Zippy: Let's start by exploring some basi EEE — DATA SCIENCE Q [EARNING OUTCOMES” ‘at the end of this chapter, the students will be able to: «Define data and understand its various forms in the digital age. ‘= Explain the basic concept of data science and its importance. ‘e Recognise the role of data in everyday decision-making. «= Understand the fundamentals of data visualisation ‘g Interpret basic charts and graphs. appreciate the role of data science in solving real-world problems Hey Alival Have you heard about data science? Data science? Sounds complicated. What's it about? [es actually really interesting! Data science is like being a detective, but instead of solving crimes, you're solving problems using information, Aliva: That does sound cool! But why is it important? Zippy: Well, in today’s world, we create tons of data every day ~ from our social media posts to our online shopping. Data scientists help make sense of all this information to improve our lives. | had no idea! How can we learn more about it? ic concepts! We'll look at what data is, how irs used, and even learn to read some simple charts,- INTRODUCTION TO DATA Data is all around us. It's the inforn world better. In the digital age, dati adings) aLion we collect, stor under ‘tnd pmes in many forms: 4, * Numbers (like temperature * Text (like social media posts) * Images (like satellite photos) * Videos (like traffic camera footage) Understanding data is crucial because it helps us make informed decisions in our daily lives and solve complex problems in fields like science, business, and healthcare. For example, when you check the weather forecast before deciding what to wear, you're using data to make a decision. 1, Name three types of data you encounter in your daily life. Every minute, people send | about 16 million text messages and watch 4.5 million YouTube | ee Videos, That’ + lot of data | 2: Why do you think understanding data is important? being created! Se’, BX computer studies - 8INTRODUCTION TO DATA SCIENCE Data science is a field that uses different tools and techniques to make sense of data. It's like being a detective, but instead of solving crimes, you're solving problems and making discoveries using information. Data science involves: 1, Collecting data 2, Organising and cleaning data 3. Analysing data to find patterns 4, Using these patterns to make predictions or decisions Data scientists use their skills to tackle real-world problems. For example: « Predicting which books a reader might like based on their past choices * Helping doctors identify signs of diseases in medical scans « Suggesting the best route for a delivery truck to take Data science is a field that combines various disciplines like statisties, computer science, and domain expertise to extract meaningful insights from data. It involves: 1, Collecting and cleaning data 2. Analysing data to find patterns 3. Using algorithms to make predictions 4, Communicating findings through visualisations 1. Collecting and cleaning data * Data can be pre-existing, newly acquired, or a data repository downloadable from the internet. It can be extracted from internal or external databases, company CRM software, web server Jogs, social media or purchase it from trusted third-party sources. * Data cleaning is the process of standardising the data according to a predetermined format. It includes handling missing data, fixing data errors, and removing any data outliers. 2. Analysing data to find patterns It is used for planning further data modeling strategies. Data scientists gain an initial understanding of the data using descriptive statistics and data visualisation tools. Then they explore the data to identify interesting patterns that can be studied or actioned. 3. Using algorithms to make predictions Software and machine learning algorithms are used to gain deeper insights, predict outcomes, and prescribe the best course of action. Machine learning techniques like association, classification, and clustering are applied to the training data set. The model might be tested against predetermined test data to assess result accuracy, The data model can be fine-tuned many times to improve result outcomes. Sel Data Science (>lisations 4. Communicating findings through visual sther with analysts and businesses to convert data insig Data scientists work together with ¢ ; re action. ‘They make diagrams, graphs, and charts 1 WONT summarisation helps stakeholders understand and iP arts to represent trends and prediction, Ms nt results effectively Dat, ne The future of data science is exciting! As we collect more data and develop better tools 5 analyse it, we'll be able to solve increasingly complex problems and make more accurs predictions. [DWE eas Encourage students to think critically about the data they encounter in their daily lives. Ask them to consider the source of the data and potential biases. 1. What skills do you think a data scientist needs? 2. Can you think of a problem in your school or community that data science might help solve? DATA VISUALISATION Data visualisation is the art of presenting data in a visual format, making it easier to understan’ and interpret. It’s like turning a long list of numbers into a picture that tells a story. Goo visualisations can reveal patterns and trends that might be hidden in raw numbers. Dat’ science relies on data visualisation to translate complex data into actionable insights. It ws graphs to show patterns, trends, and outliers that raw data may not show ‘Computer Studies - 8[ameu.. & = tl i: pay O Column Une rea Doughnut set ble Chart Spider and Radar Scatter i ator Comparison Chart Stacked bar chart Common types of data visualisations include: 4, Bar charts ‘A bar chart is a ena of numerical data in pictorial form of rectangles (or bars) having uniform ra roa varying heights. They are also known as bar graphs. They are one of the means of data handling in statistics. The bar charts have three major characteristics such as: + They are used to compare the different data among different groups. « They show the relationship with the help of two axes. On one axis, it, represents the categories and on another axis, it represents the discrete values, * Over a period of time, they show the major changes in available data. The given below bar chart shows the number of mango trees planted by a gardener in different years. nee ee ‘ans | {2c ——— {7F= so aango-maee 3 é & 5 = 3 \2 z 5 2 Data Scienceine graphs ; This graph gives a graphical representation ei i changes sa zontal axis called the A-axis The Xanie ust Tass tine perio over which we would like to measure the quantity specific thing or an item in the Y-axis. It helps to analyse the trend of wi pa the quantity in the Y-axis is increasing or decreasing over a period of time. It gives a clear picture of ,, increasing or a decreasing trend. The line graph given below represents the sale of bicycles by a bieycle company from the mony, of January till June. Here, the X-axis represents the time interval and the Y-axis represent, the number of bicycles sold each month. The dark point on the graph denotes a data point The line segment connecting these individual data points gives a picture of whether the sale of bicycles is in an increasing or decreasing trend. es that had occurred over a yiy, a vertical axis called the Ying," t Number of bicycles sold —> g | | van Feb Mar Apr-May June Months —> 3. Pie charts This chart visually displays data in a circular graph. It represents data using the attributes of circles, spheres, and angular data to represent real-world information. The shape of a pie chart is circular where the pie represents the whole data and the slice out of the pie represents the parts of the data and records it discretely. Favourite Fruit ‘The pie chart given alongside visually displays the favourite fruits of the students in a class based on i i as {w Mango wy Orange. mx Plum the given data: Mango - 45; Orange - 30; Plum - 15; . Pine Ar 3 - mabe Pineapple - 30; Melon - 30 — nee Set, KK compurer sudies-64, Scatter plots scatter plot is ies to plot the points, based on their values f the child in years) and height (of the ehild in fect use of the Coordin epresent data in a graphical format. I make catter plot repre means te ‘The given below age (of 1 oi as| a « Rs . <3 . =o. . z . ES os °s 4S zo 7 6 8 w 4H ‘Age of the child (in years) 5. Heat maps al representations of data where values are depicted by colour ‘They can be created by ha d heatmapping softy They are the vis vasy to visualise complex data and understand it at a glane thoagh modern heatmaps are generally created using special Calls per hour of day - Tours 6/1/15 - 5/30/17 Phar PPP LF FF OF Why is Data Visualisation Important? Data visualisation helps us: A glance t can show patterns in large amounts of data at Simplify complex informatio Make comparisons: It’s easier to com| of numbers, -e sizes of bars in a chart than to compare a Lists . an explain data in a way that’s engagi « Tell stories with data: A good visualisation can exP Ng ang memorable. ne ee Tony ' coo data clearly, we ean make more informe + Make better decisions: When we c lata clear! med choiogs fruits in a class: Look at this simple bar chart showing the favourite nt at — cAaBRTA = = : fa i or 2 a4 Questions: 1. Which fruit is the most popular? 2. How many more students prefer apples over grapes? 3, IFyou had to stock fruit for this class, which two fruits would you choose? Importance of Data Visualisation in Data Science Data visualisation is a crucial component of data science. It serves as a bridge between comple data and human understanding. Here’s why data visualisation is so important in data sciene 1. Simplifying Complex Information: Visualisations can represent large amounts of data a compact, easy-to-understand format. This allows people to grasp complex concepts quick 2. Pattern Recognition: The human brain is excellent at recognising visual patter Visualisations can reveal trends, outliers, and relationships in data that might not apparent in raw numbers. Storytelling with Data: Effective visualisations can tell a story, making data more engagi and memorable. This is crucial when presenting findings to non-technical audiences. 4, Decision Support: Clear visualisations help decision-makers understand data quicl leading to more informed and timely decisions. 5. Hypothesis Generation: Exploring data visually can lead to new questions and hypothes driving further investigation and analysis. 6. Quality Control: Visualisations can help identify errors or inconsistencies in data t might be missed when looking at raw numbers. 7. Communicating Results: Data scientists use visualisations to effectively communi their findings to stakeholders, making their work more impactful. In the world of data science, the ability to create clear, accurate, and insightful visualisat is as important as the ability to analyse data. As you continue to learn about data scie remember that a well-crafted visualisation can be worth a thousand spreadsheets! “, Computer Studies - 8ea 41, Can you think of a situation where a visual re description? Presentation of data would be more effective than a written 2. Look at a news article that uses a dat a visualisation, What does the visualisation help you understand that might be difficult to grasp from 1 sation help y ext alone? DATA SCIENCE IN THE REAL WORLD Data science helps solve many real-world proble 1, Weather Forecasting: By analysing patterns in temperature, air pressure, and other data. scientists can predict the weather more accurately, ms. Here are some examp! Forecasting Solutions. 2, Personalised Recommendations: Streaming services use data about what you've watched to suggest new shows you might like. Collaborative Filtering Content-Based Filtering Played by both users Played by user ree4 so $ ‘Similar users 'S posed egy | ° 0 rece ieee, Data Sciencevce playel erformance a eve! }. Sports Performance: Teams use data to analyse player perforn ind develop bey, strategies. _ Conservation: Scientists use data to track animal populations and protect endangeredentify a real-world problem in your city or communi 4, entity nmunity that could be solved using data science. What Kind of data would need to be collected and analysed to adress this sue? racking data about students’ stu 2. you were (ac won es me ts’ study habits and test scores to help improve academic performanc ‘ships would you look for in the data? How might these insights, be useful LET'S LOOK BACK } 4 pata science is a field that combines statistics, computer science, and domain expertise to extract meaningful insights from data. ‘é inthe digital age, data comes in various forms including numbers, text, images, and videos. “© pata scientists follow a process that includes collecting, cleaning, analysing data, and communicating findings. “¢ Understanding data is crucial for making informed decisions in our daily lives and solving complex problems in various fields. {¢ Data visualisation is the art of presenting data in visual formats like charts and graphs, making it easier to understand and interpret. + Common types of data visualisations include bar charts, line graphs, pie charts, scatter plots, and heat maps. + Data visualisation is important because it simplifies complex information, reveals patterns, supports decision-making, and makes data more engaging. + Data science has wide-ranging applications, from predicting customer behavior for optimising traffic flow in cities and identifying early signs of diseases. Tun jdte scence into a daily adventure with your eid! Look around your home and spot ways data works in your family’s ira Pee ‘steps on a fitness watch or checking weather updates on your phone. Start simple Gaeiep about 6 prediet your shopping choices or suggest videos. Make it fun by creating basic charts of family activities or food bref ipping choices or sug hap ett tokether. These small observations can spark your child’s interest in the growing world of data science and Mm see its real-life importance. Data science {6A. Multiple 1. Wh Choice Questions (MCQs) at is data science primarily used for? 8. Creating video games b. Writing novels ©. Extracting insights from data d. Building skyscrapers N Which of these is NOT a common form of data in the digital age? a. Numbers b. Text. c. Smells d. Images . Whi ‘at skill combination does data science typically involve? . Cooking and painting ~ b. Statistics and computer science ¢. Music and dance d. Carpentry and plumbing Mow many text messages are sent every minute, according to the chapter? a. 1 million i» b. 8 million c. 16 million d. 32 million - Which of these is NOT mentioned as a common type of data visualisation? a. Bar charts a b. Line graphs ¢. 8D holograms —_—_d. Pie charts B. Answer the following in one word. 1. The field that combines various disciplines to extract meaningful insights from data: 2. The type of chart often used to show parts of a whole: 3. The process of presenting data in a visual format: 4. The ability of data visualisation to reveal hidden in raw numbers: 5. The type of plot used to show relationships between two variables: C. Mateh the following: Column I Column If 1. Data cleaning Making predictions using algorithms Preparing data for analysis Finding patterns in data Communicating findings visually 2, Data analysis 3. Data visualisation 4, Predictive modeling 5. Decision-making eRe TP Using data insights to choose actions D. Short Answer Type Questions 1, Explain two reasons why understanding data is important in our daily lives. . ‘Computer Studies - 82, How can data science help in solving real-world problems? Give an example. 3. What are two key skills a data scientist needs? Why are they important? E, Long Answer Type Questions 1, Describe the process of data science from data collection to communicating findings. Why is each step important? 2. Explain the importance of data visualisation in data science. How does it help in understanding complex information? 3. How might data science impact various fields in the future? Discuss potential applications in at least two different areas. F. Application-Based Questions 1. Your school wants to reduce food waste in the cafeteria. H this problem? jow could data science help solve Data Science 72. A local wildlife conservation group wants to track animal populations, What types of qa, om? might they collect, and how could data science help them: 3. You notice that your favorite online store seems to know what products you might like How do you think data science is being used here? G. Case Study Based Questions Directions (Questions 1 to 3): Examine the following case study carefully and answer the questions that follow: A city is experiencing frequent traffic jams and wants to improve its transportation system ‘They decide to use data science to help solve the problem. 1. What types of data might the city collect to understand the traffic problem? 2. How could data visualisation help city planners understand the traffic patterns? 3. Suggest one way that data science could help reduce traffic congestion in the city. we EX. computer Studies -8rtion-Reason Type Questions Asse “a tions (Questions 1 to 2 piree' (Avis followed following optior 1, Assertion (A): problems. Reason (R): Data science requires very expensive tools and supercomputers ‘a, Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A) p, Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but, Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A). ¢, Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false , Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true. 1s, a statement of Assertion son (R), Study both the statements and state whieh of the 11 each of the following questi lowed by a statement of Re is correct Data science is only useful for big businesses and not for solving everyday 2, Assertion (A): Data visualisation is an essential part of data science. Reason (R): The human brain is excellent at recognising visual patterns. ‘a. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). b, Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct, explanation of Assertion (A). c. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false. d. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true. I Projects 1, Create a simple survey about your classmates’ hobbies. Collect the data ‘and use GIMP to create a bar chart or pie chart to visualise the results. 2, Find an interesting dataset online (with your teacher's help) and create > (>) three different types of visualisations to represent the data. Explain which visualisation you think is most effective and why. wer 1. Using GIMP, create a bar chart showing the average temperatures for each month in your \ ® ) city, Use different colours for each season. 2. Collect data on the number of steps you walk each day for a week. Use GIMP to create a a line graph showing how your activity levels change over the week.