CALCULUS 1

BEFORE CALCULUS
RUANG VEKTOR UMUM
BEFORE CALCULUS
1. REAL NUMBERS

2. INEQUALITIES AND ABSOLUTE VALUES

3. THE RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM

4. FUNCTIONS

5. NEW FUNCTIONS FROM OLD

6. FAMILIES OF FUNCTIONS

7. INVERSE FUNCTIONS
REAL NUMBERS
REAL NUMBERS
⚫ Natural numbers : 1,2,3,4,5,6,…

⚫ Integers : …,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,…

3 7 21 16 17
⚫ Rational numbers : , − , , ,−
4 8 5 2 1
⚫ Irrational numbers : 2, 3,
REAL NUMBERS
INEQUALITIES AND ABSOLUTE
VALUES
INTERVALS
 SOLVING INEQUALITIES

EXAMPLE
Solve : 2x − 7  4x − 2

2x − 7  4x − 2
2x  4x + 5 (adding 7)
−2x  5 (adding − 4x)
5  1
x  −  multiplying by − 
2  2
SOLVING INEQUALITIES
EXAMPLE
Solve : −5  2x + 6  4

−5  2x + 6  4
−11  2x  −2 (adding − 6 )
11  1
−  x  −1  multiplying by 
2  2
 SOLVING INEQUALITIES
EXAMPLE x2 − x  6
Solve : x2 −
x2 − x − 6  0 (adding − 6 )
(x − 3) (x + 2)  0 (factoring)
 SOLVING INEQUALITIES
EXAMPLE
Solve : 3x2 − x − 2  0
3x 2 − x − 2  0
(3x + 2 )(x −1)  0
SOLVING INEQUALITIES
EXAMPLE

x −1
Solve : 0
x+2

Solve : (x + 1)(x − 1)
2
ABSOLUTE VALUES

x =x if x  0
−x = x if x  0
Properties
1. ab = a b
a a
2. =
b b
3. a + b  a + b
4. a − b  a − b
INEQUALITIES INVOLVING ABSOLUTE VALUES
INEQUALITIES INVOLVING ABSOLUTE VALUES
EXAMPLE
Solve x − 4  2

x − 4  2  −2
INEQUALITIES INVOLVING ABSOLUTE VALUES
EXAMPLE
Solve 3x − 5  1

3x − 5  −1 or 3x − 5 
3x  4 or 3
4
x
EXERCISE 1
Express the solution set of the given inequality in interval
notation and sketch its graph.
EXERCISE 1 / PR 1
Find the solution sets of the given inequalities

2x
1. x−2 5 3. −5  7
7
5
2. x + 2 1 4. 2+ 1
x

PR 1
 THE RECTANGULAR
COORDINATE SYSTEM
THE RECTANGULAR COORDINATE
SYSTEM
THE DISTANCE FORMULA
a 2 + b2 = c2
THE EQUATION OF THE CIRLE
⚫ The cirle with radius r and the center (h , k) has the equation

(x − h ) + ( y − k ) = r 2
2 2

(x + 1) + ( y − 2 )
2 2
=9
THE MIDPOINT FORMULA
⚫ The midpoint of the line segment joining P(x1,y1) and
Q(x2,y2)
 x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 
 2 2  

LINES
⚫ Slope

rise y −
m= =
r
THE POINT SLOPE FORM

y − y1 = m (x − x1 )
THE SLOPE INTERCEPT FORM

y − b = m (x − 0 )
y = mx + b
EQUATION FOR VERTICAL LINE
PARALLEL LINES
PERPINDICULAR LINES
⚫ Two nonvertical lines lines are perpindicular if and only if
their slopes are negative reciprocals of each other
1
m2 = −
m1
PERPINDICULAR LINES
EXERCISE 2
1. Find the equation of the cirle satisfying the given condition

2. Find the center and radius of the circle with the given equation

PR
3. Find the value of k such that the line kx-3y=10
Functions
 DEFINITION OF A FUNCTION
⚫ If a variable y depends on a variable x in such a way that
each value of x determines exactly one value of y , then we
say that y is a function of x

⚫ A function f is a rule that associates a unique output with

each input. If the input is denoted by x, then the output is
denoted by f (x) (read “f of x”).
DEFINITION OF A FUNCTION
Four common methods for representing functions are:
1. Numerically by tables
2. Geometrically by graphs
3. Algebraically by formulas
4. Verbally
INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES
Given:
y = f (x)

⚫ This equation expresses y as a function of x.

⚫ The variable x is called the independent variable of f.
⚫ The variable y is called the dependent variable of f.
GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS
THE VERTICAL LINE TEST
Not every curve in the xy-plane is the graph of a function!!!

The vertical line test

A curve in the xy-plane is the graph of some function f if and
only if no vertical line intersects the curve more than once.
EXERCISE 3
Determine whether the graph defines y as a function of x ?
THE ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION
Recall that the absolute value or magnitude of a real
number x is defined by :

Properties of absolute value

If a and b are real numbers, then :
EXAMPLE
Graph the function f (x) = |x|
PIECEWISE-DEFINED FUNCTIONS
Piecewise-defined functions is a function defined by different
formulas in different parts of their domains.

EXAMPLE:
Sketch the graph of the function defined piecewise by the formula
EXERCISE 4
1. A function f is defined by:

a. f (-2), f (-1), and f (0)

b. sketch the graph.

2. Find a formula for the function f graphed below

PR
DOMAIN AND RANGE
If x and y are related by the equation :
y = f (x)
⚫ The set of all allowable inputs (x – values) is called the domain of f
⚫ The set of outputs (y – values ) that result when x varies over the
domain is called the range of f
DOMAIN AND RANGE
DEFINITION
⚫ If a real-valued function of a real variable is defined by a
formula, and if no domain is stated explicitly, then it is to be
understood that the domain consists of all real numbers for
which the formula yields a real value.
⚫ This is called the natural domain of the function.
EXERCISE 5
1. Find the natural domain of:
a. f(x)= x3 b. f(x)= 1 / [(x-1)(x-3)]

2. Find the natural domain and determine the range of each

function
New Functions From Old
ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
⚫ Two functions, f and g, can be added, subtracted, multiplied,
and divided in a natural way to form new functions f + g, f − g,
fg, and f /g.
ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
⚫ EXAMPLE
Let , find the formulas for the
functions f + g, f - g, fg, f / g, and 7f ?
COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS

EXAMPLE
COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS

EXAMPLE

Solution:
EXPRESSING A FUNCTION AS A COMPOSITION
EXERCISE 6
1. Find formulas for f + g, f − g, fg, and f /g.

2. Find formulas for f ◦ g and g ◦ f

a.

b.

3. Find a formula for f ◦g ◦h.

EXERCISE 6
4. Express f as a composition of two functions; that is, find g
and h such that f = g ◦ h.

5. Express f as a composition of two functions; that is, find g

and h such that f = g ◦ h.
NEW FUNCTIONS FROM OLD
TRANSLATIONS
TRANSLATIONS
EXAMPLE
Sketch the graph of :

Obtained by translating the graph of y = √x right 3 units

Obtained by translating the graph of y = √x left 3 units

REFLECTIONS
SYMMETRY
EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS
A function f is said to be an even function if
f (−x) = f (x)
and is said to be an odd function if
f (−x) = −f (x)
EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE
In each part, classify the function as even, odd, or neither.
Families of Functions
FAMILIES OF CURVES

If we vary c, then we obtain a set

Graph of the equation y = c or family of horizontal lines
FAMILIES OF CURVES
POWER FUNCTIONS; THE FAMILY y = xn
POWER FUNCTIONS; THE FAMILY y = xn
POLYNOMIALS
POLYNOMIALS
RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
A function that can be expressed as a ratio of two polynomials is called a rational
function

Rational functions have graphs that closely approximate a vertical line, called a
vertical asymptote
Rational functions eventually get closer and closer to some horizontal line, called a
horizontal asymptote
ALGEBRIC FUNCTIONS
⚫ Functions that can be constructed from polynomials by applying finitely many
algebraic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and root
extraction) are called algebraic functions
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
The exponential functions are the functions of the form
f (x) = bx
where the base b is a positive constant
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
The logarithmic functions f (x) = logb x, where the base b is a
positive constant
EXAMPLE
EXERCISE 5
Classify each equation as a polynomial or rational?

a.

b.

c.
Inverse Functions
INVERSE FUNCTIONS
A METHOD FOR FINDING INVERSE FUNCTIONS
A METHOD FOR FINDING INVERSE FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE
Find a formula for the inverse of with x as the
independent variable

EXERCISE 6
Find a formula for f−1(x).
a.
b.
c.
EXISTENCE OF INVERSE FUNCTIONS
 QUIZ 1
1. Find the natural domain and determine the range of each function
a. b.

2. Find formulas for f + g, f − g, fg, and f /g, if

3. Find formulas for f ◦ g and g ◦ f

a. b.

4. Find a formula for f ◦ g ◦ h, if

5. Find a formula for f −1(x).

a. b.
6. Find the solution sets of the given inequalities
1
a. 5x − 6  1 b. −3  6
3x
QUIZ 1
1. Find the natural domain of

2. Find formulas for f + g, f − g, fg, and f /g. if

3. Find formulas for f ◦ g and g ◦ f

a. b.

4. Find a formula for f −1(x).

a. b.