HISTORY OF COMPUTER

Computer is.....

• A programmable Machine

• An Electronic Device That Manipulates Information, or data. It has the ability to Store, retrieve, and process data.

• A machine that manipulates data according to a List of instructions (program).

• Any device which aids humans in performing Various kinds of computations or calculations.

Three Principal characteristics of computer:

1. It responds to a specific set of Instructions in a well- defined manner.

2. It can execute a pre-recorded list of Instructions.
3. It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.

HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS

Earliest Computers originally calculations were computed by humans, whose job title was computers.

• These human computers were typically engaged in the Calculation of a mathematical expression.

• The calculations of this period were specialized and Expensive, requiring years of training in mathematics.

• The firswt use of the word “computer” was recorded in

1613, referring to a person who carried out Calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of
the 20th Century.

Tally Stick

- A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to

Record and document numbers, quantities, or even
Messages.

ABACUS

• An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations.

• The Abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.
• The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first used in China in around 500 B.C.
• It used to perform basic arithmetic operations.

NAPIER’S BONE

• Invented by John Napier in 1614.

• Allowed the operator to multiply, divide, calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them in specially
constructed boards.

SLIDE RULE

• Invented by William Oughtred in 1622.

• Is based on Napier’s ideas about logarithms.
• Used primarily for multiplication, division, roots, logarithms, Trigonometry.
• Not normally used for addition or subtraction

PASCALINE

• Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.

• It was its limitation to addition And subtraction.
• It is too expensive.

STEPPED RECKONER

• Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.

• The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically.

JACQUARD LOOM

• The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881.

• It is an automatic loom controlled by punched cards.

ARITHMOMETER

• A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820.

 • The first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine. The machine could perform the four basic mathematic
functions.
• The first mass-produced calculating machine.

DIFFERENCE AND ANALYTICAL ENGINE

• Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834.

• It is the first mechanical computer.
• It’s an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions.

FIRST COMPUTER PROGRAMMER

• In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron (also known as Ada Lovelace) suggests to Babbage that he use the binary system.
• She writes programs for the Analytical Engine.

SCHEUTZIAN CALCULATION ENGINE

• Invented by Per Georg ScheutzIn 1843.

• BasedOn Charles Babbage’s Difference engine.
• The first printing calculator.

TABULATING MACHINE

• Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890.

• To assist in summarizing information and accounting.

HARVARD MARK 1

• Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC).

• Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943. The first electro- mechanical computer.

Z1

• The first programmable computer.

• Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938.
• To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape into a punch tape reader and all output was also generated through punch
tape.

ATANASOFF-BERRY COMPUTER (ABC)

• It was the first electronic digital computing device.

• Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942.

ENIAC

• ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.

• Developed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.
• It was the first electronic general-purpose computer and completed in 1946.

UNIVAC 1

• UNIVAC 1 stands for UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1.

•The UNIVAC 1 was the first commercial computer.
Designed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.

EDVAC

• EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer.

• Designed by Von Neumann in 1952.
• It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data.

OSBORNE 1

• The first portable computer.

• Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation.

THE FIRST COMPUTER COMPANY

• The first computer company was the Electronic Controls Company. Founded in 1949 by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.

FOUR STAGES OF INFORMATION Technology DEVELOPMENT

• PRE-MECHANICAL AGE (3000 B.C. – 1450 A.D.)

• MECHANICAL AGE (1450 – 1840)

• ELECTROMECHANICAL AGE (1840 – 1940)

• ELECTRONIC AGE (1941 – PRESENT)

MILESTONE IN COMPUTER HISTORY

There are five generations of computer:

• FIRST GENERATION 1946 to 1958

• SECOND GENERATION 1959 to 1964
• THIRD GENERATION 1965 to 1970
• FOURTH GENERATION 1971 to Today
• FIFTH GENERATION – Today to Future

FIRST GENERATION – 1946 to 1958

The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They
were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of
malfunctions.

THE SECOND GENERATION – 1959 to 1964

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum
tubes. Allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable. Still generated a great deal of heat that
can damage the computer.

THE THIRD GENERATION – 1965 to 1970

The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors Were Miniaturized and placed on
silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers. It could carry out instructions in billionths
of a second. Much smaller and cheaper compared to the second- generation computers.

THE FOURTH GENERATION – 1971 to Today

The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. As these
small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet.

THE FIFTH GENERATION – Today to Future

Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). Still in development. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial
intelligence a reality. The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self- organization.
There are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today.

APPLICATIONS OF ICT (COMPUTERS) IN OUR DAILY LIVES

1. BUSINESS
Almost every business uses computers nowadays. They can be employed to store and maintain accounts, personnel records, manage
projects, track inventory, create presentations and reports. They enable communication with people both within and outside the
business, using various technologies, including e-mail. They can be used to promote the business and enable direct interaction with
customers.

2. EDUCATION
Computers can be used to give learners audio-visual packages, interactive exercises, and remote learning, including tutoring over the
internet. They can be used to access educational information be use from intranet and internet sources, or via e-books. They can be
used to maintain and monitor student’s performance, including through the use of online examinations, as well as to create projects
and assignments.

3. HEALTHCARE
Healthcare continues to be revolutionized by computers. As well as digitized medical information making it easier to store and access
patient data, complex information can also be analyzed by software to aid discovery of diagnoses, as well as search for risks of
diseases. Computers control lab equipment, heart rate monitors, and blood pressure monitors. They enable doctors to have greater
access to information on the latest drugs, as well as the ability to share information on diseases with other medical specialists.

4. RETAIL AND TRADE

Computers can be used to buy and sell products online – this Enables sellers to reach a wider market with low overheads, and buyers
to compare prices, read reviews, and choose delivery preferences. They can be used for direct trading and advertising too, using sites
such as Amazon, Lazada, Shopee, or local listings on social media or independent websites.

5. GOVERNMENT
Various government departments use computers to improve the quality and efficiency of their services. Examples include city planning,
law enforcement, traffic, and tourism. Computers can be used to store information, promote services, communicate internally and
externally, as well as for routine administrative purposes.

6. MARKETING
Computers enable marketing campaigns to be more precise through the analysis and manipulation of data. They facilitate the creation
of websites and promotional materials. They can be used to generate social media campaigns. They enable direct communication with
customers through email and online chat.

7. SCIENCE
Scientists were one of the first groups to adopt computers as a Work tool. In science, computers can be used for research, sharing
information with other specialists both locally and internationally, as well as collecting, categorizing, analyzing, and storing data.
Computers also play a vital role in launching, controlling, and maintaining space craft as well as operating other advanced technology.

8. PUBLISHING
Computers can be used to design pretty much any type of publication. These might include newsletters, marketing Materials, fashion magazines,
novels, or newspapers. Computers are used in the publishing of both hard-copy and e-books. They are also used to market publications and
track sales.

9. ARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT

Computers are now used in virtually every branch of the arts, as well as in the wider entertainment industry. Computers can be used to create
drawings, graphic designs, and paintings. They can be used to edit, copy, send, and print photographs. They can be used by writers to create
and edit. They can be used to make, record, edit, play, and listen to music. They can be used to capture, edit and watch videos. They can be
used for playing games

10. COMMUNICATION

Computers have made real-time communication over the internet easy, thanks to software and videoconferencing services such as Skype,
Messenger, Zoom, Google Meet. Families can connect with audio and video, businesses can hold meetings between remote participants, and
news organizations can interview people without the need for a film crew. Modern computers usually have microphones and webcams built-in
nowadays to facilitate software. Older communications technologies such as email are also still used widely.

11. BANKING AND FINANCE

Most banking in advanced countries now takes place online. You can use computers to check your account balance, transfer money, or pay off
credit cards. You can cralsoREUse computer technology to access information on stock markets, trade stocks, and manage investments. Banks
store customer account data, as well as detailed information on customer behavior which is used to streamline marketing. Examine route options,
and buy plane, train, or bus tickets. They can be used to explore and book accommodation, whether traditional hotels, or through newer services,
such as Air BnB. Guided tours, excursions, events, and trips can also be explored and booked online using computers.

12. TRANSPORT

Road vehicles, trains, planes, and boats are increasingly automated with computers being used to maintain safety and navigation systems, and
increasingly to drive, fly, or steer. They can also highlight problems that require attention, such as low fuel levels, oil changes, or a failing
mechanical part. Computers can be used to customize settings for individuals, for example seat setup, air-conditioning temperatures.

13. NAVIGATION

Navigation has become increasingly computerized, especially since computer technology has been combined with GPS technology. Computers
combined with satellites mean that it’s now easy to pinpoint your exact location, know which way that you are moving on a map, and have a
good idea of amenities and places of interest around you.

14. WORKING FROM HOME

Computers have made working from home and other forms of remote working increasingly common. Workers can access necessary data,
communicate, and share information without commuting to a traditional office. Managers are able to monitor workers’ productivity remotely.

15. MILITARY

Computers are used extensively by the military. They are use for training purposes. They are used for analyzing intelligence data. They are used
to control smart technology, such as guided missiles and drones, as well as for tracking incoming missiles and destroying them. They work with
other technologies such as satellites to provide geospatial information and analysis. They aid communications. They help tanks and planes to
target enemy forces.

16. SOCIAL AND ROMANCE

Computers have opened up many ways of socializing that didn’t Previously exist. Social media enables people to chat in text orAudio in
real time across large distances, as well as exchange photographs, videos, and memes. Dating sites and apps help people to find romance.
Online groups help people to connect with others who have similar interests. Blogs enable people to post a variety of views, updates, and
experiences. Online forums enable discussions between people on specialist or general topics.

17. BOOKING VACATIONS

Computers can be used by travelers to study timetables, examine route options, and buy plane, train, or bus tickets. They can be used to explore
and book accommodation, whether traditional hotels, or through newer services, such as Air BnB. Guided tours, excursions, events, and trips
can also be explored and booked online using computers.

18. SECURITY AND SURVEILLANCE

Computers are increasingly being combined with other technologies to monitor people and goods. Computers combined with biometric passports
make it harder for people to fraudulently enter a country or gain access to a passenger airplane. Face-recognition technology makes it easier to
identify terrorists or criminals in public places. Driver plates can be auto scanned by speed cameras or or police co cars. Private security systems
have also become much more sophisticated with the introduction of computer technology and internet technology.

19. WEATHER FORECASTING

The world’s weather is complex and depends upon a multitude of factors that are constantly changing. It’s impossible for human beings to
monitor and process all the information coming in from satellite and other technologies, never mind perform the complex calculations that are
needed to predict what is likely to happen in the future. Computers can process the large amounts of Meteorological information.

20. ROBOTICS

Robotics is an expanding area of technology which combines Computers with science and engineering to produce machines that can either
replace humans, or do specific jobs that humans are unable to do. One of the first use of robotics was in manufacturing to build cars. Since then,
robots have been developed to explore areas where conditions are too harsh for humans, to help law enforcement, to help the military, and to
assist healthcare professionals.
THE WEB AND THE INTERNET
THE WEB

The Web (World Wide Web) consists of information organized into Web pages containing text and graphic images. The world wide web is larger
collection of interconnected documents or content. It contains hypertext links, or highlighted keywords and images that lead to related
information. A collection of linked Web pages that has a common theme or focus is called a Web site. The main page that all of the pages on a
particular Web site are organized around and link back to is called the site’s home page. The World Wide web was invented by Timothy John
Berners-Lee also known as TimBL.

Web 10 (Read Only Static Web)

The Web It is an old internet that only allows people to read from the internet. First stage worldwide linking web pages and hyperlink. Web is
use as “information portal”. It uses table to positions and align elements on page.

Most read only web.

• If focused on company’s home pages.

• Dividing the world wide web into usable directories

• It means web is use as “Information Portal”

• It started with the simple idea “put content together”

Example of Web 1.0

•Mp3.com

• Home Page

Page Views

• HTML/Portals.

• Directories

Disadvantages

• Read only web

• Limited user interaction

• Lack of standards

Web 2.0 (Read-write Interactive web)

A term used to describe a new generation of Web services and applications with an increasing emphasis on human collaboration.

• It is a platform that gives users the possibility (liberty) to control their data. • This is about user-generated content and the read-write web.

• People are consuming as well as contributing information through blogs or sites.

• Allows the user to interact with the page known as DYNAMIC PAGE; instead of just reading a page, the user may be able to comment or create
a user account. Dynamic page refers to the web pages that are affected by user input or preference.

• Is focused on the ability for people to collaborate and share information online via social media, blogging and Web-based communities.

Example of Web 2.0

A. Social Networking – is the use of Internet-based social media sites to stay connected with friends, family, colleagues, customers, or
clients. Social networking can have a social purpose, a business purpose, or both, through sites such as: Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn,
Google, Pinterest, Tumblr, Instagram

B. Blogs – is a discussion or informational website published on the world wide web consisting of discrete, often informal diary-style text
entries (posts). Posts are typically displayed in reverse chronological order, so that the most recent post appears first, at the top of the
web page.

Example: WordPress, Blogger, Tumblr

C. Wikis – is a hypertext publication collaboratively edited and managed by its own audience directly using a web browser. A typical wiki
contains multiple pages for the subjects or scope of the project and may be either open to the public or limited to use within an
organization for maintaining its internal knowledge base.

Example: Wikipedia, MediaWiki, Wikispecies, Wikiversity, Workbooks, Wiktionary, Commons, Wikivoyage, Wikiquote, Wikinews, Wikidata

D. Video Sharing Sites – a website that lets people upload and share their video clips with the public at large or to invited guests.

Example: YouTube, Facebook, LinkedIn, Flickr, Photobucket

Web 3.0: (Read-write Intelligent web)

•Suggested name by John Markoff of the New York Times for the third generation of the web.
• In this generation, all the application on web or mobile will be upgraded with more features. It applies same principles as Web 2.0: two-way
interaction.

• Web 3.0 will be more connected, open, and intelligent, with semantic web technologies, distributed databases, natural language processing,
machine learning, machine reasoning and autonomous agents.

• Semantic Web – provides a framework that allows data to be shared and reuse to deliver web content specifically targeting the user.

• It is a web of data.

• Changing the web into a language that can be read and categorized by the system rather than humans.

Types of Website

• eCommerce
• Business Website
• Educational Website
• Infopreneur Website
• Entertainment Website
• Personal Website
• Portfolio Website
• Brochure Website
• Nonprofit Website
• Web Portal
• Wiki or Community Forum Website

THE INTERNET

The Internet or “net” (network of network) is the largest computer network in the world that connects billions of computer user. The word internet
comes from combination between “interconnection” and “network”. Network is a collection of computers and devices connected via
communication channels and transmission media allow to share resources (hardware, software, data, information). Generally, nobody owns the
internet.

A. Brief History of Internet

ARPA – Advanced Research Project Agency January 2, 1969 started an experimental computer network. Concept No server, but equal
importance/participation to every computer in the network. Even if, one or two node destroyed that will now affect the network. In 1982 the word
internet started. 1986 First” free net” created in Case Western Reserve University 1991: US government allowed business agencies to connect
to internet. Now all people can connect to the internet and improve their life and work quality. The internet support various aspects in our life.
Vinton Gray Cerf ForMemRS is an American Internet pioneer and is recognized as one of “the fathers of the Internet”, sharing this title with
TCP/IP co-developer Bob Kahn.

B. Major Components of the Internet

1. Server – is a computer program that provides service to another computer program and it’s user.

Types of Servers

• Application Server -A program in computer that provides the business logic for an application program.
• Web Server- a computer program that serves requested HTML Pages or files
• Proxy Server- A computer program that serves requested HTML Is a software that acts as an intermediary between an endpoint device,
such as computer and another server from which a user is requesting.
• Mail Server – is an application that receives incoming e-mail from local users and remote senders and forward outgoing e-mail for
delivery.
• File Server – is a computer responsible for central storage and management of data files so that another computer on the same network
can access them.
• Policy Server – is a security component of a policy – based network that provides authorization services and facilities tracking and
control of files.

2. IP Address (Internet Protocol) – is a numerical label assigned to each device. This provides identity to a network device.

3. Browser – is an application program that provides a way to look information on the web. Example of browsers: Google chrome, safari, internet
explorer, opera, Mozilla

4. Domain Name System (DNS) – is the phonebook of internet. We access information online through domain names.

5.Internet Service Provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing, using or participating in the internet.

Two types of ISP:

• National ISP – provided internet access to a specific geographic area.

• Regional ISP – business that provides internet access in cities and towns nationwide.

Example of ISP:

Sky Broadband • PLDT • Converge

C. Uses of Internet
• Look for information
 • School works, jobs, and home Purposes
• Send and receive electronic mail
• Games
• Take college courses
• Monitor home while away
• Financial transactions
• Video teleconferencing (video, Download music and
• Call, video chat)
• Buy and sell product
• Social networking
• Watch & post videos
• Download music ad movies

D. Internet Terms and Definition

Internet A global network of thousands of computer networks linked by data lines and wireless systems.

• Web – a collection of billions of webpages that you can view with a web browser.

• Email – the most common method of sending and receiving messages online.

• Social media – websites and apps that allow people to share comments, photos, and videos.

• Online gaming- Games that allow people to play with and

Against each other over the Internet.

• Software updates-Operating system and application Updates can typically downloaded from the Internet

• HTML – Hypertext Markup Language is a coding language used to tell a browser how to place pictures, text, multimedia, and links to create a
web page. When a user clicks on a link within a web page, that link, which is coded with HTML, links the user to a specific linked web page.

• URL – Uniform Resource Locator is a web address used to connect to a remote resource on the world wide web.

• Bit – is a single digit in the binary numbering system (base 2). For example: 1 is a bit or 0 is a bit.

• Byte – generally consists of eight bits.

•Upload – To upload is to transfer data from your computer to another computer.

• Download- to download is to transfer data from another computer to your computer.

• HTTP – is the acronym for Hypertext Transfer Protocol, the data communication standard of web pages. When a web page has this prefix, the
links, text, and pictures should work correctly in a web browser.

• HTTPS - is the acronym for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure. This indicates that the web page has a special layer of encryption added to
hide your personal information and passwords from others.

• Router or router modem combination- Is the hardware Device that acts as the traffic cop for network signals arriving at your home or business
from your ISP. A router can be wired or wireless or both.

• Encryption – is the mathematical scrambling of data so that it is hidden from eavesdroppers. Encryption uses complex math formulas to turn
private data into meaningless gobbledygook that only trusted readers can unscramble.

• Web Bot – A term that applies to programs/applets (macros and intelligent agents) used on the Internet. Such bots perform a repetitive function,
such as posting messages to multiple newsgroups or doing searches for information.

• Search Engine- specialized software, such as Google and Yahoo, that lets www browser users search for information on the web by using
keywords, phrases.