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SQL All Topics

This document provides a comprehensive overview of SQL, covering its basics, types, syntax, and data types. It details various database objects, DDL, DML, querying techniques, built-in and aggregate functions, joins, subqueries, set operators, and advanced topics like transactions, stored procedures, and database design concepts. The document serves as a guide for understanding SQL fundamentals and advanced functionalities.

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3 views

SQL All Topics

This document provides a comprehensive overview of SQL, covering its basics, types, syntax, and data types. It details various database objects, DDL, DML, querying techniques, built-in and aggregate functions, joins, subqueries, set operators, and advanced topics like transactions, stored procedures, and database design concepts. The document serves as a guide for understanding SQL fundamentals and advanced functionalities.

Uploaded by

184Sandhya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Basics of SQL

- What is SQL?

- Types of SQL (DDL, DML, DCL, TCL)

- SQL syntax and conventions

- SQL data types

2. Database Objects

- Tables

- Views

- Indexes

- Sequences

- Synonyms

3. DDL (Data Definition Language)

- CREATE, ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE

- Constraints: PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, UNIQUE, NOT NULL, CHECK, DEFAULT

4. DML (Data Manipulation Language)

- SELECT

- INSERT

- UPDATE

- DELETE

- MERGE (optional/advanced)

5. Querying Data

- SELECT statements

- Filtering: WHERE, BETWEEN, LIKE, IN


- Sorting: ORDER BY

- Limiting: LIMIT / TOP

- Aliases: AS

6. Built-in Functions

- String functions (UPPER, LOWER, SUBSTRING, CONCAT)

- Numeric functions (ROUND, CEIL, FLOOR, MOD)

- Date functions (NOW, CURDATE, DATEDIFF, DATE_FORMAT)

- Conversion functions (CAST, CONVERT)

7. Aggregate Functions

- COUNT(), SUM(), AVG(), MIN(), MAX()

- GROUP BY

- HAVING

8. Joins

- INNER JOIN

- LEFT JOIN / LEFT OUTER JOIN

- RIGHT JOIN / RIGHT OUTER JOIN

- FULL JOIN

- SELF JOIN

- CROSS JOIN

- NATURAL JOIN (rare)

9. Subqueries

- Scalar subquery

- Column subquery
- Row subquery

- Correlated subquery

- EXISTS, ANY, ALL

10. Set Operators

- UNION, UNION ALL

- INTERSECT

- EXCEPT / MINUS

11. Views and Materialized Views

- Creating and updating views

- Differences between view and table

- Materialized views (used in Oracle, PostgreSQL, etc.)

12. Indexes

- Single-column and composite indexes

- Unique index

- Performance considerations

13. Transactions and TCL (Transaction Control Language)

- START TRANSACTION

- COMMIT

- ROLLBACK

- SAVEPOINT

14. DCL (Data Control Language)

- GRANT
- REVOKE

- User roles and privileges

15. Stored Procedures and Functions

- Creating procedures and functions

- Input/output parameters

- Execution

16. Triggers

- BEFORE and AFTER triggers

- Row-level and statement-level triggers

17. Cursors

- Explicit vs Implicit cursors

- Cursor lifecycle: open, fetch, close

18. Advanced Topics

- Window functions (ROW_NUMBER(), RANK(), LEAD(), LAG())

- Common Table Expressions (CTEs)

- Recursive queries

- JSON and XML data handling in SQL

- Performance tuning and query optimization

- Execution plans

19. Database Design Concepts

- Normalization (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF)

- Denormalization
- ER Diagrams

- Keys (Candidate, Composite, Surrogate)

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