Unit 4

DC machines: Principle & Construction, Types, EMF equation of generator and torque equation
of motor, applications of DC motors (simple numerical problems)

Three Phase Induction Motor: Principle & Construction, Types, Slip-torque characteristics,
Applications (Numerical problems related to slip only)

Single Phase Induction motor: Principle of operation and introduction to methods of starting,
applications.

Three Phase Synchronous Machines: Principle of operation of alternator and synchronous

motor and their applications

Topic Covered:
Construction of DC Machines
3-ф IM DC Machines

EMF equation of DC Generator and its types

Working Principle and torque equation of DC motor
Numerical Problems
Characteristics and application of DC motor
Construction of 3-phase IM
Working Principle and slip Numericals
Torque-slip characteristic of 3-phase IM
Principle of operation
1-ф
IM

Methods of starting, application

Principle of operation of Synchronous Motor and its application

Machines
3 ф syn.

Principle of operation of 3-phase synchronous Generator

164
 Electromechanical energy conversion process involves the transfer of energy between
electrical and mechanical system, via the electric field or magnetic field.

An electrical machines deals with the energy transfer either from mechanical to electrical or
electrical to mechanical form. This process is called electromechanical energy conversion.
 An electrical machine which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy is called
electric generator.
 While an electrical machines which convert electrical energy into mechanical energy is
called electric motor.
 Construction of DC Machines

Fig.5.1 Construction of DC Machine

Yoke:
 Purpose of outermost cover of the DC machine.
 Provide mechanical support to the pole.
 It forms a part of the magnetic circuit, and provide
a path of low reluctance for magnetic flux as shown in Fig.5.1
Material: cast iron(low reluctance material)
Poles: Each pole divided into two parts:-
1. Pole core
2. Pole shoe

165
  Pole core carries field winding
 It direct the flux produced through air gap to armature
 Pole shoe enlarge the area of armature core to come across the flux.
Material: cast iron or silicon-steel (laminated construction is used).

Fig.5.2 pole of DC Machine

Field Winding (F1-F2): Carry current due to which pole core, on which field winding is placed
behaves as an electromagnet, producing necessary. Flux.
Material: Aluminum, or copper.

Armature: Divided into two parts:- 1. Armature core 2. Armature winding

Fig.5.3 Armature of DC machine

Armature Core:
 Cylindrical in shape mounted on shaft.
 It consists of slots on its periphery and the air duct for cooling purpose.
 Armature core provide house for armature windings i.e., armature conductor.
Material used for Armature core: Cast iron or cast steel.
Armature windings:

166
 Armature winding is interconnections of armature conductors, placed into armature slots
provided onto periphery of armature core.
 It is made up of copper.
Functions of Armature windings:
1. Generation of EMF take place in the armature windings in case of generator.
2. To carry current supplied in case of motor.
Commutator: The basic nature of EMF induced in armature conductor is alternating. This need
rectification in case of DC generator, which is possible by a device called commutator.

Fig.5.4 Slip Ring and carbon Brush

Functions of commutator:
1. To facilitate the collection of current from the armature conductors.
2. To convert internally developed alternating emf to unidirectional (DC) emf.
3. To produce unidirectional torque in case of motor.
Choice of material for commutator: Copper segments
Brushes:
 Brushes are stationary and resting on commutator surface.
 Brushes collect current from commutator and make it available to the stationary external
circuit.
Material used for brushes: to avoid wear and tear of commutator, the brushes are made
up of soft material like carbon.

 EMF equation of DC Generator

The basic principle of DC generator is electromagnetic induction, i.e., when the flux developed
within the air gap, conductors cut across the magnetic field and an emf is induced in the
generator. The induced e.m.f. is alternating in nature. Alternating current is converted into
unidirectional current in the external circuit with the help of commutator.
Let P= no. of poles of generator;
 =Flux per pole (Wb)

167
 N=speed of armature (rpm)
Z= total no. of armature conductors
A=no. of parallel paths in which the ‘Z’ no of conductors are devided
A=2 for wave winding
A=P for lap winding Derivation utilizes
Faradays Law
Average value of emf induced in each armature conductor is,
change _ in _ flux
e=average rate of cutting of flux=
change _ in _ time
consider one revolution of conductor. In one revolution, conductor will cut total flux produced
by all the poles i.e.’  P. While time required to complete one revolution is 60/N seconds as
speed is N rpm.
P N
e= = P …. Emf induced in one conductor
N 60
60
Now conductors in one parallel path are always in series. There are total Z conductors with A
parallel paths, hence Z/A number of conductors are always in series and emf remains same
across all parallel paths.
N Z
Total emf can be expressed as, Eg= P X
60 A
This is nothing but emf equation of a DC generator,
PNZ
Eg = Volts (5.1)
60 A
Symbolic Representation of DC generator:

IF
A1 Ia
F1

Ra
E
F2

A2

Fig.5.5 Symbol of DC Generator

168
 Types of DC Generator

Fig.5.6 Types of DC Generator

DC Series generator:

Ise Current equation

F1 Rse F2
Ia  Ise  IL
A1 Ia
IL
Ia =Armature current
R
Ise=Current in series winding
Load

a
Vt
IL=Load current
A2
Voltage equation:
E  Vt  Ia Ra  Ia Rse Vbrush

Fig.5.7 DC Series Generator

While explaining Types of DC
Generator, voltage and current
equations are written using KVL an
KCL

169
DC Shunt generator:

IL
Ish
A1 Ia
IL Ia  IL  Ish
F1
Rsh Ra V

Load
E Vt Ish  t

Rsh
F2

A2

E  Vt  Ia Ra Vbrush
Fig.5.8 DC Shunt Generator

DC compound Generator:
In this type the part of field winding is connected in parallel with armature and part in series with
the armature. Both the series and shunt windings are mounted over same pole.
Depending upon the connection of shunt and series field windings, compound generator is
further classified as:
1. Long shunt compound generator
2. Short shunt compound generator
Long shunt compound generator:
Ise Ia  IL  Ish
IL
Ish V
A1 Ia Ish  t where Rsh=resistance of shunt wdg
F1

Rsh
Load

Ra Vt
E E  V  I R  I R V
F2

t a a a se brush
A2

Where Rse= resistance of series wdg

Fig.5.9 DC Compound Generator (Long shunt)

170
 Short shunt compound generator:
Ia  IL  Ish
Ise
E  Ia Ra where R =resistance of shunt wdg
IL I sh  sh
Rsh
Ish

Ia
E  Vt  Ia Ra  Ia Rse Vbrush

Load
A1 Vt where Rse= resistance of series winding
F1

Ra
E Neglecting brush drop i.e.
E  I R V  I R
F2

A2
a a t L se

Fig.5.10 DC Compound Generator (short shunt) Vt  IL Rse

Ish 
Rsh
The two windings shunt and series field are wound
on the same poles. Depending on the direction on windings on the pole, two fluxes produced by
series and shunt field may help or may oppose each other. This fact decides whether compound
generator is cumulative or differential.

Fig.5.11(a) and Fig.1.11(b) shows cumulative and differential compound generator.

Application of Various Types of DC generator:

a) Separately excited generators: As separate supply is required to excite field, the use is
restricted to special applications like electro-plating, electro-refining of materials etc.
b) Shunt generators: Commonly used in battery charging and ordinary lighting purpose.
c) Series generator: Commonly used as boosters on DC feeders, as a current generators for
welding generator and arc lamp.
d) Cumulatively compound generators: These are used for domestic lighting purposes
and to transmit energy over long distance.
e) Differentially compound generators: The use of this type of generators is very rare and
it is used for special application like electric arc welding.
Ex.5.1A 4-pole, lap-wound armature has 144 slots with two coil sides per slot, each coil having
two turns. If the flux per pole is 20 mWb and the armature rotates at 720 rpm, what is the

171
 induced voltage?
Solution:
N P
Induced voltage =   Z  
60 A
For lap wound armature A = P (number of pole) = 4
  20mWb  20103Wb
N  720 rpm
Total number of conductor in armature Z = 144 slots × 2 coil/slot × 2 turns/coil
20103  (144 2 2)  720 4
Now, induced voltage  
60 4
138.24 volts.

Ex.5.2 A 20 KW, 200 V shunt generator has an armature resistance of 0.05  and a shunt field
resistance of 200. Calculate the power developed in the armature when it delivers rated
output.
Solution:

Vt  200  1 A
Field current, I f 
Rf 200
PL  Vt IL
PL 20 1000
Load current, I L    100 A
Vt 200
Armature current
Ia  IL  I f = 100 + 1 = 101 A
Eg  Vt  Ia Ra
= 200 + 101 × 0.05 = 200 + 5.05
Eg = 205.05 V
Power development by armature,
 Eg  Ia = 205.05 × 101 = 20.71 KW

172
 Working principle of DC motor
In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A current-carrying
conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external magnetic field, it
will experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor, and to the strength of the
external magnetic field.
In DC motor, field winding produces a required magnetic field while armature conductors play a
role of current carrying conductors and hence armature conductors experience a force. The
magnitude of the force experienced by an armature conductor is given by:-

F=Bil Newton(N)

The direction of this force can be determined by using Fleming’s left hand rule.
Since the entire armature conductors are mounted over the periphery of armature core, so
tangential force give arises a torque and motor starts rotating.

Significance of Back EMF:

When current is flowing through the armature conductor of dc motor, it starts rotating inside the
magnetic field of stator pole. As the armature conductors move inside the magnetic field there
will be an induced emf in the armature conductor generating action of machine. The direction of
the induced emf will be as per Fleming right hand rule(Or lenz’s law) and the induced emf will
oppose the applied voltage across the armature terminals.
In other words in dc motor the rotating armature will generate an emf as it is rotating
under magnetic field, in opposite of the applied voltage and this generated emf in dc motor is
called Back emf and denoted by Eb.
The equations of this back EMF will same as Eg

PNZ
Eb= Volts (5.2)
60 A
This back EMF is shown systematically in fig (a) below. So as if V is supply voltage in volts and
Ra is the value of the armature resistance, the equivalent electric circuit can be shown in fig (b)

Ia Ia

A1
Ra Ra
voltage
Supply

Eb Eb
A2

Fig.5.12 (a) Back emf in DC motor Fig.5.12(b) Equivalent circuit

173
Voltage equation of DC motor:
In case of DC motor, supply voltage V has to overcome back emf E b which is opposing V and
also various drops as armature resistance drop IaRa , brush drop etc. Hence the voltage equation
of a DC motor can be written as,
V=Eb + IaRa +brush drop
The net drop across armature decide the armature current. Hence from the voltage equation, we
can write :
V  Eb
Ia  (5.3)
Ra
Back emf as a regulating mechanism:
Due to presence of back emf DC motor becomes regulating machine, i.e., motor adjusts itself to
draw the armature current just to satisfy the load.
PNZ
Back EMF Eb=   E b N
60 A
V  Eb
Armature current I a 
Ra
a) When motor is running under no-load: A small torque is required to over come the
friction and windage loss. Therefore the armature current Ia is small and back emf is
nearly equal to the back emf.

b) When motor is suddenly loaded: The first effect is to cause the armature to slow down.
Therefore, the speed at which the armature conductors move through the field is reduced
and hence the back emf falls. The decreased back emf allows a larger current to flow
through armature and larger current means increased driving torque.
c) When the load on motor is suddenly decreased: Armature speed increases when load is
decreases. As armature speed increases, hence the back emf. Increased back emf causes
to decreased armature current and motor speed will start decreasing until armature current
is just sufficient to produce the reduced torque required by load.

 Power equation of DC motor

The Voltage equation of DC motor is given by,
V=Eb + IaRa (5.4)
Multiply both side of above equation by Ia, we get
VIa=Eb Ia+ I 2a Ra (5.5)
This equation is called Power equation of a DC motor
 VIa =Net electrical power input to the armature (in watts) 
2
 I a Ra=Power loss due to resistance of armature, called Armature copper loss
2
 Difference between VIa and I a Ra gives the output of the armature.
 Eb Ia is called electrical equivalent of gross mechanical power developed by the armature.

174
Types Of DC Motor:
Similar to DC generator, DC motors are classified depending upon the way of connecting field
winding with the armature winding.
a) Shunt motor
b) Series motor
c) Compound motor
Shunt motor:

IL
Ish
A1 Ia
IL
F1

Rsh Ra Supply
Eb voltage,
V
F2

A2

Fig.5.13 DC shunt motor

Now flux produced by field winding is proportional to the current passing through it, i.e., I sh
 Ish
As long assupply voltage is constant, which is generally so in practice, the flux produced is
constant. Hence DC shunt motor is also called constant flux motor.
Series motor:

Ise

A1 Ia F1 Rse F2
IL
Ra Supply
Eb voltage
V
A2

Fig.5.14 DC series motor

In series motor, entire armature current is passing through the series field winding. So flux
produced is proportional to armature current:
IseIa

175
DC compound motor:

Ise
Rse IL

Ia Ish Supply
A1 voltage

F1
Rsh V
Ra
Eb
A2 F2

Fig.5.15 DC compound motor (Long shunt)

From Fig.5. IL=Ia+Ish

Ise=Ia

V
Ish 
Rsh

V=Eb+IseRse+IaRa+Vbrush

V=Eb+Ia(Rse+Ia)+Vbrush

Ise
IL
Ish

Ia Supply
A1 voltage
F1

v
Ra
Eb
F2

A2

Fig.5.16 DC compound motor (Long shunt)

176
 IL=Ise

The entire line current is passing through the series field winding.

And IL=Ia+Ish

Now the drop across the shunt field winding is to be calculated from the voltage equation

So V=Eb+IseRse+IaRa+Vbrush
 A Long shunt compund motor can
Drop across shunt field winding is, be cumulative or differential type.
 Similarly short shunt compund
=V ILRse=Eb+ IaRa+Vbrush motor can be cumulative or
V I R E  I R V differential type.
Ish  L se
 b a a brush
Rsh Rsh

 Torque equation of DC motor

The turning or twisting force about an axis is called torque. Rotation

Consider a wheel of radius R meters acted upon by
circumferential force F Newton as shown in Fig. 5.17
The wheel is rotating at the speed of N rpm. Then its angular R
speed is,

2 N
 Rad/sec
60

So work done in one revolution is, 

Fig.5.17
W=F X Distance travelled in one revolution=F X 2 R
Workdone F  2 R  2 N 
P=Power developed =   F  R 
Time  60   60 

 
 N 


 P  T  Watts

Where T =Torque in N-m and  =Angular speed in rad/sec.

Let Ta be the gross torque developed by the armature of the motor. It is also called Armature
Torque. The gross mechanical power developed in the armature is E b Ia, as seen in power
equation.

So if the speed of the motor is N rpm then,

177
Power in armature=Armature torque X 

2 N
Eb Ia=Ta 
60

PNZ
But Eb in a motor is given by, Eb 
60 A

PNZ 2 N
  I a  Ta 
60 A 60

PZ 
 Ta 
1
Ia   0.159I  PZ
A N-m (5.6)
a
2 A

 Characteristics of DC motor

The performance of DC motor under various conditions can be judged by the following
characteristic.

 Torque-Armature current characteristics(T Vs Ia)

 Speed-Armature current characteristics(N Vs Ia)
 Speed-Torque characteristics(N Vs T)

Before analyzing the various characteristics of motors, let us revise the torque and speed
equation. Fundamentally all characteristics are derived from these equation

TIa From torque equation (refer equation no.)

Eb
N From speed equation (refer equation no.)


a) Characteristics of DC shunt motor:

 Torque-Armature current characteristics(T Vs Ia)
For DC motor: TIa

In shunt motor Rsh and supply voltage are constant and hence flux is also constant

 T  Ia (5.6)

Eq(5.6) represents a atraight line, passing through origine, as shown in Fig.5.18

178
 T

Ta

Ia
Fig.5.18 Torque-Armature current characteristics (T Vs Ia)

 Speed-Armature current characteristics(N Vs Ia)

From speed equations, we get
Eb
N


V  Ia Ra
For DC shunt motor N

NV  Ia Ra as  is constant (5.7)
Hence for constant supply eq (5.7) represent a line of negative slope as shown in Fig.5.19

N Constant speed line

No

Ia

Fig.5.19 Speed-Armature current characteristics (N Vs Ia)

 Speed-Torque characteristics(N Vs T)
This characteristic can be derived from the above two characteristics. This graph is similar to
speed-armature current characteristics as torque is proportional to armature current.
Characteristic is shown in Fig.5.

179
 N Constant speed line

Fig.5.20 Speed-Torque characteristics(N Vs T)

b) Characteristics of DC series motor:

 Torque-Armature current characteristics(T Vs Ia)
For DC motor: TIa

In series motor

 Field winding carries entire armature current ,

 Flux produced is proportional to armature current i.e.,  Ia
 T  I a2 (5.8)

Eq (5.8) represents a parabolic relation, as shown in Fig.5.21. Further when the poles get
saturated, flux becomes contant and torque & armature current relation becomes linear.

Ta
T
T Ia

T I 2 a

Ia
Fig.5.21 Torque-Armature current characteristics(T Vs Ia)
 Speed-Armature current characteristics(N Vs Ia)
From speed equations, we get
Eb
N


180

V  Ia Ra  Ise Rse
For DC series motor N as   Ia is constant
Ia
Now the value of Ra and Rse are so small that the effect of change in Ia on speed overrides the
effect of change in V  Ia Ra  Ise Rse on the speed. So speed equation reduces to,

1
N (5.9)
Ia

Eq(5.9) give a rectangular hyperbola, as shown in Fig.5.

Ia

Fig.5.22 Speed-Armature current characteristics(N Vs Ia)

In series motor(from above two characteristics, (Fig.5.23 and Fig.5.24)

1
T  I a2 and N I
a

1
So from above two relations we can write N (5.10)
T
Equation (5.10) suggests, as torque increases, speed decreases. Characteristic is shown in Fig.5.

Fig.5.23 Speed-Torque characteristics(N Vs T)

181
 Characteristic of compound Motors:

Differential
Cumulative Differential
Series
T N N
Shunt
Shunt Shunt
Cumulative
Cumulative
Differential Series

Ia Ia T

Fig.5.24 Characteristics of DC compound motors

 Application of DC motor
Type of Motor Characteristic Application
Speed is fairly constant and  Blower and fans
starting torque is medium  Centrifugal and reciprocating pumps
Shunt  Lathe Machines
 Milling Machines
 Drilling Machines
High starting torque. No load  Cranes
condition is dengerous.  Hoists
Variable speed  Elevators
Series
 Trolleys
 Conveyers
 Electrical Locomotive
High starting torque. No load  Rolling mill
Cumulative condition is allowed  Punches
compound  Shears
 Heavy Planner
Differentially Speed increases as load Not suitable for Practical Application
compound increase
Ex5.3 A DC shunt motor runs at 600 rpm taking 60A from a 230 V supply. Armature
resistance is 0.2 ohm and field resistance is 115 ohms. Find the speed when the current
through the armature is 30A.
Solution:
Ra  0.2 
Rf  115 

182
 V  I f Rsh
230  I f .115
I f  2A
Is  Ia  I f
Ia  Is  I f
Armature current
( I a ) = 60 – 2 = 58 A
1

Back emf
E  V  I R
b1 a a

 230 580.2
 218.4 volt.
If armature current
( I a ) = 30 A
2

Than back emf

E  V  I
b2 a2 Ra
 230 300.2
 244 volt.
but, N  N  Eb2 
1  

2
Eb


 1 
600 224
N2 
218.4
N2  615rpm.
Ex5.4 A DC shunt generator running at 1200rpm supplies a load of 60 kW at 250V. Find the
speed at which it runs as a sh8unt motor when taking 60kW from 250 V supply. Take armature
resistance at 0.1 ohm and field winding resistance as 50 OHM. Neglect brush drop.
Solution:
As a generator
Pout=60kW, Vt=250V, Ng=1200rpm
Pout 60103
IL    240A
Vt 250
V 250  5A
Ish  t 
Rsh 50
Ia=IL+Ish=245A
Eg=Vt+IaRa=250+245X0.1=274.5V
As a motor

183
Pin=60kW, V=250V
P
I  in  240 A
L
V
V 250
Ish  t   5A
Rsh 50
Ia=IL Ish=240 5=235A
Eg=Vt IaRa=250 235X0.1=226.5V
E
Now N  E

Ng Eg

Nm Eb
Eb 226.5
N m N g
 1200  990.1639 rpm
Eg 274.5

 Construction of 3-phase IM
Three phase induction motor are widely used
for various industrial applications. It consists of
two main parts:
a) Stator
b) Rotor
Stator: Stator is madeup of high grade steel,
having no. of stamping, 3-phase winding is
Fig.5.25 Rotor of 3 IM
placed into the stator slots, and it is fed from 3-
phase supply. (Refer Fig.5.25)
Rotor: There are two type of induction motor based upon the type of rotor udes in induction
motor.
a) Squirrel cage rotor
b) Phase-wound or slip ring type
a) Squirrel cage rotor:It consists of acylindrical laminated core with skewed slots, each slot
having bar conductor of alumminium or copper. At each end of rotor, the rotor conductor is
shorted by heavy end rings of same material.(Refer Fig.5.26)

184
 Fig.5.26 Squirrel cage Rotor

b) Wound rotor or slip ring rotor: In slip ring rotor 3-phase winding is placed in the slots of
rotor similar to stator winding, the rotor windings are connected in star. The free eands of
rotor winding are brought to three slip rings, through which external resistance can be added
to rotor windings. (Refer Fig.5.27)

Fig.5.27 Slip ring or wound rotor

Advantage of squirrel cage rotor:

i) Very simple & rugged in construction
ii) Lesser maintenance is required.
iii) No slip ring and brushes, hence reduce the risk of sparking.
iv) Higher efficiency and good power factor.
Advantage of slip ring rotor:
i) High starting torque
ii) Low starting current
iii) External resistance can be added to the rotor circuit to control the speed and starting
torque.

185
  Working Principle of 3-phase IM
When 3 phase supply is given to the 3 phase stator winding, the resulting current generates a
rotating magnetic flux. This revolving flux rotates around the rotor conductor. The speed of this
rotating magnetic field is synchronous speed, Ns r.p.m.
120 f
Ns  f=supply frequency; P=no. of stator poles
P

Let the direction of this rotating magnetic field

Direction of is clockwise direction as shown in Fig.(a). Now
RMF this instant rotor is stationary and stator flux is
Stator
rotating, so because of relative motion conductor
S
cuts flux, emf gets induced in it . This is called
rotor induced emf (Electromagnetic Induction),
direction of rotor current is determined by
flemming’s right hand rule.
Fig.(b) shows the direction of rotor current . Any
current produces its own flux. So rotor produces
Rotor its own flux, called rotor flux. Direction of rotor
Rotor conductor
Direction of
Fig.5.28 (a) RMF

S Stator
flux is given by right hand thumb rule, that is
clockwise direction as shown in Fig.(b).

Direction of
RMF

S Stator Rotor

Fig.5.28(b)
Addition of flux Cancellation of two
(high flux area) flux(low flux area) Both rotor and stator fluxes interacts with
Mechanical each other (Fig. (c)). On the left of rotor
Force conductor, two fluxes are in same direction
Rotor Rotor
conductor hence added up to get high flux area. On the
other side, two fluxes are in opposite
Fig.5.28(c) direction hence cancel each other to
produce low flux area. High flux density

186
area exerts a push on rotor conductor towards low flux density area. As all conductors experience
a force, the overall rotor experiences a torque and start rotating.

Can rotor speed be equal to Ns ?

An Induction motor can not run at synchronous speed, let consider for moment that rotor is
rotating at synchronous speed. Under this condition, there would be no relative motion between
rotor conductor and field(RMF), & hence no induced EMF,no current and no torque.

 Slip
The difference between synchronous speed and actual speed of rotor is called slip speed
Slip speed=Ns-Nr
N  Nr
Slip(s)= s (5.11)
Ns
N  Nr
Percentage slip (% s)= s X100
Ns
Nr=Ns(1-s)
Value of slip is always between 0 to 1,
i.e., 0  s 1
Frequency of rotor current and voltage: The frequency of stator current must be same as the
supply frequency
PNs
f  (5.12)
120
Frequency of rotor current depends upon slip speed
P(Ns  Nr )
fr  (5.13)
Nr
Devide eq(5.13) by eq(5.12)
fr Ns  Nr

f Ns
(5.14)
fr  sf

At stand still At running (with

condition Ns speed) condition
Slip(s) 1 0
Rotor speed(Nr) Nr=0 Nr=Ns
Rotor frequency(fr) fr=f fr=0
Ex.5.5 Define slip in 3-phase induction motor. What is its value at starting and at synchronous
speed? A 60 Hz induction motor has 2 poles and runs at 3510 rpm. Calculate (a) the
synchronous speed and (b) the percent slip.
Solution:

187
Slip(s) : The ratio of slip speed and the synchronous speed of induction motor is called the slip of
the motor denoted by s.
Slip speed
Slip(s) 
Synchronous speed
Ns  Nr
s
Ns
Where,
Ns = Synchronous Speed
Nr = Rotar Speed.
The value of slip at starting of induction motor should be 1.
N  Nr
s s
Ns
N
Slip(s)  s  1{at starting rotar speed Nr  0 }
Ns
The value of slip at synchronous speed of induction motor should be 0.
N  Nr
s s
Ns
N  Ns 0 { at synchronous,
s s  0
Ns Ns rotar speed Nr  Ns }
Given, in 3 phase induction motor
Number of poles (P) = 2
Supply frequency (f) = 60 Hz
120 f
Synchronous speed ( N ) 
s
P
120 60
N   3600 rpm
s
2
Ns  Nr
Percent slip(s)  100%
Ns
3600  3510
s 100%
3600
90
s 100%
3600
Slip(s) = 2.5%.
Ex.5.6 A 4 pole 3-phase induction motor operates from a supply whose frequency is 50 Hz
calculate.
(i) Speed at which magnetic field is rotating w.r.t stator
(ii) Speed of rotor when the slip is 0.04.

188
 (iii) Frequency of rotor currents at stand still.
Solution:
Number of poles (P) = 4
Supply frequency (f) = 50 Hz
(i) When magnetic field is rotate w.r.t stator rotor rotates with synchronous speed.
So, Synchronous speed
120 f
(N s ) 
P
120  50
Ns 
4
Ns  1500 rpm
(ii) Speed of rotor at 0.04 slip
N N
Slip (s)  s
Ns
So, N = Ns  sNs
N = (1 s)Ns
N  (1 0.04)1500
N 1440rpm
(iii) Frequency of rotor current is standstill
by, fr  sf
At standstill s = 1
So, f r = f , f r = 50 Hz
Ex.5.7 A 4 pole, 50 Hz induction motor has a slip of 2% at no load when at full load the slip
increase to 3%. Find the change in speed of the motor from no load to full load.
Solution:
Number of poles = 4 poles
Frequency = 50 Hz
No load slip (S0 ) = 2%
Full load slip (S f ) = 3%
We know that
N N
s s
Ns
Or, N = Ns (1 s)
So, No load speed (N0 ) 

N0  Ns (1 S0 )
120 f
N0  (1 S0 )
P

189
 0 1204 50  100 
2 
N  1
 
 98 
N  1500 
 
0
 100 
N0  1470 rpm
Now, full load speed Nf

N f  Ns (1 s f )
 3 
N f  1500 1 100 
 
 97 
N  1500 
 
f
 100 

N f  1455 rpm
so, change in speed from no load to full load
1470 1455 15 rpm
Ex.5.8 Rotor of 3 phase induction motor can not run at synchronous speed. Explain. A three
phase slip ring 4 poles Induction Motor has rotor frequency 2 Hz while connected to 400
V, 3 Phase, 50Hz supply determine slip and rotor speed.
Solution:
Given,
P, (Pole) = 4, fr = 2 Hz, V1 = 400 V, 3, 50 Hz
Supply Frequency (f) = 50 Hz
f 2
Slip (s) = r   0.04
f 50
s = 4%
Synchronous Speed,
120 f  120  50 = 1500 rpm
Ns 
P 4
N  Nr
s s
Ns
1500  Nr
0.04 
1500
60  1500  Nr
Rotor speed, Nr  1500  60 = 1440 rpm

Ex.5.9. A 3-phase, 4-pole induction motor is supplied from 3-phase, 50Hz ac supply. Calculate:
(i) The synchronous speed
(ii) The rotor speed when slip is 4%

190
 (iii) The rotor frequency when rotor runs at 600 r.p.m.
Solution:
Given P = 4, f = 50Hz
120 f  120  50  1500 rpm
(i) Synchronous speed Ns 
P 4
Ns  Nr
(ii) 100  4
Ns
(1500  Nr )
So, 100  4
1500
 1500  Nr  15 4  60
So, Nr  1440 rpm
(iii) Nr  600 rpm
then, (1500  600) 900
s 100   60%
1500 15
So, slip is 60%.

 Torque-slip characteristic of 3-phase IM

Rotor Torque:
Torque produced by rotor of an induction motor is:
ksR E2
T  2 2 2 22 (5.15)
R2  s X 2
Starting torque:-
For starting, when rotor is just about to start s=1
Put this in eq(3)
kR E 2
Tst  2 2 22 (5.16)
R2  X 2
Condition for maximum running torque:-
ksR E 2 kR E 2
T  2 22 2 2  2 2 2
R2  s X 2 R2  2
 sX 2
s
dT
For maximum torque 0
ds
 2  R
2
2   R
2
2  
kR2 E2  2  X 2    2  sX 2 .0
2
  s   s  
0
R 2
2 
2
2 
 sX 2 
 s 

191
 R22  2
 2  X2  0
s
R
s 2 (5.17)
X2
Now put this value of s in eq(3)
kR2 E2 X
Tm  2 2 2

R22  R22
kE22
Maximun running torque Tm  (5.18)
2X2
Above equation infer that
i) Maximum torque is independent of rotor resistance.
ii) The slip or speed at which maximum torque occures, is determined by the rotor
resistance.
iii) Maximum troque varies inversely as reactance of rotor, hence it should be kept as
small as possible.
iv) For obtaining maximum rorque at starting (s=1), rotor resistance must be equal to
rotor reactance. i.e condition for maximum starting(s=1) torque is
R2  X 2

(M.Imp)*Torque-slip characteristics:
ksR E2
According to eq(3) T  2 2 2 22
R2  s X 2
In above equation if R2 and X2 are kept constant then torque depends upon slip only. In practice
X2 is much greater than R2, in order to minimize copper losses.
i) Low slip region: s  0 i.e rotor speed is very near to synchronous speed
For small ‘s’ sX2  R2
Hence T s
In low slip region torque-slip characteristic will linear.
ii) High slip region: s 1
 sX 2 
2
Here it can be assumed that the term R22 is very small as compared to . Hence
neglecting R22 from denominator of torque equation, we get
sR2 1
T 
sX 2  s
2

So in high slip region torque is inversely proportional to the slip (like rectangular
hyperbola).
R2
In between these to regions maximum torque developed in rotor for s 
X2

192
 Fig.5.29 Torque-slip characteristic

Application of 3-phase Induction Motor:

i) Squirrel cage rotor type of motors have moderate starting torque and constant speed
characteristics preferred for driving fans, blowers, water pumps, grinders, lathe
machines, printing machines and drilling machines.
ii) Slip ring induction motors can have high starting torque as high as maximum torque.
Hence they are preferred for lifts, hoists, elevators, cranes, compressors.

 Principle of operation of 1-phase IM

When a single phase induction motor is fed from 1-phase supply, its stator winding produces a
flux, which is only alternating, i.e., it is not rotating as in case of three phase induction motor.
Now an alternating but not rotating field, acting on rotor can not produce rotation, that is why a
1-phase motor is not self starting.
This behaviour of 1-phase induction motor may be explained by any one of the following
theories:
a) Double Field revolving Theory
b) Cross Field Theory
Double field revolving theory:
According to this theory, any alternating quantity can be resolved into two rotating components
which rotates in opposite direction and each having as half of the maximum magnitude of the
alternating quantity (Refer Fig.5.30). Mathmatically it can be show as below:

Let a alternating flux mCost

 e jt  e jt 


ῳt

mCost  m 
 2  -ῳt

 
 m e j t  m e  j t
2 2

Fig.5.30 Stator flux components

193
  Both the components are rotating and hence get cut by the rotor conductors.
 Due to cutting of flux, emf gets induced in rotor which circulates rotor current.
 The rotor current produces rotor flux. This flux interacts with the forward component  f
to produce forward torque in anticlockwise direction.
 While rotor flux interacted with backward flux b to produce a backward torque in
clockwise direction.
 At start these two torques are equal in magnitude and opposite to each other. Each torque
tries to rotates the rotor in its own direction.
 Then net torque experieces by the rotor is zero, and hence a single phase induction
motors are not self starting.

 Methods of starting of 1-phase IM

1- phase induction motor is not self starting. To overcome the draw back and make it self starting,
it is temporarily converted into a 2-phase motor during starting period. For this, stator is
provided with an extra winding, known as strarting (or auxillary winding), in addition to main or
running winding. The two windings are spaced by 90 0 electricalle apart and are connectedin
parallel across the 1-phase supply.
Phase difference (  )between these two winding current should be (  900 ) large, because
Tst  Sin .There are following types (or methods) of 1-phaseinduction motor:
a) Split phase motor
b) Capacitor start motor
c) Capacitor start capapcitor run motor
d) Shaded pole motor
a) Split phase motor: It is also called resistance start motor. Schematic diagram of split phase
motor isshown in fig. below,

I Switch V
I
m Is
Is
Rm 
1-phase supply

Xm Im

I
Main winding Xa Ra Auxillary
winding

194
 Fig.5.31 Split phase motor
Im is current drawn by main winding and Is is the current drawn by starting winding.
 Starting torque is about 1.5 times full load torque.
 High starting current, about 7 to 8 times of full load current.
 Used in washing machines, air conditioning fan, food mixture, grinder and blower etc
b) Capicitor Start motor: The two winding are displaced by 900 in space. A capacitor Cs is
connected in series with starting winding as shown in Fig. A switch S is connected in
stating winding and it will open when motor has reached 70-80% of its full load speed.

Fig.5.32 Capacitor start motor

195
  High starting torque, about 3-4.5 times of full load torque.
 For high starting torque Cs must be large.
 Used in pumps, compressors, refrigerators, conveyers etc.
c) Capacitor start Capacitor run motor or permanent Capacitor motor: In this type of
motor there isno need to use switch which was necessary in previous case. Since the same
capacitor is used for starting and running, so capacitor used must be compromised
between best value for starting and that for running.

Fig.5.33 Permanent capacitor motor

 Starting torque is about 0.5-1 times of full load torque.
 Such motors are widely used in table and ceilling fans.
d) Shaded Pole motor: It consists of astator and cage type of rotor. The stator is having
salient pole. Each pole is sloted on side and a copper ring is fitted on the smaller part as
shown in fig. This part is called shaded pole. The ring is usually single turn coil and is
known as shading coil.

196
 Fig.5.34 Shaded pole motor

When the alternating current through the coil increases, it

induces a current in the shading coil. The direction of current in
shading coil is such as to oppose the cause producing it (from Lenz
law). The cause is the alternating current. So the flux in the shading
coil decreases and it opposes the main flux. Hence the flux mostly
crowds or shifts towards the unshaded part of the pole. It is denoted
in fig 5.35 (a)
Now consider that the alternating current has reached its peak
(or) somewhere near the peak. Here the rate of change of current is
low, as it has already reached the peak (or) it
is very close to peak value. Since the change
is current is so small, the induced current at Fig.5.35(a)
shading ring is also small and negligible. So the shading ring does not
affect the distribution of main flux. The flux is
distributed uniformly and the magnetic axis lies
at the center of pole face. It is denoted in fig.(b)
The alternating current, after reaching the peak
starts to decrease rapidly and in turn
decreases the main flux. The change in current
induces a current in shading coil. According to
Fig.5.35(b) Lenz law the direction of this current is so as to
oppose the cause producing it (the decreasing
alternating current). So the flux in shading coil opposes the decrease in
main flux and strengthens it. This increases the strength of main flux in
the shaded part. It is denoted in fig.(c) Fig.5.36(c)
So it is quite clear that during the positive half cycle of the alternating
current, North Pole shifts from unshaded part to shaded part and during the negative half cycle,

197
the South Pole shifts along from unshaded part to shaded part. This effect is nothing but the
rotation of poles from left to right.
Thus shaded coils aids in producing the rotating flux and thus the single phase Induction motor is
converted into self starting one using the Shading coil. Due to fixed of position of shading coils,
the direction of rotation of such motors cannot be changed.
The advantages of Shaded pole motors includes
 Very cheap and reliable
 Extremely rugged in nature
Disadvantages includes
 Low efficiency
 Low starting torque
 Since the shading coil is made of copper, the copper loss is high.
Uses
Due to their low starting torques they are mostly employed in small instruments, toys, small fans,
electric clocks, hair dryers, ventilators, circulators etc.

 Principle of operation of 3-phase synchronous Generator

Synchronous machines are constant speed machine. In DC machines, the armature (rotor) is
rotating while field is stationary. But in case synchronous machines, the armature (rotor) is kept
stationary while fild is kept rotating.
Construction of Synchronous alternator (or
generator):
Simillar to previous machines, it also has two main
parts
a) Stator
b) Rotor
a) Stator:
It consists of a
core and the
slots to hold the
armature
winding similar Fig.5.37 Salient pole rotor
to the armature
of DC generator. The entire core is fabricated in a frame
made of steel plates. The core has slot on its periphery for
housing the armature conductors. Generally the choice of
material is steel to keep down hysteresis losses.
Fig.5.38 Non-salient pole b) Rotor: The rotor carries a field winding, which
rotor caries DC current through two slip rings by separate DC

198
 source. This DC source (called exciter) is generally a DC shunt or compound generator
mounted on the shaft of alternator. Rotor construction is of two types, namely:
i) Salient (or projecting) pole type
ii) Non-salient (or cylindrical ) pole type
i) Salient Pole rotor: In this type, projecting poles are mounted over large steel frame, which
is fixed over shaft of alternator asshown in figure. When field winding (which is wounded
over salient pole) is excited by the DC exciter, adjesent poles have opposite polaritis.Low
and medium speed (120-400rpm) have salient pole type rotors.
ii) Non- salient pole rotor: In this type, rptpr is made of solid forged-steel radial cylinder
having a no. of slotes along the outer periphery. The field windings are embedded in these
slots and are connected in series to the slip rings through which they are energised with DC
exciter. High speed (1500-3000rpm) alternators use non-salient pole type rotor.

Principle of operation of 3-phase alternator:

 The rotor winding is energised by DC exciter and alternate N & S pole developed on the
rotor.
 When the rotor is rotated in anticlockwise direction by a prime mover, the stator or
amature conductors are cut by magnetic flux of rotor poles.
 EMF is induced in the armature conductors due to electromagnetic induction.
 The induced emf is alternating, since N and S poles are alternativily passes through
armature conductors.
 The direction of induced emf can be found out by flemming’s right hand rule and
frequency is given by:
NP
f  Hz (5.19)
120
Where N=speed of rotor in r.p.m.
P=number of rotor poles

 Principle of operation of Synchronous Motor and its application

Similar to DC machines where there is no constructional difference between a generator and
motor, there is no differenc between the construction synchronous motor and the alternator.

Principle of operation:

199
The stator is wound for the similar number of poles as that of rotor, and fed with three phase AC
supply. The 3 phase AC supply produces rotating magnetic field in stator. The rotor winding is
fed with DC supply which magnetizes the rotor. Consider a two pole synchronous machine as
shown in Fig.5.39

Fig.5.39 Principle of operation of synchronous motor

 The stator poles are revolving with synchronous speed (lets say clockwise).
 If the rotor position is such that, N of the rotor is near the N of thee stator (as shown in
Fig.5.39(a))
 Then the poles of the stator and rotor will repel each other, and the torque produced will
be anticlockwise.
 The stator poles are rotating with synchronous speed, and they rotate around very fast and
interchange their position.
 (because of this quick change of stator pole) rotor can not rotate with the same angle
(due to inertia), and the next position will be likely the second schematic in above
Fig.5.39(b).
 In this case, poles of the stator will attract the poles of rotor, and the torque produced
will be clockwise.
 Hence, the rotor will undergo to a rapidly reversing torque and the motor will not start.
 Now, if the rotor is rotated upto the synchronous speed of the stator by means of an external
force (in the direction of revolving field of the stator)
 Once rotor get synchronized with stator field, it will start rotating under the unidirectional
torque. The rotor will rotate at the synchronous speed.

V-curves and inverted V-curves: Excitation can be increased by increasing field current passing
through the field winding of synchronous motor. If graph of armature current (Ia) against field
current (If) is plotted, its shape looks like English alphabet V. If such graph are obtained at various

200
load condition, we get family of curves, all looking like V. Such curves are called V-curves of
synchronous motor.

Fig.5.41 V-curves

`As against this, if the power factor (Cos  ) is plotted against field current (If), then the shape of the
graph looks like inverted V. Such curves are called inverted V-curves of synchronous motor.
As over excited synchronous motor works on leading power factor, it is used as a synchronous
condenser to improve power factor.

Characteristic Features Of A Synchronous Motor:

 Synchronous motor will run either at synchronous speed or will not run at all.
 The only way to change its speed is to change its supply frequency. (As Ns = 120f / P)
 Synchronous motors are not self starting. They need some external force to bring them near
to the synchronous speed.
 They can operate under any power factor, lagging as well as leading. Hence, synchronous
motors can be used for power factor improvement.
Application Of Synchronous Motor:
 As synchronous motor is capable of operating under either leading or lagging power factor,
it can be used for power factor improvement. A synchronous motor under no-load with
leading power factor is connected in power system where static capacitors can not be used.

 It is used where high power at low speed is required. Such as rolling mills, chippers,
mixers, pumps, pumps, compressor etc.

201
 Frequently asked questions
Q.1 Derive the emf equation of D.C generator. [UPTU 2010, 2015]
Solution:
The basic principle of DC generator is electromagnetic induction, i.e., when the flux
developed within the air gap is cut by the armature conductors an emf is induced in the
generator.
Let; P= no. of poles of generator;
 =Flux per pole (Wb)
N=speed of armature (rpm)
Z= total no. of armature conductors
A=no. of parallel paths
A=2 for wave winding
A=P for lap winding

Average value of emf induced in each armature conductor is average rate of cutting of flux
change _ in _ flux
So; e = average rate of cutting of flux =
change _ in _ time
Flux cut by one conductor in one revolution = P
No. of revolutions per second = N/60
Emf induced in one conductor = PØN/60
No. of conductors in series per parallel path = Z/A
Hence; Induced emf in armature conductors of generator = PØNZ/ 60A
PNZ
Thus Emf equation of D.C generator Eg= Volts.
60 A
Q.2 Explain the construction & working of D.C motor. Also discuss back emf.
. [UPTU 2011,2012,2015]
Solution:
The D.C motor converts the electrical energy into mechanical energy. It works on the
basic principle that whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it
experiences a force or a torque due to the magnetic field.
The figure below shows the construction of a d.c motor. The field windings are placed on
the stator which creates a magnetic field. Now the armature conductors are placed on the
rotor slots as shown in figure. When the supply is given to the armature winding, this
current carrying conductors experience a torque due to the external stator magnetic field
and hence rotor starts rotating. This torque is utilized to drive the mechanical load
through the shaft. The direction of this torque is given by Fleming’s Left Hand Rule.

202
 Fig. showing the construction of D.C Motor

 Yoke is the outermost covering of the machine. It provides mechanical support to the
pole and also provides a path of low reluctance for magnetic flux.
 Pole core carries field winding. It directs the flux to the armature through air-gap.
 Pole shoe enlarge the area of armature core to come across the flux.
 Armature conductors are placed into armature slots provided onto periphery of
cylindrical armature core mounted on the shaft.
Back EMF:
When supply is given to the armature conductors of the d.c motor, it starts rotating inside
the magnetic field of stator pole. As the armature conductors move inside the magnetic
field, there is a relative motion between them & hence an emf is generated in the
armature conductors due to the generating action. This induced emf in the motor is
known as back emf and it opposes the applied voltage across the armature terminals.

Q.3 Sketch the speed-torque characteristics of D.C Series & Shunt motor. Also give
applications of each. [UPTU 2013, 2015]

Solution:
The speed-torque characteristics are shown below:

203
  D.C Shunt Motor

N Constant speed line

As the torque varies from no-load to full-load, there is only a slight decrement in
the speed & hence shunt motor is known as roughly a constant speed motor.
 D.C Series Motor

For series motor speed is inversely proportional to torque & hence for light torque
speed comes out to be dangerously high.
Applications
 D.C Shunt motor: Lathe machines, Drilling machines, Blowers, etc.
 D.C Series motor: Elevators, Cranes, Trolleys, etc.

Q.4 Explain the working principle of three phase Induction motor. Also explain why it
Can never run at synchronous speed. [UPTU 2012]

Solution:

 Working Principle of 3-phase IM :

When a balanced 3 phase supply is given to the 3 phase distributed stator winding, it
creates a rotating magnetic field. This field rotates in the air gap between stator & rotor at
the synchronous speed given as Ns = 120f/P.

204
 Now the armature conductors are kept on the rotor which is stationary. Thus there exists a
relative motion between armature conductors & stator magnetic field, due to which an emf
is induced in the armature conductors. As the rotor circuit is complete the current starts
flowing in armature conductors.
Now we have current carrying conductors on rotor & external magnetic field of stator.
Hence because of stator field, the rotor conductors experience a torque direction of which
is given by Fleming’s Left Hand Rule. Thus the rotor starts rotating & hence 3 phase
Induction motor is self starting.
It can never run at synchronous speed:
Three phase induction motor can never run at synchronous speed because in that condition
there would be no relative motion between rotor conductor and stator magnetic field, &
hence no induced EMF,no current and thus no torque would be experienced by rotor. Thus
it always slip behind the synchronous speed & can never catch it.

Q.5 Define slip in 3-phase induction motor. What is its value at starting and at
synchronous speed? [UPTU 2010, 2013]
Solution:
Slip(s): The ratio of slip speed and the synchronous speed of induction motor is called the slip
of the motor denoted by s.
Slip speed
Slip(s) 
Synchronous speed
Ns  Nr
s
Ns
Where,
Ns = Synchronous Speed
Nr = Rotor Speed.
The value of slip at starting of induction motor should be 1.
N  Nr
s s
Ns
N
Slip(s)  s  1{at starting rotor speed Nr  0 }
Ns
The value of slip at synchronous speed of induction motor should be 0.
N  Nr
s s
Ns
N  Ns  0  0 { near synchronous,
s s
Ns Ns rotor speed Nr  Ns }

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Q.6 A 3 phase, 4 pole, 50 Hz induction motor has a slip of 2% at no load whereas at full
load the slip increase to 3%. Find the change in speed of the motor from no load to
full load. [UPTU 2012,2015]
Solution:
Synchronous speed = Ns = 120f/P = 1500 rpm.
N  Nr
We know that; s  s
Ns
So, Nr = (1-s) Ns
At no-load:
Nr = (1-0.02)*1500 = 1470 rpm
At full load:
Nr = (1-0.03)*1500 = 1455 rpm
So, change in speed from no-load to full-load = 15 rpm.

Q.7 Sketch & explain the torque-slip characteristic of three phase induction motor.
[UPTU 2010, 2013, 2014, 2015]
Solution:
We know that Torque produced by rotor of an induction motor is given as:
ksR E2
T  2 2 2 22
R2  s X 2
Now, with respect to slip, the torque-slip characteristic can be divided into following
three regions:
1. Low slip region:
When the motor is running at high speed near the synchronous speed region the
slip is very low. Hence for this region the term (sX2)2 << (R2)2
Hence T s
Thus in low slip region torque-slip characteristic becomes linear, i.e. torques
increases with the increase in slip.
2. High slip region:
Near the starting region of the motor when the speed is very low, the slip becomes
high. Hence for this region the term (sX2)2 >> (R2)2
1
Hence T
s
Thus in high slip region torque is inversely proportional to the slip, i.e torque
decreases with the increase in slip.
3. Maximum torque region:

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 In between the above two regions maximum torque is developed in rotor for
R
s 2
X2
Thus summarizing the above conclusions, we can say that the torque first
R2
increases with the slip, reaches to its maximum value for s  , and then again
X2
decreases with the increase in slip. Hence we can sketch the torque-slip
characteristic as below:

Fig. showing torque-slip characteristic of 3-phase I.M

Q.8 Name the two types of three phase induction motor. Give their advantages &
applications. [UPTU 2011, 2014]

Solution:
Based upon the construction of rotor, there are two types of three phase induction motor:
 Squirrel cage rotor type
 Phase-wound or slip ring type

Advantages of squirrel cage rotor:

1. Very simple & rugged in construction
2. Lessar maintenance is required.
3. No slip ring and brushes, hence reduce the risk of sparking.
4. Higher efficiency and good power factor.

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 Advantages of slip ring rotor:
1. High stasrting torque
2. Low starting current
3. External resistance can be added to the rotor circuit to control the speed and
starting torque.

Applications:
 Squirrel cage rotor type: These motors have moderate starting torque and constant
speed characteristics preferred for driving fans, blowers, water pumps, grinders, lathe
machines, printing machines and drilling machines, etc.
 Slip ring induction motors: These can have high starting torque as high as
maximum torque. Hence they are preferred for lifts, hoists, elevators, cranes,
copressors, etc.

Q.9 Explain why single phase Induction Motor is not self starting. Give different
methods of starting & explain any one. [UPTU 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015]

Solution:
When the stator winding of single phase induction motor is given a single phase

supply, it does not produce a rotating magnetic field, instead it creates a pulsating
magnetic field.
This pulsating magnetic field can be considered as sum of two rotating fields of

equal magnitude but rotating in opposite directions; one in forward direction &
other in backward direction.
Hence the forward & backward torque produced by these two fields is also equal

and opposite, as a result of which the resultant torque is zero.
Thus single phase Induction Motor is not self starting.


Methods of starting:
Split phase motor

Capacitor start motor

Capacitor start capapcitor run motor

Shaded pole motor

 Capicitor Start motor: The two windings are displaced by 900 in space. A
capacitor Cs is connected in series with starting winding as shown in Fig. below.
A switch S is connected in starting winding and it will open when motor has
reached 70-80% of its full load speed.

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 Fig. showing circuit arrangement & phasor diagram for Capacitor start motor

 High starting torque, about 3-4.5 times of full load torque.

 For high starting torque Cs must be large.
 Used in pumps, compressors, refrigerators, conveyers etc.

Q.10 Explain the working of synchronous motor with suitable figures. Also discuss its
applications. [UPTU 2012,2015]

Solution:
Principle of operation:
The stator is wound for the similar number of poles as that of rotor, and fed with
three phase AC supply. The 3 phase AC supply produces rotating magnetic field in
stator. The rotor winding is fed with DC supply which magnetizes the rotor &
produces static magnetic field. Consider a two pole synchronous machine as shown
in Fig. below. Thus we have two magnetic fields, rotating magnetic field of the stator
& static magnetic field of the rotor. These two fields interact with each other & rotor
field tries to align itself with the stator field and hence rotor chases the stator.

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 Fig. showing operation of synchronous motor

 The stator poles are revolving with synchronous speed (lets say clockwise).
 If the rotor position is such that, N of the rotor is near the N of the stator as shown in
Fig.(a), then the poles of the stator and rotor will repel each other, and the torque
produced will be anticlockwise.
 The stator poles are rotating with synchronous speed, and they rotate around very fast and
interchange their position.
 Because of this quick change of stator pole, rotor can not rotate with the same angle (due
to inertia), and the next position will be likely the second schematic in above Fig.(b).
 In this case, poles of the stator will attract the poles of rotor, and the torque produced
will be clockwise.
 Hence, the rotor will undergo to a rapidly reversing torque and thus motor will not start.
 Now, if the rotor is rotated upto the synchronous speed of the stator by means of an external
force (in the direction of revolving field of the stator)
 Once rotor get synchronized with stator field, it will start rotating under the unidirectional
torque. The rotor will rotate at the synchronous speed.

Applications:

 Synchronous motor under over excitation mode is used in the power system for
power factor improvement.
 These are used as phase advancers to regulate the voltages at the end of
transmission lines.
 These are used in motor-generator sets, synchronous clocks, centrifugal pumps,
rolling mills, paper mills, etc.

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