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Normalization

Normalization is the process of organizing database attributes and tables to minimize redundancy and dependency, aiming to enhance data integrity. It consists of three levels: First Normal Form (1NF), Second Normal Form (2NF), and Third Normal Form (3NF), each addressing specific types of data dependencies. The key takeaway is that normalization reduces redundancy and improves database integrity through structured organization.

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Sneha Rawat
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3 views

Normalization

Normalization is the process of organizing database attributes and tables to minimize redundancy and dependency, aiming to enhance data integrity. It consists of three levels: First Normal Form (1NF), Second Normal Form (2NF), and Third Normal Form (3NF), each addressing specific types of data dependencies. The key takeaway is that normalization reduces redundancy and improves database integrity through structured organization.

Uploaded by

Sneha Rawat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Normalization

 Definition: Normalization is the process of organizing the attributes and


tables of a database to minimize redundancy and dependency.
 Goal: To reduce data duplication and improve data integrity.
First Normal Form (1NF)
 Definition: A table is in 1NF if it contains only atomic values (no
repeating groups or arrays) and each column contains unique values.
 Example:
Student_ID Name Subjects
1 Alice Math, English
2 Bob Science, History
 1NF Conversion: Break down repeating groups into separate rows.
Student_I Name Subject
D
1 Alice Math
1 Alice English
2 Bob Science
2 Bob History
Second Normal Form (2NF)
 Definition: A table is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and all non-key attributes are
fully dependent on the primary key (no partial dependency).
 Example (for 2NF conversion):
Student_I Course Instructor Instructor_Contact
D
1 Math Dr. Smith 555-1234
1 English Dr. Johnson 555-5678
 2NF Conversion: Remove partial dependency. Table 1: Students
Student_ID Course
1 Math
1 English
 Table 2: Instructors
Instructor Contact
Dr. Smith 555-1234
Dr. Johnson 555-5678
Third Normal Form (3NF)
 Definition: A table is in 3NF if it is in 2NF and there is no transitive
dependency (i.e., non-key attributes are dependent only on the primary
key).
 Example:
Student_ID Course Instructor Instructor_Dept
1 Math Dr. Smith Math Dept
1 English Dr. Johnson English Dept
 3NF Conversion: Remove transitive dependencies. Table 1: Students
Student_ID Course
1 Math
1 English
 Table 2: Instructors
Instructor Department
Dr. Smith Math Dept
Dr. Johnson English Dept
 Table 3: Courses
Course Instructor
Math Dr. Smith
English Dr. Johnson
 Key Takeaways:
o Normalization reduces redundancy and improves database
integrity.
o It involves 3 levels: 1NF, 2NF, and 3NF.
o Each step builds on the previous one, with increasing complexity
and fewer data anomalies.

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