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Control Systems

This document discusses the significance of control systems in modern engineering, detailing their classifications, applications, and fundamental concepts such as feedback control and optimization. It distinguishes between open-loop and closed-loop systems, as well as linear and non-linear systems, while also covering mathematical modeling techniques. The report emphasizes the advancements in control engineering that improve system performance across various industries.

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amishiojha2005
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8 views2 pages

Control Systems

This document discusses the significance of control systems in modern engineering, detailing their classifications, applications, and fundamental concepts such as feedback control and optimization. It distinguishes between open-loop and closed-loop systems, as well as linear and non-linear systems, while also covering mathematical modeling techniques. The report emphasizes the advancements in control engineering that improve system performance across various industries.

Uploaded by

amishiojha2005
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CONTROL SYSTEMS

Manipal,Indiaamishiojha2020@gmail.
com
AmishiOjha
dept. Electronics and communication
Manipal institute of technology

Abstract— Control systems play a pivotal role in modern  Control system: A system that can command,
engineering by managing and regulating the behavior of direct or regulate itself or another system to achieve
dynamic systems. This report explores the fundamental a certain goal..
concepts, classifications, and applications of control systems,  Optimization: The adjustment of the parameters to
emphasizing their importance in automation, robotics,
achieve the most favourable or advantageous
aerospace, and industrial processes. It covers the distinctions
between open-loop and closed-loop systems, linear and non-
design.
linear systems, and time-variant versus time-invariant systems.  Feedback Signal: A measure of the output of the
The report also highlights advancements in control system used for feedback to control the system.
engineering, including adaptive controllers and intelligent  Negative feedback: The output signal is feedback
systems. Keywords such as feedback control, PID controllers, so that it subtracts from the input signal.
stability analysis, and system optimization are discussed to  Block diagrams: Unidirectional, operational blocks
provide a comprehensive understanding of the field. that represent the transfer functions of the elements
of the system.
Keywords— Control Systems, Feedback Control, PID
 Signal Flow Graph (SFG): A diagram that consists
Controller, Stability Analysis, Automation, Adaptive Control.
of nodes connected by several directed branches
and that is a graphical representation of a set of
I. INTRODUCTION linear relations.
A control system is a system, which provides the desired
response by controlling the output. The following figure
shows the simple block diagram of a control system III. CLASSIFICATION OF CONTROL SYSTEMS
. Open-loop and Closed-loop Control Systems
Open loop control systems: It is a control system where its
control action only depends on input signal and does not
depend on its output response.

Here, the control system is represented by a single block.


Since, the output is controlled by varying input, the control
system got this name. Control engineering is
interdisciplinary and integrates concepts from aeronautical,
chemical, mechanical, electrical, and civil engineering. The
primary goal of control systems is to ensure stability, Close loop control system: output is fed back to the
accuracy, and efficiency in dynamic environments. input. So, the control action is dependent on the desired
Applications range from household devices like thermostats output
to complex industrial machinery and autonomous vehicles.

II. BASIC TERMINOLOGY


 System: A combination or arrangement of a
number of different physical components to form a
whole unit such that that combining unit performs
to achieve a certain goal.
 Control: The action to command, direct or regulate
a system.
 Plant or process: The part or component of a
system that is required to be controlled.
 Input: It is the signal or excitation supplied to a IV. MATHEMATICAL MODELLING
control system.
The behavior of control systems is often represented using
 Output: It is the actual response obtained from the
mathematical models such as differential equations or
control system.
transfer functions. These models help predict system
 Controller: The part or component of a system that
controls the plant.
 Disturbances: The signal that has adverse effect on
responses under various conditions and design controllers
the performance of a control system.
for optimal performance

A. Types of Mathematical Models


CONTROL SYSTEMS
-Transfer Function Models
-Differential Equation Models
Laplace-domain ratio of output to input, assuming zero
Time-domain equations relating input/output variables initial conditions G(s)=Y(s)/X(s)
using physical laws (e.g., Newton’s laws, Kirchhoff’s
laws). -State-Space Models
A state-space model is a mathematical representation of a
dynamic system using state variables, inputs, and outputs.
It describes the system's behavior over time through a
set of first-order differential equations

V. CONCLUSION
Control systems are foundational to modern technology,
enabling precision and efficiency in various applications
Advances in feedback mechanisms, mathematical modeling,
and optimization techniques continue to enhance their
capabilities.

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