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Design and Analysis of Algorithms Notes

The document provides an overview of algorithm design and analysis, covering key concepts such as characteristics of algorithms, asymptotic analysis, and various algorithmic strategies including brute force, greedy methods, and dynamic programming. It also discusses graph and tree algorithms, tractable versus intractable problems, and advanced topics like approximation and randomized algorithms. Each module outlines essential techniques and their applications in solving computational problems.

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8 views2 pages

Design and Analysis of Algorithms Notes

The document provides an overview of algorithm design and analysis, covering key concepts such as characteristics of algorithms, asymptotic analysis, and various algorithmic strategies including brute force, greedy methods, and dynamic programming. It also discusses graph and tree algorithms, tractable versus intractable problems, and advanced topics like approximation and randomized algorithms. Each module outlines essential techniques and their applications in solving computational problems.

Uploaded by

anuragmishra3001
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Design and Analysis of Algorithms - Notes

Module 1: Introduction

- Characteristics of Algorithms: Input/Output, Definiteness, Finiteness, Effectiveness.


- Asymptotic Analysis: Big O (worst), Omega (best), Theta (average).
- Time & Space Trade-offs.
- Solving Recurrences:
- Substitution Method
- Recursion Tree Method
- Master's Theorem: T(n) = aT(n/b) + f(n)

Module 2: Fundamental Algorithmic Strategies

- Brute Force: Try all possibilities.


- Greedy: Locally optimal choices (e.g., Prim's, Kruskal's).
- Dynamic Programming (DP): Store subproblem results (e.g., Knapsack).
- Branch and Bound: Optimization (e.g., TSP).
- Backtracking: Recursive solution pruning (e.g., N-Queens).

Module 3: Graph and Tree Algorithms

- Traversals: DFS (deep first), BFS (level by level).


- Shortest Paths: Dijkstra's (non-negative), Bellman-Ford (handles negatives).
- MST: Kruskal's (edge-based), Prim's (node-based).
- Topological Sort: For DAGs, task ordering.
- Transitive Closure: Reachability via Floyd-Warshall.
- Network Flow: Ford-Fulkerson for max flow.

Module 4: Tractable and Intractable Problems

- Tractable (P): Solvable in polynomial time.


- Intractable (NP, NP-Complete, NP-Hard):
- NP: Verifiable in polynomial time.
- NP-Complete: Hardest in NP (e.g., SAT).
- NP-Hard: At least as hard as NP-Complete.
- Cook's Theorem: SAT is NP-Complete.
- Reductions: Proving problem hardness by transformations.

Module 5: Advanced Topics

- Approximation Algorithms: Near-optimal solutions, faster.


- Randomized Algorithms: Use randomness (e.g., QuickSort).
- Heuristics: Fast, rule-based (e.g., A* for pathfinding).

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