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lecture_02

The document outlines basic operations on signals, including amplitude scaling, addition, multiplication, differentiation, and integration for dependent variables, as well as time scaling, reflection, and time shifting for independent variables. It also describes the representation of discrete-time signals through functional, tabular, and sequence forms, and introduces elementary signals such as exponential, sinusoidal, unit step, impulse, and ramp functions. Each signal type is defined with its mathematical representation and characteristics.

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1124 anindya
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3 views11 pages

lecture_02

The document outlines basic operations on signals, including amplitude scaling, addition, multiplication, differentiation, and integration for dependent variables, as well as time scaling, reflection, and time shifting for independent variables. It also describes the representation of discrete-time signals through functional, tabular, and sequence forms, and introduces elementary signals such as exponential, sinusoidal, unit step, impulse, and ramp functions. Each signal type is defined with its mathematical representation and characteristics.

Uploaded by

1124 anindya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Signals & Systems

Signals and Systems


Course No.: EEE 237
Basic operations on signals
A. Operations performed on dependent variables:

1. Amplitude scaling: y(t)=cx(t) or y[n]=cx[n]

2. Addition: y(t)=x1(t)+x2(t) or y[n]=x1[n]+x2[n]

3. Multiplication: y(t)=x1(t) x2(t) or y[n]=x1[n] x2[n]

4. Differentiation: d
y (t ) = x(t )
dt
d
or , v(t ) = L i (t )
dt
5. Integration: t
y (t ) = ∫ x(τ )dτ
−∞
t
1
or , v(t ) = ∫ i (τ ) dτ
c −∞
Adharaa Neelim Dewanjee, Dept. 2
of EEE, CUET
Basic operations on signals
A. Operations performed on independent variables:

1. Time scaling: y(t)=x(at) or y[n]=x[an], if a>1, y(t) compressed & a<1, y(t) advanced

2. Reflection: y(t)=x (-t) or y[n]=x [-n]

•Even signal is the same as the reflected version


•Odd
Odd signal is the negative of its reflected version

3. Time shifting: y(t)=x (t-to)


If to>0, x(t) shifted to the right (delayed)
to<0, x(t) shifted to the left (advanced)

Adharaa Neelim Dewanjee, Dept. 3


of EEE, CUET
Representation of Discrete time signal
1. Functional Representation: 1, for (n = 1,3)

x[n] =  4, for (n = 2)
 0, otherwise

2. Tabular Representation:

3. Sequence Representation:
•An infinite duration signal or sequence with the time origin (n=0) indicated by the
symbol (↑), is represented as: x[n]= {… 0,0,1,4,1,0,0…}

•A sequence x[n] which is zero for n<0, can be represented as:


x[n]= {0,1,4,1,0,0…}
Adharaa Neelim Dewanjee, Dept. 4
of EEE, CUET
Elementary Signals
1. Exponential signals:x(t ) = Be at / x[n] = Br n , r = eα
 Decaying exponential, for which a<0
 Growing exponential, for which a>0

2. Sinusoidal signals: x(t ) = A cos(ω + φ )

3. Unit Step function: 1, t ≥ 0 1, n ≥ 0


u (t ) =  u[ n] = 
0, t < 0 0, n < 0

4. Impulse function: 1, n = 0


δ [ n] = 
0, n ≠ 0

5. Ramp function: t, t ≥ 0  n, n ≥ 0


r (t ) =  r[ n] = 
0, t < 0 0, n < 0
Adharaa Neelim Dewanjee, Dept. 5
of EEE, CUET
Elementary Signals

Exponential Signal

Adharaa Neelim Dewanjee, Dept. 6


of EEE, CUET
Elementary Signals

Sinusoidal Signal

Adharaa Neelim Dewanjee, Dept. 7


of EEE, CUET
Elementary Signals

Unit step function

Adharaa Neelim Dewanjee, Dept. 8


of EEE, CUET
Elementary Signals

Impulse function

Adharaa Neelim Dewanjee, Dept. 9


of EEE, CUET
Elementary Signals

Ramp function

Adharaa Neelim Dewanjee, Dept. 10


of EEE, CUET
11

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