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DBMS L1 - Lab

The document provides an overview of SQL (Structured Query Language), its history, and its role in managing relational databases. It details various SQL commands, including Data Definition Language (DDL) and Data Manipulation Language (DML), along with examples of how to create tables, insert values, and query data. Additionally, it explains the use of operators and clauses such as WHERE, LIKE, IN, and DELETE in SQL statements.

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Sairam Manne
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16 views19 pages

DBMS L1 - Lab

The document provides an overview of SQL (Structured Query Language), its history, and its role in managing relational databases. It details various SQL commands, including Data Definition Language (DDL) and Data Manipulation Language (DML), along with examples of how to create tables, insert values, and query data. Additionally, it explains the use of operators and clauses such as WHERE, LIKE, IN, and DELETE in SQL statements.

Uploaded by

Sairam Manne
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Database Management

Systems
LAB – 1 & 2
By
Dr. Priyambada Subudhi
Assistant Professor
SQL
■ SQL is Structured Query Language, which is a computer language for storing, manipulating and

retrieving data stored in a relational database.

■ SQL is the ANSI/ISO standard language for Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS).

■ RDBMS: A database management system that manages data as a collection of tables. This table is

basically a collection of related data entries and it consists of numerous columns and rows.

■ Although, there are different versions of the SQL language (T-SQL, PL/SQL, JET SQL) , however,

to be compliant with the ANSI standard, they all support at least the major commands.

■ All RDBMS like MySQL, MS Access, Oracle, Sybase, Informix, Postgres and SQL Server use SQL as

their standard database language.


History of SQL
▪ 1970–E. F. Codd develops relational database concept
▪ 1974-1979–System R with Sequel (later SQL) created at IBM
Research Lab
▪ 1979–Oracle markets first relational DB with SQL
▪ 1981 – SQL/DS first available RDBMS system on DOS/VSE
▪ Others followed: INGRES (1981), IDM (1982), DG/SGL (1984), Sybase
(1986)
▪ 1986–ANSI SQL standard released
▪ 1989, 1992, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2008–Major ANSI standard updates
▪ Current–SQL is supported by most major database vendors
SQL Commands
■The standard SQL commands to interact with relational databases can

be classified into the following groups based on their nature


■ DDL - Data Definition Language: Commands that define a database, including

creating, altering, and dropping tables and establishing constraints.

Sr.No. Command & Description


CREATE
1
Creates a new table, a view of a table, or other object in the database.
ALTER
2
Modifies an existing database object, such as a table.
DROP
3 Deletes an entire table, a view of a table or other objects in the
database.
• DML - Data Manipulation Language: Commands that maintain and query
a database.
Sr.No. Command & Description

SELECT
1
Retrieves certain records from one or more tables.
INSERT
2
Creates a record.
UPDATE
3
Modifies records.
DELETE
4
Deletes records.
Sample SQL Datatypes
Create Table Construct
▪ An SQL relation is defined using the create table command:
▪ CREATE TABLE table_name (
column1 datatype,
…….
columnN datatype,
(integrity-constraint1),
...,
(integrity-constraintk));
▪ table_name is the name of the table
▪ each columnI is an attribute name in the table table_name
▪ datatype is the data type of values in the domain of attribute columnI
▪ Example:
CREATE TABLE Instructor (
ID int,
name varchar2(30),
dept_name varchar2(20),
salary int);
Describe structure of a Table
• The structure of a table can be viewed using DESCRIBE or DESC command.
• Syntax: DESCRIBE table_name;
or
DESC table_name;

• Example: DESC Instructor;


Name Null Type
ID int
name varchar2(30)
dept_name varchar2(20)
salary int
Insert Value intoTable
• Values can be inserted into a table using INSERT command.
• Syntax:
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, …..columnN)
VALUES (value1, value2, …..valueN);
• Example:
INSERT INTO Instructor (ID, name, dept_name, salary)
VALUES (10101, ‘Srinivasan’, ‘Comp. Sci.’, 65000);
SELECT Statement
• The SQL SELECT statement is used to fetch the data from a database
table which returns this data in the form of a result table.
• Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, columnN
FROM table_name;
• Here, column1, column2... are the fields of a table whose values you
want to fetch.
• If you want to fetch all the fields available in the table, then you can
use the following syntax.
• Syntax:
SELECT* SELECT*
FROM table_name; FROM Instructor;
SQL WHERE Clause
• The WHERE clause is used filter records. It is used to
extract only those records that fulfill a specified condition.
• Syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
• Example:
SELECT ID, Name
FROM Instructor
WHERE Dept_name=‘Physics’;
Operators in WHERE Clause
SQL ALTER TABLE Statement
• The ALTER TABLE statement is used to add, delete, or modify
columns in an existing table.
• To add a column in a table
Syntax:ALTER TABLE table_name Example: ALTER TABLE Instructor
ADD column_name datatype; ADD Email varchar(50);
• To drop a column in a table
Syntax: ALTER TABLE table_name Example:
ALTER TABLE Instructor
DROP COLUMN column_name; DROP COLUMN Email;
• To modify a column in a table
Syntax: ALTER TABLE table_name
MODIFY COLUMN column_name datatype;
Example: ALTER TABLE Instructor
MODIFY COLUMN Name VARCHAR(50);
SQL UPDATE Statement
• The UPDATE statement is used to modify the existing
records in a table.
• Syntax:
UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
WHERE condition;
• Example:
UPDATE Instructor
SET Name = 'Alfred'
WHERE ID = 10101;
SQL BETWEEN Operator
• The BETWEEN operator selects values within a given range. It is
inclusive: begin and end values are included.
• Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;
• Example:
SELECT * FROM Instructor
WHERE Salary BETWEEN 70000 AND 90000;
SQL LIKE Operator
• The LIKE operator is used in a WHERE clause to search for a specified
pattern in a column.
• There are two wildcards often used in conjunction with the LIKE
operator:
• The percent sign (%) represents zero, one, or multiple characters.
• The underscore sign (_) represents one, single character.
• Syntax: Example:
SELECT column1, column2, ... SELECT * FROM Instructor
FROM table_name WHERE Name LIKE 'a%';
WHERE columnN LIKE pattern;
Some examples showing use of LIKE
operator
SQL IN Operator
• The IN operator allows you to specify multiple values in a WHERE
clause. The IN operator is a shorthand for multiple OR condition.
• Syntax:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN (value1, value2, ...);
• Example:
SELECT * FROM Instructor
WHERE Dept_name IN (‘Physics', ‘Finance', ‘Comp. Sci.');
SQL DELETE Statement
• The DELETE statement is used to delete existing records in a table.
• Syntax:
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;
• Example:
• DELETE FROM Instructor WHERE Name=‘Einstein';

SQL DROP Statement


• DROP table statement is used to drop an existing table in a database.
• Syntax: Example:
DROP TABLE table_name; DROP TABLE Instructor;

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