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Derivation of Maximum Signal To Quantization Noise Ratio For Linear Quantization

The document discusses Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM), a technique for converting analog signals to digital by quantizing the difference between sampled and predicted values, thus reducing redundancy found in standard Pulse Code Modulation (PCM). It explains the principles of DPCM, including the prediction filter and quantization error, which allow for a decrease in the overall bit rate and the number of bits required per sample. Additionally, it outlines the DPCM receiver's role in reconstructing the digital signal from the transmitted output.

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6 views5 pages

Derivation of Maximum Signal To Quantization Noise Ratio For Linear Quantization

The document discusses Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM), a technique for converting analog signals to digital by quantizing the difference between sampled and predicted values, thus reducing redundancy found in standard Pulse Code Modulation (PCM). It explains the principles of DPCM, including the prediction filter and quantization error, which allow for a decrease in the overall bit rate and the number of bits required per sample. Additionally, it outlines the DPCM receiver's role in reconstructing the digital signal from the transmitted output.

Uploaded by

vashanthlvanish
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Derivation of Maximum Signal to Quantization Noise Ratio for Linear

Quantization:

Then
Differential pulse code modulation:

Differential pulse code modulation is a technique of analog to digital signal


conversion. This technique samples the analog signal and then quantizes the
difference between the sampled value and its predicted value, then encodes the
signal to form a digital value. Before going to discuss differential pulse code
modulation, we have to know the demerits of PCM (Pulse Code Modulation).
The samples of a signal are highly correlated with each other. The signal’s value
from the present sample to the next sample does not differ by a large amount.
The adjacent samples of the signal carry the same information with a small
difference. When these samples are encoded by the standard PCM system, the
resulting encoded signal contains some redundant information bits. The below
figure illustrates this.

The above figure shows a continuing time signal x(t) denoted by a dotted line.
This signal is sampled by flat-top sampling at intervals Ts, 2Ts, 3Ts…nTs. The
sampling frequency is selected to be higher than the Nyquist rate. These
samples are encoded by using 3-bit (7 levels) PCM. The samples are quantized
to the nearest digital level as shown by small circles in the above figure. The
encoded binary value of each sample is written on the top of the samples. Just
observe the above figure at samples taken at 4Ts, 5Ts, and 6Ts are encoded to the
same value of (110). This information can be carried only by one sample value.
But three samples are carrying the same information means redundant.

Principle of Differential Pulse Code Modulation:

If the redundancy is reduced, then the overall bit rate will decrease and the
number of bits required to transmit one sample will also reduce. This type of
digital pulse modulation technique is called differential pulse code modulation.
The DPCM works on the principle of prediction. The value of the present
sample is predicted from the previous samples. The prediction may not be exact,
but it is very close to the actual sample value.

Differential Pulse Code Modulation Transmitter:

The sampled signal is denoted by x(nTs) and the predicted signal is indicated by
x^(nTs). The comparator finds out the difference between the actual sample
value x (nTs) and the predicted value x^(nTs). This is called signal error and it is
denoted as e(nTs)

e(nTs)= x(nTs)- x^( nTs) …….(1)

Here the predicted value x^(nTs) is produced by using a prediction filter(signal


processing filter). The quantizer output signal eq(nTs) and the previous
prediction is added and given as input to the prediction filter, this signal is
denoted by xq(nTs). This makes the prediction closer to the actually sampled
signal. The quantized error signal eq(nTs) is very small and can be encoded by
using a small number of bits. Thus the number of bits per sample is reduced in
DPCM.

The quantizer output would be written as,

eq(nTs)= e(nTs)+ q(nTs) ……(2)

Here q(nTs) is quantization error. From the above block diagram the prediction
filter input xq(nTs) is obtained by sum of x^(nTs) and the quantizer output
eq(nTs).

i.e, xq(nTs) = x^(nTs)+ eq(nTs).………. (3)

by substituting the value of eq(nTs) from the equation (2) in equation (3) we get,
xq(nTs) = x^(nTs)+ e(nTs)+ q(nTs)……. (4)

Equation (1) can written as,

e (nTs)+ x^( nTs) = x(nTs)……. (5)

from the above equations 4 and 5 we get,

xq(nTs) = x(nTs)+ q (nTs)

Therefore, the quantized version of signal xq(nTs) is the sum of original sample
value and quantized error q(nTs). The quantized error can be positive or
negative. So the output of the prediction filter does not depend on its
characteristics.

Differential Pulse Code Modulation Receiver:

In order to reconstruct the received digital signal, the DPCM receiver (shown in
the below figure) consists of a decoder and prediction filter. In the absenteeism
of noise, the encoded receiver input will be the same as the encoded transmitter
output.

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