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Lab - CT-1

The document presents a series of mathematical problems related to preparing solutions and acid-base titrations, including calculations for sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide solutions, as well as determining the strength of hydrochloric acid. It explains the principles of titration, the role of indicators, and the differences between qualitative and quantitative analysis in chemistry. Additionally, it highlights the distinctions between primary and secondary standard substances, and the differences between molarity and molality.

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7 views6 pages

Lab - CT-1

The document presents a series of mathematical problems related to preparing solutions and acid-base titrations, including calculations for sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide solutions, as well as determining the strength of hydrochloric acid. It explains the principles of titration, the role of indicators, and the differences between qualitative and quantitative analysis in chemistry. Additionally, it highlights the distinctions between primary and secondary standard substances, and the differences between molarity and molality.

Uploaded by

itzminhaj147
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lab CT

Standardization-related mathematical problems with solutions


Problem 1: Calculate the amount of sodium carbonate in order to prepare 300 ml 0.1M
solution.

Solution:

The molecular weight of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), M= {(23 x 2)+ (12 x 1)+(16 x 3)} =106 gm

Given that,

The volume of required solution, V=300 ml

The concentration of the required solution, S= 0.1M

The amount of sodium carbonate required for this solution, W=?

We know,

W= SMV/1000

Or, W= {(0.1 x 106 x 300)/1000}

Or, W= 3.18 gm

So, the amount of sodium carbonate in order to prepare 300 ml 0.1M solution is 3.18 gm.

Problem 2: Calculate the amount of sodium hydroxide in order to prepare 500 ml 0.4M
solution.

Solution:

The molecular weight of sodium carbonate (NaOH), M= {(23 x 1)+ (16 x 1)+(1 x 1)} =40 gm

Given that,

The volume of required solution, V=500 ml

The concentration of the required solution, S= 0.4M

The amount of sodium carbonate required for this solution, W=?

We know,

W= SMV/1000
Or, W= {(0.4 x 40 x 500)/1000}

Or, W= 8 gm

So, the amount of sodium hydroxide in order to prepare 500 ml 0.4M solution is 8 gm.

Problem 3: 40 ml of an HCl solution is required for neutralization of 20 ml 0.1M Na 2CO3


solution. Calculate the strength of the HCl acid.

Solution:

The reaction between sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid is given below:

Na2CO3 + 2HCl = 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O

From the above reaction information, it can be said that 1 mole of Na2CO3 reacts with 2 mole of HCl.

1 mole Na2CO3 = 2 moles HCl

Now, we can apply the following formula:

V1S1/V2S2 = ½

Or, S2= {2(V1 x S1)/ V2 } —————————– (i)

From the above experiment, we get the following values:

The volume of Na2CO3 solution, V1= 20 ml

The concentration of Na2CO3 solution, S1= 0.1M

The volume of HCl solution, V2= 40 ml

The concentration of HCl solution, S2=?

From the (i) no equation,

S2 = {2 (20 x 0.1)/40} = 0.1 M

Result: The concentration of supplied hydrochloric acid (HCl) is 0.1 M.

Problem 4: 60 ml of an HCl solution is required for neutralization of 50 ml 0.3M Na 2CO3


solution. Calculate the strength of the HCl acid.

Solution:

The reaction between sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid is given below:

Na2CO3 + 2HCl = 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O

From the above reaction information, it can be said that 1 mole of Na2CO3 reacts with 2 mole of HCl.
1 mole Na2CO3 = 2 moles HCl

Now, we can apply the following formula:

V1S1/V2S2 = ½

Or, S2= {2(V1 x S1)/V2 } —————————– (i)

From the above experiment, we get the following values:

The volume of Na2CO3 solution, V1= 50 ml

The concentration of Na2CO3 solution, S1= 0.3M

The volume of HCl solution, V2= 60 ml

The concentration of HCl solution, S2=?

From the (i) no equation,

S2 = {2 (50 x 0.3)/ 60 } = 0.5 M

Result: The concentration of supplied hydrochloric acid (HCl) is 0.5 M

***What are the differences between primary standard substances and secondary standard
substances?
***why indicator is used in titration
Indicator: The final point is indicated either by the physical change in the reaction or by the
addition of an auxiliary reagent is known as an indicator.
The following is a description of the indicator's involvement in the titration process:
It shows a visible change in terms of color change and turbidity in the titrated solution.
Fast reaction and alteration in physical or chemical change of the solution at the equilibrium point
are shown by the indicator.
The selection of indicators for acid-base titration should be based on the exhibited color change
at pH which is close to the equivalence point.
Methyl orange is the best indicator of strong acid and weak titration.
Phenolphatelin indicator is good for a strong base and weak acid titration.
For the strong acid and strong base titration used either Methyl orange or Phenolphatelin.
There is no indicator for the weak acid and weak base titration.

***Difference between molarity and molality


*** Explain acid-base titration
It is a quantitative analysis method to determine an acid’s or base’s concentration by precisely
neutralizing them with a standard solution of either acid or base of known concentration. It is
monitored with the help of a pH indicator to know the development of the acid-base reaction.

HA+BOH→BA+H2O

Acid + Alkali→Salt + Water

Or H+ + A– + B+ + OH– → B+ + A– + H2O

Or H+ + OH– → H2O

The acid-base titration is based on the reaction that neutralization is between a base or an acidic
and analyte. In this type, a reagent is mixed with the sample solution until it reaches the required
pH level. This type of titration majorly depends on the track change in pH or a pH meter.

*** Definition
Titration
A quantitative and volumetric technique, to determine the unknown concentration of a solution
by the known concentration of a solution in the presence of indicator is called Titration.
The unknown concentration is called analyte while the known concentration is called titrant.
The endpoint of the titration is the point at which the colour of the solution changes completely
due to the formation of product due to the addition of indicator.

Qualitative Analysis And Quantitative Analysis


Qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis are two methods used to identify and measure the
chemical components of a sample. Qualitative analysis is used to identify the presence or absence
of certain chemical compounds or elements in a sample. This method is often used in organic
chemistry to identify unknown substances.
Quantitative analysis is used to determine the amount or concentration of a particular compound
or element in a sample. This method is often used in analytical chemistry to measure the purity
of a substance or to determine the concentration of a particular element in a sample. Both
methods are essential in chemistry and are often used together to provide a more complete
analysis of a sample.

Indicator
Indicators are substances that change colour when they are added to acidic or alkaline solutions.
Litmus, phenolphthalein, and methyl orange are all indicators that are commonly used in the
laboratory. Change in property is observed when they come in contact with an acidic or basic
solution.

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