate of flow of the gas, CO2 from a tank is passed into the gas stream. The gas
analyzes 1.2% CO2 by volume before and 3.4% CO2 by volume after the addition.
As the CO2 injected left the tank, it was passed through a rotameter, and was
found to flow at the rate of 0.0917m3/min at 7˚C and 131kPa. What was the rate
of the entering gas in the duct in m3/min?

a. 6.8m3/min
b. 4.3m3/min
c. 7.1m3/min
d. 5.2m3/min

7 7
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Gas at 15˚C and 105kPa is
flowing through an irregular
duct. To determine the rate of
flow of the gas, CO2 from a
tank is passed into the gas
stream. The gas analyzes
1.2% CO2 by volume before
and 3.4% CO2 by volume after
the addition. As the CO2 was
injected left the tank, it was
passed through a rotameter,
and was found to flow at the
rate of 0.0917m3/min at 7˚C
and 131kPa. What was the
rate of the entering gas in the
duct in m3/min?

a. 6.8m3/min
b. 4.3m3/min
c. 7.1m3/min
d. 5.2m3/min

8 8
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6-7title style
6. 10kg each of salts A and B are dissolved in 7. Determine the weight of the crystals formed.
50kg of water. The solubility of A in water is 1kg
per kg water and that of B is 0.5kg per kg water.
The solution is heated to evaporate water. When a. 2.5
the concentration of the solution reaches the
saturation concentration of any salt, further b. 5.5
evaporation leads to the crystallization of that c. 0
salt. If 70% of the water that is originally present
in the solution is driven off by evaporation, d. 1.5
determine the weight of the final solution.

a. 46.5
b. 28,5
c. 11.5
d. 32.5

9 9
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10kg each of salts A and B are
dissolved in 50kg of water. The
solubility of A in water is 1kg
per kg water and that of B is
0.5kg per kg water. The
solution is heated to evaporate
water. When the concentration
of the solution reaches the
saturation concentration of any
salt, further evaporation leads
to the crystallization of that
salt. If 70% of the water that is
originally present in the
solution is driven off by
evaporation, determine the
weight of the final solution.

a. 46.5
b. 28,5
c. 11.5
d. 32.5

10 10
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Determine the weight of the
crystals formed.

a. 2.5
b. 5.5
c. 0
d. 1.5

11 11
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8 title style

1200lb of barium nitrate is dissolved in sufficient water to form a

saturated solution at 90˚C. Assuming that 5% of the weight of he
original solution is lost through evaporation, calculate the crop of
crystals obtained when cooled to 20˚C. Solubility data for barium
nitrate is 30.6wt% at 90˚C and 8.6wt% at 20˚C.

a. 952.4lb
b. 970lb
c. 962.4lb
d. 980lb
12 12
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1200lb of barium nitrate is
dissolved in sufficient
water to form a saturated
solution at 90˚C. Assuming
that 5% of the weight of he
original solution is lost
through evaporation,
calculate the crop of
crystals obtained when
cooled to 20˚C. Solubility
data for barium nitrate is
30.6wt% at 90˚C and
8.6wt% at 20˚C.

a. 952.4lb
b. 970lb
c. 962.4lb
d. 980lb

13 13
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9 title style
What is the theoretical yield of crystals which may be obtained by cooling a
solution containing 1000kg of sodium sulfate (MW=142kg/kmol) in 5000kg water
to 283K? The solubility of sodium sulfate at 283K is 9kg anhydrous salt/100kg
water and the deposited crystals will consist of decahydrate. It may be assumed
that 2% of the water will be lost by evaporation during cooling.

a. 4469.6kg
b. 250kg
c. 6000kg
d. 1430.83kg

14 14
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What is the theoretical yield of
crystals which may be
obtained by cooling a solution
containing 1000kg of sodium
sulfate (MW=142kg/kmol) in
5000kg water to 283K? The
solubility of sodium sulfate at
283K is 9kg anhydrous
salt/100kg water and the
deposited crystals will consist
of decahydrate. It may be
assumed that 2% of the water
will be lost by evaporation
during cooling.

a. 4469.6kg
b. 250kg
c. 6000kg
d. 1430.83kg

15 15
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10-12
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10. A continuous still is to be used to separate 11. Which of the following correctly expresses the
acetic acid, water, and benzene from each other. Bz balance for the operation?
On a trial run, the calculated data were as
a. 0.8(ΩBz,F)F=0.109(F-350)+350
follows: feed (F) composed of an aqueous acetic
acid (HAc) solution (80% HAc, 20% H2O) and b. 0.8(1-ΩBz,F)F=0.217W
benzene (Bz) with mass fraction ΩBz,F; waste
(W) composed of 10.9% HAc, 21.7% H2O, and c. (ΩBz,F)F=0.674(F-350)
67.4% Bz; and HAc product (P) was at 350kg/hr. d. 0.8(1-ΩBz,F)F=0.109(F-350)+350
Data recording the benzene composition of the
feed were not taken because of an instrument
defect. Which of the following correctly 12. What is the mass percentage of Bz in the
expresses the HAc balance for the operation? feed?
a. 61.68%
a. 0.8(ΩBz,F)F=0.109(F-350)+350 b. 38.32%
b. 0.8(1-ΩBz,F)F=0.217W c. 67.11%
c. (ΩBz,F)F=0.674(F-350) d. 32.89%
d. 0.8(1-ΩBz,F)F=0.109(F-350)+350
16 16
 Click to edit Master title style
A continuous still is to be used to
separate acetic acid, water, and
benzene from each other. On a trial
run, the calculated data were as
follows: feed (F) composed of an
aqueous acetic acid (HAc) solution
(80% HAc, 20% H2O) and benzene
(Bz) with mass fraction ΩBz,F;
waste (W) composed of 10.9% HAc,
21.7% H2O, and 67.4% Bz; and HAc
product (P) was at 350kg/hr. Data
recording the benzene composition
of the feed were not taken because
of an instrument defect. What is the
mass percentage of Bz in the feed?

a. 61.68%
b. 38.32%
c. 67.11%
d. 32.89%

17 17
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13-15
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13. An equimolar mixture of benzene and toluene is separated 14. Determine the mole fraction of benzene in the bottom
into two product streams by distillation. Inside the column a stream.
liquid stream flows downward and a vapor stream rises. At
each point in the column some of the liquid vaporizes and some a. 0.2
of the vapor condenses. The vapor leaving the top of the b. 0.3
column, which contains 97mol% benzene, is completely
condensed and split into two equal fractions: one is taken off as c. 0.4
the overhead product stream, and the other (the reflux) is
recycled to the top of the column. The overhead product stream d. 0.1
contains 89.2% of the benzene fed to the column. The liquid
leaving the bottom of the column is fed to a partial reboiler in
which 45% of it is vaporized. The vapor generated in the 15. Determine the percentage recovery of toluene in the
reboiler (the boil-up) is recycled to become the rising vapor bottoms product.
stream in the column, and the residual reboiler liquid is taken
off as the bottom product stream. Take a basis of 100mol fed to a. 92%
the column, and determine the molar amounts of overhead and b. 97%
bottom products.
c. 95%
d. 90%
a. 46mol and 54mol
b. 49mol and 51mol
c. 33mol and 67mol
d. 38mol and 62mol
18 18
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An equimolar mixture of benzene and
toluene is separated into two product
streams by distillation. Inside the column
a liquid stream flows downward and a
vapor stream rises. At each point in the
column some of the liquid vaporizes and
some of the vapor condenses. The vapor
leaving the top of the column, which
contains 97mol% benzene, is completely
condensed and split into two equal
fractions: one is taken off as the
overhead product stream, and the other
(the reflux) is recycled to the top of the
column. The overhead product stream
contains 89.2% of the benzene fed to the
column. The liquid leaving the bottom of
the column is fed to a partial reboiler in
which 45% of it is vaporized. The vapor
generated in the reboiler (the boil-up) is
recycled to become the rising vapor
stream in the column, and the residual
reboiler liquid is taken off as the bottom
product stream. Take a basis of 100mol
fed to the column, and determine the
molar amounts of overhead and bottom
products.
a. 46mol and 54mol
b. 49mol and 51mol
c. 33mol and 67mol
d. 38mol and 62mol

19 19
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Determine the mole fraction of benzene
in the bottom stream.
a. 0.2
b. 0.3
c. 0.4
d. 0.1

Determine the percentage recovery of

toluene in the bottoms product.
a. 92%
b. 97%
c. 95%
d. 90%

2020
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16 title style

Oil is extracted from seeds by leaching with organic solvents.

Soybean seed containing 20% oil, 65% inert solids and 15% water
are leached with hexane and after extraction the solid residue is
removed from the solution of oil in hexane. The residue analyzed 1%
oil, 88% inert cake and 11% water. What percent of oil is recovered?

a. 90%
b. 82%
c. 96%
d. 87%
21 21
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Oil is extracted from seeds
by leaching with organic
solvents. Soybean seed
containing 20% oil, 65%
inert solids and 15% water
are leached with hexane
and after extraction the
solid residue is removed
from the solution of oil in
hexane. The residue
analyzed 1% oil, 88% inert
cake and 11% water. What
percent of oil is recovered?

a. 90%
b. 82%
c. 96%
d. 87%

22 22
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17 title style

100lb of solution containing 80wt% Na2SO4 must be obtained by

evaporating a dilute solution using a double effect evaporator. If the
evaporation from the 2nd effect is 60% of that coming from the 1st
effect and the concentration of the 1st effect contains 1lb Na2SO4 per
lb water, calculate the composition of the feed.

a. 31% H2O, 69% Na2SO4

b. 45% H2O, 55% Na2SO4
c. 55% H2O, 45% Na2SO4
d. 69% H2O, 31% Na2SO4
23 23
 Click to edit Master title style
100lb of solution containing
80wt% Na2SO4 must be
obtained by evaporating a
dilute solution using a
double effect evaporator. If
the evaporation from the
2nd effect is 60% of that
coming from the 1st effect
and the concentration of
the 1st effect contains 11lb
Na2SO4 per lb water,
calculate the composition
of the feed.

a. 31% H2O, 69% Na2SO4

b. 45% H2O, 55% Na2SO4
c. 55% H2O, 45% Na2SO4
d. 69% H2O, 31% Na2SO4

24 24
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18 title style

One drier will dry a material from 45% moisture (wb) to 20%
moisture (db). From here the material enters another drier
where the H2O content is further reduced to give a final
product weighing 1000kg. If the total evaporation from both
driers is 800kg, the moisture of the final product is:

a. 5%
b. 3%
c. 2%
d. 1%
25 25
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One drier will dry a
material from 45%
moisture (wb) to 20%
moisture (db). From here
the material enters another
drier where the H2O
content is further reduced
to give a final product
weighing 1000kg. If the
total evaporation from both
driers is 800kg, the
moisture of the final
product is:
a. 5%
b. 3%
c. 2%
d. 1%

2626
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19-21
title style
19. In a process producing KNO3 salt, 20. Calculate the quantity of water
1000kg/hr of a feed solution containing 10% evaporated, kg/hr.
KNO3 is fed to an evaporator that
a. 554.3
evaporates some water to produce a 50%
KNO3 solution. This is then fed to a b. 894.7
crystallizer, where crystals containing 95% c. 148.9
KNO3 are removed. The saturated solution
containing 35% KNO3 is recycled to the d. 692.1
evaporator. Calculate the amount of 21. Calculate the amount of recycle stream,
crystals, kg/hr. kg/hr.
a. 315.8
a. 97.67 b. 460.5
b. 88.33 c. 275.1
c. 59.24 d. 193.7
d. 105.26
27 27
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In a process producing KNO3
salt, 1000kg/hr of a feed
solution containing 10% KNO3
is fed to an evaporator that
evaporates some water to
produce a 50% KNO3 solution.
This is then fed to a
crystallizer, where crystals
containing 95% KNO3 are
removed. The saturated
solution containing 35% KNO3
is recycled to the evaporator.
Calculate the amount of
crystals, kg/hr.

a. 97.67
b. 88.33
c. 59.24
d. 105.26

2828
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Calculate the quantity of water
evaporated, kg/hr.
a. 554.3
b. 894.7
c. 148.9
d. 692.1

Calculate the amount of

recycle stream, kg/hr.
a. 315.8
b. 460.5
c. 275.1
d. 193.7

2929
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Sample edit Master
22-24
title style
22. Fresh air containing 4mol% water vapor is to be 23. Calculate the moles of water condensed.
cooled and dehumidified to a water content of 1.7%
H2O. A stream of fresh air is combined with a recycle a. 0.8mol
stream of previously dehumidified air and passed b. 1mol
through the cooler. The blended stream entering the
unit contains 2.3% H2O. In the air conditioner, some of c. 2.4mol
the water in the feed stream is condensed and d. 3.3mol
removed as liquid. A fraction of the dehumidified air
leaving the cooler is recycled and the remainder is
delivered to a room. Taking 100mol of dehumidified air
24. Calculate the moles of dehumidified air recycled.
delivered to the room as a basis of calculation,
calculate the moles of fresh feed. a. 270mol
b. 290mol
a. 115mol c. 280mol
b. 126mol d. 260mol
c. 102mol
d. 133mol

3030
 Click to edit Master title style
Fresh air containing 4mol% water
vapor is to be cooled and
dehumidified to a water content of
1.7% H2O. A stream of fresh air is
combined with a recycle stream of
previously dehumidified air and
passed through the cooler. The
blended stream entering the unit
contains 2.3% H2O. In the air
conditioner, some of the water in the
feed stream is condensed and
removed as liquid. A fraction of the
dehumidified air leaving the cooler is
recycled and the remainder is
delivered to a room. Taking 100mol
of dehumidified air delivered to the
room as a basis of calculation,
calculate the moles of fresh feed.

a. 115mol
b. 126mol
c. 102mol
d. 133mol

31 31
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Calculate the moles of water
condensed.
a. 0.8mol
b. 1mol
c. 2.4mol
d. 3.3mol

Calculate the moles of dehumidified

air recycled.
a. 270mol
b. 290mol
c. 280mol
d. 260mol

32 32
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Sample edit Master
25-27
title style
25. In the production of bean oil, beans containing 13wt% oil 26. Calculate the required fresh hexane feed per kg of beans
and 87wt% solids are ground and fed to an extractor along with fed.
fresh and recycled streams of liquid hexane. The feed ratio is
3kg hexane/kg beans. During extraction, the ground beans are a. 0.39
suspended in the liquid, and essentially all of the oil is extracted b. 0.57
into the hexane. The extractor effluent then passes through a
filter. The filter cake contains 75wt% bean solids and the c. 0.41
balance bean oil and hexane, the latter two in the same ratio in
which they emerge from the extractor. The filter cake is d. 0.28
discarded and the filtrate is fed to a heated evaporator, in which
the hexane is vaporized and the oil remains as a liquid. The oil
is then taken as the process product. The hexane vapor is 27. Calculate the recycle to fresh hexane feed ratio.
subsequently cooled and condensed, and the liquid condensate
is recycled to the extractor. Calculate the yield of bean oil a. 8
product (kg oil/kg beans fed). b. 9.8
c. 7.3
a. 0.118 d. 6.9
b. 0.354
c. 0.286
d. 0.495

33 33
 Click to edit Master title style
In the production of bean oil, beans
containing 13wt% oil and 87wt% solids
are ground and fed to an extractor
along with fresh and recycled streams
of liquid hexane. The feed ratio is 3kg
hexane/kg beans. During extraction,
the ground beans are suspended in the
liquid, and essentially all of the oil is
extracted into the hexane. The extractor
effluent then passes through a filter.
The filter cake contains 75wt% bean
solids and the balance bean oil and
hexane, the latter two in the same ratio
in which they emerge from the
extractor. The filter cake is discarded
and the filtrate is fed to a heated
evaporator, in which the hexane is
vaporized and the oil remains as a
liquid. The oil is then taken as the
process product. The hexane vapor is
subsequently cooled and condensed,
and the liquid condensate is recycled to
the extractor. Calculate the yield of
bean oil product (kg oil/kg beans fed).
a. 0.118
b. 0.354
c. 0.286
d. 0.495

34 34
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Calculate the required fresh hexane
feed per kg of beans fed.
a. 0.39
b. 0.57
c. 0.41
d. 0.28

Calculate the recycle to fresh hexane

feed ratio.
a. 8
b. 9.8
c. 7.3
d. 6.9

35 35
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Sample edit Master
28-30
title style
28. A limestone analyzes 92.89% CaCO3, 29. How many lb of CO2 can be recovered
5.41% MgCO3, and 1.7% unreactive. By per lb of limestone?
heating the limestone, you recover oxides
a. 0.33
that are together known as lime. How many
lb of calcium oxide can be made from 1ton b. 0.11
of limestone? c. 0.22
d. 0.44
a. 1040lb
b. 3567lb 30. How many lb of limestone are needed to
c. 2348lb make 1ton of lime?
d. 4020lb a. 3100
b. 3890
c. 3550
d. 3760
3636
 Click to edit Master title style
A limestone analyzes
92.89% CaCO3, 5.41%
MgCO3, and 1.7%
unreactive. By heating
the limestone, you
recover oxides that are
together known as lime.
How many lb of calcium
oxide can be made from
1ton of limestone?

a. 1040lb
b. 3567lb
c. 2348lb
d. 4020lb

37 37
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How many lb of CO2
can be recovered per lb
of limestone?
a. 0.33
b. 0.11
c. 0.22
d. 0.44

How many lb of
limestone are needed to
make 1ton of lime?
a. 3100
b. 3890
c. 3550
d. 3760

3838
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Sample edit Master
31-33
title style
31. The synthesis of ammonia proceeds 32. What is the percent excess reactant?
according to the following reaction:
a. 13%
N2+3H2→2NH3. In a given plant, 4202lb of
nitrogen and 1046lb of hydrogen are fed to b. 16%
a synthesis reactor per hour. Production of c. 17%
pure ammonia from this reactor is 3060lb/hr.
What is the limiting reactant? d. 19%

a. N2 33. What is the percent conversion obtained

based on the limiting reactant?
b. H2
a. 50%
c. Both A and B
b. 60%
d. NH3
c. 70%
d. 80%

3939
 Click to edit Master title style
The synthesis of ammonia
proceeds according to the
following reaction:
N2+3H2→2NH3. In a given
plant, 4202lb of nitrogen
and 1046lb of hydrogen
are fed to a synthesis
reactor per hour.
Production of pure
ammonia from this reactor
is 3060lb/hr. What is the
limiting reactant?

a. N2
b. H2
c. Both A and B
d. NH3

40 40
 Click to edit Master title style
What is the percent excess
reactant?
a. 13%
b. 16%
c. 17%
d. 19%

What is the percent

conversion obtained based
on the limiting reactant?
a. 50%
b. 60%
c. 70%
d. 80%

41 41
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Sample edit Master
34-36
title style
34. Barytes composed of 100% BaSO4 is 35. Find the percent excess reactant.
fused with carbon in the form of coke
a. 44.8%
containing 6% ash (which is infusible). The
composition of the fusion mass is 11.1% b. 38.9%
BaSO4, 72.8% BaS, 13.9% C, and 2.2% c. 50.6%
ash. Reaction: BaSO4+4C→BaS+4CO. Find
the excess reactant. d. 66.7%

a. C 36. What is the degree of completion of the

b. BaSO4 reaction?
c. CO a. 0.6
d. BaS b. 0.7
c. 0.8
d. 0.9

42 42
 Click to edit Master title style
Barytes composed of
100% BaSO4 is fused
with carbon in the form
of coke containing 6%
ash (which is infusible).
The composition of the
fusion mass is 11.1%
BaSO4, 72.8% BaS,
13.9% C, and 2.2%
ash. Reaction:
BaSO4+4C→BaS+4CO.
Find the excess
reactant.

a. C
b. BaSO4
c. CO
d. BaS
43 43
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Find the percent excess
reactant.
a. 44.8%
b. 38.9%
c. 50.6%
d. 66.7%

What is the degree of

completion of the
reaction?
a. 0.6
b. 0.7
c. 0.8
d. 0.9

44 44
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Sample edit Master
37 title style

Phenol (94) can be manufactured by reacting chlorobenzene (112.45)

with sodium hydroxide (40). To produce 1000kg of phenol, 1200kg of
sodium hydroxide and 1320kg of chlorobenzene are used. What is
the maximum conversion of the excess reactant?

a. 29.66%
b. 35.47%
c. 31.05%
d. 39.13%

45 45
 Click to edit Master title style
Phenol (94) can be
manufactured by reacting
chlorobenzene (112.45)
with sodium hydroxide
(40). To produce 1000kg of
phenol, 1200kg of sodium
hydroxide and 1320kg of
chlorobenzene are used.
What is the maximum
conversion of the excess
reactant?

a. 29.66%
b. 35.47%
c. 31.05%
d. 39.13%

46 46
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Sample edit Master
38-40
title style
38. The reaction of ethyl tetrabromide with 39. Calculate the amount of zinc that has to
zinc dust produces C2H2 and ZnBr2. Based be added per hour if Zn is to be 20% in
on C2H2Br4, on one pass through the reactor excess.
the conversion is 80%, and the unreacted
a. 150kg
C2H2Br4 is recycled. On the basis of
1000kg/hr of C2H2Br4, calculate the rate of b. 250kg
recycle in kg/hr. c. 350kg
d. 450kg
a. 150kg 40. Calculate the mole ratio of ZnBr2 to C2H2
b. 250kg in the products.
c. 350kg a. 1.5
d. 450kg b. 1
c. 2
d. 2.5
47 47
 Click to edit Master title style
The reaction of ethyl
tetrabromide with zinc
dust produces C2H2 and
ZnBr2. Based on
C2H2Br4, on one pass
through the reactor the
conversion is 80%, and
the unreacted C2H2Br4
is recycled. On the
basis of 1000kg/hr of
C2H2Br4, calculate the
rate of recycle in kg/hr.

a. 150kg
b. 250kg
c. 350kg
d. 450kg
48 48
 Click to edit Master title style
Calculate the amount of
zinc that has to be
added per hour if Zn is
to be 20% in excess.
a. 150kg
b. 250kg
c. 350kg
d. 450kg

Calculate the mole ratio

of ZnBr2 to C2H2 in the
products.
a. 1.5
b. 1
c. 2
d. 2.5

49 49
Click to Problem
Sample edit Master
41-43
title style
41. TiCl4 can be formed by reacting titanium 42. Determine the kg of 45wt% HCl solution
dioxide (TiO2) with hydrochloric acid. TiO2 is fed.
available as an ore containing 78% TiO2 and
a. 0.26
22% inert. The HCl is available as 45wt%
solution (the balance is water). The per pass b. 0.54
conversion of TiO2 is 75%. The HCl is fed c. 2.05
into the reactor in 20% excess based on the
reaction. Pure unreacted TiO2 is recycled d. 1.33
back to mix with the TiO2 feed. Reaction:
TiO2+4HCl→TiCl4+2H2O. For 1kg of TiCl4
produced, determine the TiO2 ore fed. 43. Determine the ratio of recycle stream to
fresh TiO2 ore (in kg).
a. 0.26
a. 0.26
b. 0.54
b. 0.54
c. 2.05
c. 2.05
d. 1.33
d. 1.33
5050
 Click to edit Master title style
TiCl4 can be formed by
reacting titanium dioxide (TiO2)
with hydrochloric acid. TiO2 is
available as an ore containing
78% TiO2 and 22% inert. The
HCl is available as 45wt%
solution (the balance is water).
The per pass conversion of
TiO2 is 75%. The HCl is fed
into the reactor in 20% excess
based on the reaction. Pure
unreacted TiO2 is recycled
back to mix with the TiO2 feed.
Reaction:
TiO2+4HCl→TiCl4+2H2O. For
1kg of TiCl4 produced,
determine the TiO2 ore fed.
a. 0.26
b. 0.54
c. 2.05
d. 1.33

51 51
 Click to edit Master title style
Determine the kg of 45wt%
HCl solution fed.
a. 0.26
b. 0.54
c. 2.05
d. 1.33

Determine the ratio of recycle

stream to fresh TiO2 ore (in
kg).
a. 0.26
b. 0.54
c. 2.05
d. 1.33

52 52
Click to Problem
Sample edit Master
44-46
title style
44. A contact sulfuric acid plant produces 98% 45. Calculate the lb of 98% H2SO4 solution
sulfuric acid, by absorbing SO3 into a 97.3% produced.
sulfuric acid solution. A gas containing 8% SO3
a. 2059lb
(remainder inert) enters the SO3 absorption tower
at the rate of 28lbmol/hr. 98.5% of the SO3 is b. 2236lb
absorbed in this tower. 97.3% sulfuric acid is
introduced into the top of the tower and 95.9% c. 6470lb
sulfuric acid from another part of the process is d. 4410lb
used as makeup acid. Calculate the lb of 95.9%
H2SO4 makeup acid solution required.
46. Calculate the lb of 97.3% H2SO4 solution
introduced into he top of the tower.
a. 2059lb
a. 2059lb
b. 2236lb
b. 2236lb
c. 6470lb
c. 6178lb
d. 4410lb
d. 4410lb

53 53
 Click to edit Master title style
A contact sulfuric acid plant
produces 98% sulfuric acid, by
absorbing SO3 into a 97.3%
sulfuric acid solution. A gas
containing 8% SO3 (remainder
inert) enters the SO3
absorption tower at the rate of
28lbmol/hr. 98.5% of the SO3 is
absorbed in this tower. 97.3%
sulfuric acid is introduced into
the top of the tower and 95.9%
sulfuric acid from another part
of the process is used as
makeup acid. Calculate the lb
of 95.9% H2SO4 makeup acid
solution required.

a. 2059lb
b. 2236lb
c. 6470lb
d. 4410lb

54 54
 Click to edit Master title style
Calculate the lb of 98% H2SO4
solution produced.
a. 2059lb
b. 2236lb
c. 6470lb
d. 4410lb

Calculate the lb of 97.3%

H2SO4 solution introduced into
he top of the tower.
a. 2059lb
b. 2236lb
c. 6178lb
d. 4410lb

55 55
Click to Problem
Sample edit Master
47 title style
Chlorobenzene (C6H5Cl) is produced by reacting chlorine gas through liquid
benzene. In an undesired reaction, the product is chlorinated to dichlorobenzene,
and in a third reaction the dichlorobenzene is chlorinated to trichlorobenzene.
Pure liquid benzene and pure chlorine gas are fed into a reactor. The liquid output
contains 61% benzene, 35% chlorobenzene, 3% dichlorobenzene, and 1%
trichlorobenzene. The gaseous output contains only HCl. Calculate the fractional
conversion of benzene.

a. 0.303
b. 0.404
c. 0.505
d. 0.606
5656
 Click to edit Master title style
Chlorobenzene (C6H5Cl) is
produced by reacting chlorine gas
through liquid benzene. In an
undesired reaction, the product is
chlorinated to dichlorobenzene, and
in a third reaction the
dichlorobenzene is chlorinated to
trichlorobenzene. Pure liquid
benzene and pure chlorine gas are
fed into a reactor. The liquid output
contains 61% benzene, 35%
chlorobenzene, 3%
dichlorobenzene, and 1%
trichlorobenzene. The gaseous
output contains only HCl. Calculate
the fractional conversion of
benzene.

a. 0.303
b. 0.404
c. 0.505
d. 0.606

57 57
Click to edit Master title Combustion
style

• Combustion is a chemical reaction that involves oxidation

into combustion products and heat.
• Carbon combustion leads to the formation of carbon dioxide
(complete) and carbon monoxide (incomplete).
• Hydrogen combustion leads to the formation of water.
• Sulfur combustion leads to the formation of either sulfur
dioxide or trioxide, the latter of which is used industrially for
the production of sulfuric acid.

5858
Click to edit Master title Combustion
style

• Fuel combustion can involve gaseous, liquid, or solid fuels.

• For gaseous fuels, all percentages (feed, air, and stack gas)
are by mole, unless otherwise stated.
• Industrially, an ORSAT machine is used to remove the
water content of the stack gas prior to analysis.
• Combustion calculations involve 3 cases:
1. Calculations based on fuel analysis
2. Calculations based on ORSAT Analysis
3. Calculations based on Partial ORSAT Analysis
5959
Click to edit
CaseMaster
1: Calculations
title styleBased on Fuel Analysis

• Since these problems provide complete fuel compositions, it

is ideal to take a basis of 100kmol of fuel and determine the
theoretical and actual amount of oxygen.
• Theoretical O2
𝑛
𝑂 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜 = 𝑛 + +𝑛 −𝑛 @
2
• Supplied O2
𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜(1 + 𝑋𝑆)

6060
Click to edit
CaseMaster
1: Calculations
title styleBased on Fuel Analysis

• Once the amount of air has been determined, the next step
is to calculate everything in the stack gas (CO2, H2O, N2,
O2, and for incomplete combustions, CO and H2).
• Even if problems ask for ORSAT Analysis, the water formed
from combustion must still be computed for it takes part in
the calculation of the FREE O2.
• Free O2 is another term used for the oxygen that is left
unreacted and hence leaves along with the stack gas.

61 61
Click to Problem
Sample edit Master
48-49
title style
48. A furnace used to provide heat to 49. Recalculate the % CO2 in the
anneal steel burns a fuel gas whose ORSAT Analysis assuming that 5% if
composition can be represented as the carbon in the fuel burns to CO
(CH2)n. It is planned to burn this fuel only.
with stoichiometric air. Assume a. 14.2%
complete combustion and calculate
the % CO2 in the ORSAT Analysis of b. 11.3%
the flue gas. c. 12.6%
a. 19.4% d. 10.1%
b. 18.6%
c. 10.8%
d. 15.1%

62 62
 Click to edit Master title style
A furnace used to provide
heat to anneal steel burns
a fuel gas whose
composition can be
represented as (CH2)n. It is
planned to burn this fuel
with stoichiometric air.
Assume complete
combustion and calculate
the % CO2 in the ORSAT
Analysis of the flue gas.

a. 19.4%
b. 18.6%
c. 10.8%
d. 15.1%

63 63
 Click to edit Master title style
Recalculate the % CO2 in
the ORSAT Analysis
assuming that 5% if the
carbon in the fuel burns to
CO only.

a. 14.2%
b. 11.3%
c. 12.6%
d. 10.1%

64 64
Click to Problem
Sample edit Master
50-51
title style
50. A fuel containing 75% ethane 51. Calculate the % CO in the
and 25% propane is burnt with dry COMPLETE analysis of the stack
air. All the H2 burns to H2O and the gas.
CO2 to CO ratio is 10:1. 15% excess
air is supplied. Calculate the % CO
in the ORSAT analysis of the stack a. 0.65%
gas. b. 0.33%
c. 0.89%
a. 1.04% d. 0.99%
b. 2.18%
c. 5.33%
d. 4.27%
65 65
 Click to edit Master title style
A fuel containing 75%
ethane and 25%
propane is burnt with
dry air. All the H2 burns
to H2O and the CO2 to
CO ratio is 10:1. 15%
excess air is supplied.
Calculate the % CO in
the ORSAT analysis of
the stack gas.

a.1.04%
b.2.18%
c.5.33%
d.4.27%

6666
 Click to edit Master title style
Calculate the % CO in
the COMPLETE
analysis of the stack
gas.

a. 0.65%
b. 0.33%
c. 0.89%
d. 0.99%

67 67
Click to Problem
Sample edit Master
52-54
title style
52. Butane is burned in excess air. No 53. Calculate the molar composition of
carbon monoxide is present in the water in the product gas for theoretical
air supplied, 100% conversion of
combustion products. Calculate the butane.
molar composition of water in the a. 12%
product gas for 20% excess air, 100%
b. 14.9%
conversion of butane.
c. 3.3%
a. 12.6%
d. 10.7%
b. 8.8% 54. Calculate the molar composition of
c. 15.2% water for 20% excess air, 90%
conversion of butane.
d. 10.1% a. 11.4%
b. 9.1%
c. 13.6%
d. 7.5%
6868
 Click to edit Master title style
Butane is burned in excess
air. No carbon monoxide is
present in the combustion
products. Calculate the
molar composition of water
in the product gas for 20%
excess air, 100%
conversion of butane.

a.12.6%
b.8.8%
c.15.2%
d.10.1%

6969
 Click to edit Master title style
Calculate the molar
composition of water in the
product gas for theoretical
air supplied, 100%
conversion of butane.
a. 12%
b. 14.9%
c. 3.3%
d. 10.7%

Calculate the molar

composition of water for
20% excess air, 90%
conversion of butane.
a. 11.4%
b. 9.1%
c. 13.6%
d. 7.5%

70 70
Click to Problem
Sample edit Master
55-56
title style
55. 100mol of natural gas containing 80% 56. What is the % excess air used?
methane, 15% ethane, and 5% propane is
burnt in excess air. 90% of the carbon in the
feed is converted to CO2, and the remaining a. 25%
10% is converted to CO. What is the b. 30%
percentage of oxygen in the ORSAT
analysis of the flue gas if 332.5mol of c. 35%
oxygen was supplied during the combustion d. 40%
process?

a. 5.03%
b. 6.86%
c. 7.21%
d. 8.99%

71 71
 Click to edit Master title style
100mol of natural gas
containing 80% methane,
15% ethane, and 5%
propane is burnt in excess
air. 90% of the carbon in
the feed is converted to
CO2, and the remaining
10% is converted to CO.
What is the percentage of
oxygen in the ORSAT
analysis of the flue gas if
332.5mol of oxygen was
supplied during the
combustion process?

a.5.03%
b.6.86%
c.7.21%
d.8.99%

72 72
 Click to edit Master title style
What is the % excess air
used?

a. 25%
b. 30%
c. 35%
d. 40%

73 73
Click to Problem
Sample edit Master
57 title style
A burner burns a fuel gas with the following composition by volume:
3% carbon dioxide, 1% oxygen, 33% carbon monoxide, 1% benzene,
6% ethylene, 40% hydrogen, 10% hexane, and 6% nitrogen. The fuel
is fed to the burner at 300˚C and 1atm. Assuming that combustion is
complete, what is the % CO2 in the flue gas?

a. 13.7%
b. 11.6%
c. 12.9%
d. 10.8%
74 74
 Click to edit Master title style
A burner burns a fuel gas
with the following
composition by volume:
3% carbon dioxide, 1%
oxygen, 33% carbon
monoxide, 1% benzene,
6% ethylene, 40%
hydrogen, 10% hexane,
and 6% nitrogen. The fuel
is fed to the burner at
300˚C and 1atm. Assuming
that combustion is
complete, what is the %
CO2 in the flue gas?

a. 13.7%
b. 11.6%
c. 12.9%
d. 10.8%

75 75
Click to Case
edit Master
2: Calculations
title styleBased on ORSAT Analysis

•Since these problems provide complete ORSAT

Analyses, it is ideal to set a basis of 100kmol or
DRY stack gas.

•As long as there is no N2 present in the fuel, all

the N2 in the stack gas came from air, and
hence can be used to determine the supplied
O2 .
76 76
Click to Case
edit Master
2: Calculations
title styleBased on ORSAT Analysis

• UNACCOUNTED O2 is the oxygen present at the water that

is hidden from the ORSAT analysis. Since it is an oxygen
that is a part of a water molecule, it can be used to easily
determine how much hydrogen was supplied by the fuel.

• Another approach is to use the formula for O2 excess. This

can be used if there is nitrogen present in the fuel.
𝐶𝑂 𝐻
𝑂 𝑋𝑆 = 𝑂 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 − −
2 2

77 77
Click to Problem
Sample edit Master
58-59
title style
58. ORSAT analysis of the stack gas 59. Determine the mol% CH4 in the
from the combustion of a gaseous gaseous fuel.
mixture of acetylene and methane
shows 9.82% CO2, 1.37% CO,
0.69% H2, 5.43% O2, and 82.69% a. 50%
N2. Determine the % excess air. b. 30%
c. 40%
a. 15% d. 60%
b. 20%
c. 10%
d. 25%

78 78
 Click to edit Master title style
ORSAT analysis of the
stack gas from the
combustion of a
gaseous mixture of
acetylene and methane
shows 9.82% CO2,
1.37% CO, 0.69% H2,
5.43% O2, and 82.69%
N2. Determine the %
excess air.

a.15%
b.20%
c.10%
d.25%

79 79
 Click to edit Master title style
Determine the mol%
CH4 in the gaseous fuel.

a. 50%
b. 30%
c. 40%
d. 60%

8080
Click to Problem
Sample edit Master
60-61
title style
60. A pure saturated hydrocarbon is 61. Calculate the formula of the
burnt with excess air. ORSAT hydrocarbon.
analysis of the stack gas shows a. CH4
7.9% CO2, 1.18% CO, 0.24% H2,
5.25% O2, and 85.43% N2. Air is b. C2H6
substantially dry. The stack gases c. C3H8
leave at 750mmHg pressure.
Calculate the % excess air. d. C4H10
a. 25%
b. 34%
c. 18%
d. 44%

81 81
 Click to edit Master title style
A pure saturated
hydrocarbon is burnt
with excess air. ORSAT
analysis of the stack
gas shows 7.9% CO2,
1.18% CO, 0.24% H2,
5.25% O2, and 85.43%
N2. Air is substantially
dry. The stack gases
leave at 750mmHg
pressure. Calculate the
% excess air.

a.25%
b.34%
c.18%
d.44%
82 82
 Click to edit Master title style
Calculate the formula of
the hydrocarbon.

a. CH4
b. C2H6
c. C3H8
d. C4H10

83 83
Click to Problem
Sample edit Master
62-63
title style
62. A pure saturated hydrocarbon is 63. Calculate the air-fuel ratio (kg air
burned with excess air. Orsat per kg fuel)
analysis of the products of
combustion shows 9% CO2, 2% CO,
and 4.27% O2. Calculate the formula a. 17.58
of the hydrocarbon and the % b. 17.85
excess air.
c. 18.57
d. 18.75
a. CH4, 16.98%
b. CH4, 18.96%
c. C2H6, 16.98%
d. C2H6, 18.96%
84 84
 Click to edit Master title style
A pure saturated
hydrocarbon is burned
with excess air. Orsat
analysis of the products
of combustion shows
9% CO2, 2% CO, and
4.27% O2. Calculate the
formula of the
hydrocarbon and the %
excess air.

a.CH4, 16.98%
b.CH4, 18.96%
c.C2H6, 16.98%
d.C2H6, 18.96%

85 85
 Click to edit Master title style
Calculate the air-fuel
ratio (kg air per kg fuel)

a. 17.58
b. 17.85
c. 18.57
d. 18.75

8686
Click to Problem
Sample edit Master
64-65
title style
64. A sample of a gas containing 65. Calculate the % excess.
propane and butane is burned in
excess air, and a burner gas of the
following analysis is obtained: 9% a. 31.49%
CO2, 1% CO, 6.26% O2, and 83.74% b. 31.94%
N2. Calculate the composition of this
bottle gas. c. 34.19%
d. 34.91%
a. 32.4% C3H8, 67.6% C4H10
b. 33.3% C3H8, 66.7% C4H10
c. 66.7% C3H8, 33.3% C4H10
d. 67.6% C3H8, 32.4% C4H10
87 87
 Click to edit Master title style
A sample of a gas containing
propane and butane is burned
in excess air, and a burner gas
of the following analysis is
obtained: 9% CO2, 1% CO,
6.26% O2, and 83.74% N2.
Calculate the composition of
this bottle gas.

a.32.4% C3H8, 67.6% C4H10

b.33.3% C3H8, 66.7% C4H10
c.66.7% C3H8, 33.3% C4H10
d.67.6% C3H8, 32.4% C4H10

8888
 Click to edit Master title style
Calculate the % excess.

a. 31.49%
b. 31.94%
c. 34.19%
d. 34.91%

8989
Click to Problem
Sample edit Master
66-67
title style
66. The formula of a saturated hydrocarbon 67. Calculate the % of the hydrocarbon at
– N2 mixture was determined by burning a the fuel.
sample of the mixture with 30% excess air.
The combustion gases were analyzed and
showed an ORSAT analysis of 8.95% CO2, a. 48.68%
0.99% CO, 1.99% H2, 6.46% O2, and b. 68.48%
81.61% N2. What is the formula of the
hydrocarbon? c. 84.86%
d. 86.84%
a. CH4
b. C2H6
c. C3H8
d. C4H10

9090
 Click to edit Master title style
The formula of a saturated
hydrocarbon – N2 mixture
was determined by burning
a sample of the mixture
with 30% excess air. The
combustion gases were
analyzed and showed an
ORSAT analysis of 8.95%
CO2, 0.99% CO, 1.99% H2,
6.46% O2, and 81.61% N2.
What is the formula of the
hydrocarbon?

a.CH4
b.C2H6
c.C3H8
d.C4H10

91 91
 Click to edit Master title style
Calculate the % of the
hydrocarbon at the fuel.

a. 48.68%
b. 68.48%
c. 84.86%
d. 86.84%

92 92
ClickCase
to edit
3: Calculations
Master title style
Based on Partial ORSAT Analysis

• In Partial ORSAT Analyses, the missing percentages are

always that of nitrogen and oxygen.
• The most ideal basis for these types of problems is 100kmol
of DRY stack gas.
• The solution for Case 3 problems will involve elemental
balances, starting with C, then H2.
• For uniformity of solution, let x be equal to the % of O2 at
the stack gas, and y be equal to the kmol of DRY air. Their
values can be solvable by generating 2 equations, which
can be derived from N2 and O2 balances.
93 93
Click to Problem
Sample edit Master
68 title style

The burning of pure butane with excess air gives a stack gas
which analyzes 11.55% CO2 on a dry basis. Assuming
complete combustion, calculate the % excess air.

a. 16%
b. 20%
c. 11%
d. 23%

94 94
 Click to edit Master title style
The burning of pure
butane with excess
air gives a stack gas
which analyzes
11.55% CO2 on a dry
basis. Assuming
complete
combustion, calculate
the % excess air.

a. 16%
b. 20%
c. 11%
d. 23%

95 95
Click to Problem
Sample edit Master
69-71
title style
69. A fuel containing methane, 70. Calculate the complete ORSAT
ethane, and 2% hydrogen sulfide is analysis of the stack gas.
burned in a furnace to produce a a. 3.34% O2, 86.01% N2
stack gas having a partial Orsat
analysis of 7.5% CO2, 3% CO, and b. 3.44% O2, 85.91% N2
0.15% SO2. Assuming complete c. 4.34% O2, 85.01% N2
conversion of hydrogen to water,
calculate the % of methane and d. 4.43% O2, 84.92% N2
ethane in the feed. 71. Calculate the % excess air.
a. 65% methane, 32% ethane a. 18.94%
b. 32% methane, 65% ethane b. 14.89%
c. 42% methane, 56% ethane c. 14.98%
d. 56% methane, 42% ethane d. 18.49%
9696
 Click to edit Master title style
A fuel containing methane,
ethane, and 2% hydrogen
sulfide is burned in a furnace to
produce a stack gas having a
partial Orsat analysis of 7.5%
CO2, 3% CO, and 0.15% SO2.
Assuming complete conversion
of hydrogen to water, calculate
the % of methane and ethane
in the feed.

a.65% methane, 32% ethane

b.32% methane, 65% ethane
c.42% methane, 56% ethane
d.56% methane, 42% ethane

97 97
 Click to edit Master title style
Calculate the complete ORSAT
analysis of the stack gas.
a. 3.34% O2, 86.01% N2
b. 3.44% O2, 85.91% N2
c. 4.34% O2, 85.01% N2
d. 4.43% O2, 84.92% N2
Calculate the % excess air.
a. 18.94%
b. 14.89%
c. 14.98%
d. 18.49%

9898
Click to edit Master
Combustion
title styleof Liquid Fuels

• In the combustion of liquid fuels, feed composition is

given in terms of mass, unless otherwise stated.

• The three cases of calculations in gaseous fuels are

also applicable in liquid fuels.

• Some liquid fuels are expressed in terms of one of

two ratings: Octane Number or Cetane Number.
9999
Click to edit Master
Combustion
title styleof Liquid Fuels

• Octane Number, also known as the Anti-Knock Rating,

expresses a fuel in terms of the VOLUME % of iso-octane
in a mixture of iso-octane (C8H18, SG=0.6918) and heptane
(C7H16, SG=0.684).

• Cetane Number expresses a fuel in terms of the volume %

of cetane (hexadecane) in a mixture of cetane (C16H34,
SG=0.7751) and methylnaphthalene (C11H10, SG=1.025).

100100
Click to Problem
Sample edit Master
72 title style
The octane number of a gasoline was determined using a mixture of
iso-octane and heptane with the same knocking tendency as the
gasoline. If the iso-octane-heptane mixture is burned in 30% excess
air, with a product gas molal ratio of CO2 to CO of 5:2, and H2 to CO
of 1:1, what is the % CO in the ORSAT analysis? Assume octane
number of 85.

a. 3.03%
b. 1.56%
c. 2.95%
d. 4.47%
101 101
 Click to edit Master title style
The octane number of a
gasoline was determined using
a mixture of iso-octane and
heptane with the same
knocking tendency as the
gasoline. If the iso-octane-
heptane mixture is burned in
30% excess air, with a product
gas molal ratio of CO2 to CO of
5:2, and H2 to CO of 1:1, what
is the % CO in the ORSAT
analysis? Assume octane
number of 85.

a. 3.03%
b. 1.56%
c. 2.95%
d. 4.47%

102102
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Sample edit Master
73 title style

If the test study on the combustion of the cetane-

methylnaphthalene mixture gave a product analyzing 7.14%
CO2, 4.28% CO, 8.24% O2, and 80.34% N2, what is the
cetane number of the diesel?

a. 28
b. 36
c. 53
d. 45
103103
 Click to edit Master title style
If the test study on the
combustion of the
cetane-
methylnaphthalene
mixture gave a product
analyzing 7.14% CO2,
4.28% CO, 8.24% O2,
and 80.34% N2, what is
the cetane number of
the diesel?

a. 28
b. 36
c. 53
d. 45

104104
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Sample edit Master
74 (PIChE
title style
Quiz Bee 2021)

A liquid fuel was burned in excess air and was

analyzed to have the following dry stack gas
composition. Determine the octane number of the fuel.

CO2 CO O2 N2 Component MW SG
a. 28 6.8 3.01 7.97 82.22 Iso-octane 114.23 0.692

b. 39 Heptane 100.21 0.684

c. 82
d. 93
105105
 Click to edit Master
CO title
CO
2 Ostyle
N 2 2 Component MW SG
6.8 3.01 7.97 82.22 Iso-octane 114.23 0.692
A liquid fuel was Heptane 100.21 0.684
burned in excess air
and was analyzed to
have the following dry
stack gas
composition.
Determine the octane
number of the fuel.

a. 28
b. 39
c. 82
d. 93

106106
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Sample edit Master
75-76
title style
75. A low grade fuel oil containing 76. Calculate the % excess.
approximately 80% C, 9% H, 3% O, 4% N,
and 4% S is burned in an industrial burner
producing a stack gas with a partial Orsat a. 33.79%
analysis that shows 11% CO2 and 1% CO. b. 33.97%
The molal ratio of H2 to CO in the
combustion gas is 1:4. Calculate the % O2 in c. 37.39%
the ORSAT analysis. d. 37.93%

a. 0.23%
b. 4.34%
c. 6.09%
d. 9.06%

107107
 Click to edit Master title style
A low grade fuel oil
containing approximately
80% C, 9% H, 3% O, 4%
N, and 4% S is burned in
an industrial burner
producing a stack gas with
a partial Orsat analysis
that shows 11% CO2 and
1% CO. The molal ratio of
H2 to CO in the combustion
gas is 1:4. Calculate the %
O2 in the ORSAT analysis.

a.0.23%
b.4.34%
c.6.09%
d.9.06%

108108
 Click to edit Master title style
Calculate the % excess.

a. 33.79%
b. 33.97%
c. 37.39%
d. 37.93%

109109
Click to edit
Combustion
Master title
of Solid
styleFuels / Coal Combustion

• Combustion of Solid Fuels (coal) has 2 types, one

with and the other without combustibles in the refuse.

• As the latter does not involve any complications in

terms of calculation procedure, the former type is
further subdivided into 3: uncoked coal, coked coal,
and combination of the two.

110110
Click to edit Master Types
title style
of Coal Analysis

• Proximate Analysis – based on 4 components: volatile

combustible matter (VCM), fixed carbon (FC), moisture (M),
and ash.

• Ultimate Analysis – based on elements: C, H, O, N, S, and

ash.

• Modified Analysis – based on components required for

combustion calculations.
111 111
Click to edit Master title
Modified
style Analysis

• VCM is composed of volatile carbon, net Hydrogen (NH),

Combined Water (CW), nitrogen, and sulfur. In the modified
analysis, only the volatile carbon has its percentage
combined with FC, while the rest have their percentages
expressed individually.

• Hydrogen and oxygen have 3 sources: moisture, NH, and

CW. Hence these 3 have their percentages expressed
individually as well.

112 112
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Summarytitleofstyle
the 3 Analyses of Coal

113 113
Click to
Coal
edit
Combustion
Master title
with
style
Combustibles at the Refuse

• Uncoked Coal – all % losses are the same. A coal can be

classified as uncoked if the ratio between the VCM and FC
at the coal and at the refuse are equal.

• Coked Coal – all VCM combusts, hence only FC remains in

the refuse along with the ash. In some cases, moisture can
also exit in the refuse.

114 114
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Coal
edit
Combustion
Master title
with
style
Combustibles at the Refuse

• Combination of Coked and Uncoked Coal – due to the coal

being partially coked, the VCM to FC ratio at the coal and at
the refuse are no longer equal, hence the losses aren’t
equal as well.

115 115
Click to editUseful
MasterEquations
title stylein Coal Combustion

• Dulong’s Formula
𝐶𝑉 = 0.338𝐶 + 1.44𝑁𝐻 + 0.094𝑆
𝑂
𝐶𝑉 = 0.338𝐶 + 1.44 𝐻 − + 0.094𝑆
8

• Calderwood Equation
.
100𝑉𝐶𝑀
𝐶 = 5.88 + 2.206 𝐶𝑉 − 0.094𝑆 + 0.0053 80 −
𝐹𝐶

116116
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Sample edit Master
77-81
title style
77. A furnace is fired with sub-bituminous B coal 79. Calculate its % oxygen.
containing 10.3% moisture, 34% VCM, and 7.7% a. 29%
ash. It is also known to contain 1.2% N and 1.57% b. 40%
S. Its calorific value is 22MJ/kg. Calculate the %
fixed carbon. c. 38%
d. 15%
a. 55%
80. Calculate its % CW in VCM.
b. 37%
a. 55%
c. 48% b. 44%
d. 62% c. 66%
78. Calculate the % combined water. d. 33%
a. 22.5% 81. Calculate the CV of VCM.
a. 12MJ/kg
b. 10.7%
b. 17MJ/kg
c. 18.5%
c. 15MJ/kg
d. 35.9% d. 10MJ/kg

117 117
 Click to edit Master title style
A furnace is fired with sub-
bituminous B coal
containing 10.3% moisture,
34% VCM, and 7.7% ash.
It is also known to contain
1.2% N and 1.57% S. Its
calorific value is 22MJ/kg.
Calculate the % fixed
carbon.
a. 55%
b. 37%
c. 48%
d. 62%
Calculate the % combined
water.
a. 22.5%
b. 10.7%
c. 18.5%
d. 35.9%

118118
 Click to edit Master title style
Calculate its % oxygen.
a. 29%
b. 40%
c. 38%
d. 15%

Calculate its % CW in
VCM.
a. 55%
b. 44%
c. 66%
d. 33%

Calculate the CV of VCM.

a. 12MJ/kg
b. 17MJ/kg
c. 15MJ/kg
d. 10MJ/kg

119119
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Sample edit Master
82-84
title style
82. A high volatile B bituminous coal 83. Calculate the complete Orsat analysis of
analyzing 22% VCM, 64% FC, 4% M, 1.4% the stack gas.
N, and 1.6% S has a calorific value of
a. 5.66% O2
32.5MJ/kg. It is burned in excess air
supplied essentially dry at 28˚C and 1atm. b. 6.77% O2
The stack gases leave at 2a50˚C, c. 7.88% O2
740mmHg, and contains 8.37% CO2, 4.19%
CO, and 2.51% H2. Calculate the % excess d. 8.99% O2
O2. 84. Calculate the volumetric ratio between
a. 20% the stack gas and the air.
b. 30% a. 1.89
c. 40% b. 1.98
d. 50% c. 1.68
d. 1.86

120120
 Click to edit Master title style
A high volatile B
bituminous coal analyzing
22% VCM, 64% FC, 4% M,
1.4% N, and 1.6% S has a
calorific value of
32.5MJ/kg. It is burned in
excess air supplied
essentially dry at 28˚C and
1atm. The stack gases
leave at 2a50˚C,
740mmHg, and contains
8.37% CO2, 4.19% CO,
and 2.51% H2. Calculate
the % excess O2.
a. 20%
b. 30%
c. 40%
d. 50%

121 121
 Click to edit Master title style
Calculate the complete
Orsat analysis of the stack
gas.
a. 5.66% O2
b. 6.77% O2
c. 7.88% O2
d. 8.99% O2
Calculate the volumetric
ratio between the stack
gas and the air.
a. 1.89
b. 1.98
c. 1.68
d. 1.86

122122
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Sample edit Master
85 title style

A sample of coal contains 4% M, 24% VCM, 63% FC, 1% N,

2% S, and 9% ash. Its calorific value is 32MJ/kg. If the
residue analyzes 5% VCM, 13.13% FC, and 81.87% ash,
calculate the %VCM lost, % C lost, and % CV lost.

a. 2.29%
b. 2.92%
c. 9.22%
d. 9.29%
123123
 Click to edit Master title style
A sample of coal
contains 4% M, 24%
VCM, 63% FC, 1% N,
2% S, and 9% ash. Its
calorific value is
32MJ/kg. If the residue
analyzes 5% VCM,
13.13% FC, and
81.87% ash, calculate
the %VCM lost, % C
lost, and % CV lost.

a. 2.29%
b. 2.92%
c. 9.22%
d. 9.29%

124124
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Sample edit Master
86 title style

A sample of coal contains 4% M, 24% VCM, 63% FC, 1% N,

2% S, and 9% ash. Its calorific value is 32MJ/kg. The residue
analyzes 24% FC and 76% ash. Calculate the % C lost.

a. 3.56%
b. 3.65%
c. 5.36%
d. 5.63%

125125
 Click to edit Master title style
A sample of coal
contains 4% M, 24%
VCM, 63% FC, 1% N,
2% S, and 9% ash.
Its calorific value is
32MJ/kg. The residue
analyzes 24% FC
and 76% ash.
Calculate the % C
lost.

a. 3.56%
b. 3.65%
c. 5.36%
d. 5.63%

126126
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Sample edit Master
87-88
title style
87. A sample of coal contains 4% M, 88. Calculate the % CV lost.
24% VCM, 63% FC, 1% N, 2% S,
and 9% ash. Its calorific value is
32MJ/kg. The residue analyzes 8% a. 5%
VCM, 29% FC, and 63% ash. b. 10%
Calculate the % C lost.
c. 15%
d. 20%
a. 4.67%
b. 4.76%
c. 5.97%
d. 6.23%

127127
 Click to edit Master title style
A sample of coal
contains 4% M, 24%
VCM, 63% FC, 1% N,
2% S, and 9% ash.
Its calorific value is
32MJ/kg. The residue
analyzes 8% VCM,
29% FC, and 63%
ash. Calculate the %
C lost.

a. 4.67%
b. 4.76%
c. 5.97%
d. 6.23%

128128
 Click to edit Master title style
Calculate the % CV
lost.

a. 5%
b. 10%
c. 15%
d. 20%

129129
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Sample edit Master
89-90
title style
89. A sample of coal has the following 90. Calculate the % excess.
proximate analysis: 36% VCM, 50% FC,
a. 34.54%
11% ash, 3% M, 1% N, and 5% S. Its
calorific value is 30 MJ/kg. Analysis of the b. 43.45%
wetted residue shows 12% C, 65% ash, and c. 45.43%
23% H2O. Dry air is supplied at 27˚C and
1atm. The stack gases leave at 350˚C, 750 d. 54.34%
mmHg and with a partial Orsat analysis of
9% CO2, 2% CO, and 1% H2. Calculate the
complete ORSAT analysis of the stack gas.
a. 3.29% O2, 84.41% N2
b. 3.92% O2, 83.78% N2
c. 9.62% O2, 78.08% N2
d. 9.32% O2, 78.38% N2

130130
 Click to edit Master title style
A sample of coal has the
following proximate analysis:
36% VCM, 50% FC, 11% ash,
3% M, 1% N, and 5% S. Its
calorific value is 30 MJ/kg.
Analysis of the wetted residue
shows 12% C, 65% ash, and
23% H2O. Dry air is supplied at
27˚C and 1atm. The stack
gases leave at 350˚C, 750
mmHg and with a partial Orsat
analysis of 9% CO2, 2% CO,
and 1% H2. Calculate the
complete ORSAT analysis of
the stack gas.

a. 3.29% O2, 84.41% N2

b. 3.92% O2, 83.78% N2
c. 9.62% O2, 78.08% N2
d. 9.32% O2, 78.38% N2

131 131
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Calculate the % excess.
a. 34.54%
b. 43.45%
c. 45.43%
d. 54.34%

132132
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THANK YOU! ^_^

133