1/30/25, 3:04 PM 25WN- MA235 - Homework 1 (Section 1-1 to 1-3) - 25WN-MA235-53 - Statistics for Business Decisions I, Spring 2025

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25WN-MA235-53 - Statistics for Business Decisions I, Spring 2025

INSTRUCTOR
25WN- MA235 - Homework 1 (Section 1-1 to 1-3) (Homework) Mantie Reid
Monroe College

Current Score

QUESTION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

POINTS 0/8.33 –/8.33 –/8.33 –/8.33 –/8.33 –/8.33 –/8.33 –/8.33 –/8.33 –/8.33 –/8.33 –/8.37

TOTAL SCORE

0/100 0.0%

Due Date Past Due

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1. [0/8.33 Points] DETAILS MY NOTES BBBASICSTAT9 1.2.001.

PREVIOUS ANSWERS ASK YOUR TEACHER

Explain the difference between a stratified sample and a cluster sample. (Select all that apply.)

In a stratified sample, random samples from each strata are included.

In a cluster sample, the only samples possible are those including every kth item from the random starting position.

In a stratified sample, the clusters to be included are selected at random and then all members of each selected cluster are
included.

In a stratified sample, every sample of size n has an equal chance of being included.

In a cluster sample, random samples from each strata are included.

In a stratified sample, the only samples possible are those including every kth item from the random starting position.

In a cluster sample, every sample of size n has an equal chance of being included.

In a cluster sample, the clusters to be included are selected at random and then all members of each selected cluster are
included.

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2. [–/8.33 Points] DETAILS MY NOTES BBBASICSTAT9 1.2.002. ASK YOUR TEACHER

Explain the difference between a simple random sample and a systematic sample. (Select all that apply.)
In a systematic sample, the clusters to be included are selected at random and then all members of each selected cluster are included.

In a systematic sample, the only samples possible are those including every kth item from the random starting position.

In a simple random sample, every sample of size n has an equal chance of being included.

In a systematic sample, every sample of size n has an equal chance of being included.

In a systematic sample, random samples from each strata are included.

In a simple random sample, the clusters to be included are selected at random and then all members of each selected cluster are
included.

In a simple random sample, the only samples possible are those including every kth item from the random starting position.

In a simple random sample, random samples from each strata are included.

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3. [–/8.33 Points] DETAILS MY NOTES BBBASICSTAT9 1.2.003. ASK YOUR TEACHER

Perry conducted a study of the cost of breakfast cereal. They recorded the costs of several boxes of cereal. However, Perry neglected to take
into account the number of servings in each box. Someone told Perry not to worry because they just had some sampling error. Comment on
that advice.

The advice is right. A sampling error accounts for the difference in results based on the use of a sample rather than the entire
population.

The advice is wrong. A sampling error only accounts for the difference in results based on poor sample design.

The advice is wrong. A sampling error only accounts for the difference in results based on the use of a sample rather than the
entire population.

The advice is right. A sampling error accounts for the difference in results based on poor sample design.

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4. [–/8.33 Points] DETAILS MY NOTES BBBASICSTAT9 1.2.008. ASK YOUR TEACHER

Consider the students in your statistics class as the population and suppose they are seated in four rows of 10 students each. To select a
sample, toss a coin. If it comes up heads, you use the 20 students sitting in the first two rows as your sample. If it comes up tails, you use the
20 students sitting in the last two rows as your sample.

(a) Does every student have an equal chance of being selected for the sample? Explain.
Yes, your seating location ensures an equal chance of being selected.

No, your seating location does not ensure an equal chance of being selected.

No, the coin flip does not ensure an equal chance of being selected.

Yes, your seating location and the randomized coin flip ensure equal chances of being selected.

(b) Is it possible to include students sitting in row 3 with students sitting in row 2 in your sample?
Yes, it is possible with this described method of selection.

No, it is not possible with this described method of selection.

Sometimes it is possible with this described method of selection.

Is your sample a simple random sample? Explain.

No, this is not a simple random sample. It is a stratified sample.

No, this is not a simple random sample. It is a cluster sample.

No, this is not a simple random sample. It is a systematic sample.

Yes, this is a simple random sample.

(c) Describe a process you could use to get a simple random sample of size 20 from a class of size 40.
Assign each student a group 1, 2, 3, 4 and use a computer or a random-number table to select 2 groups.

Assign each student a number 1, 2, . . . , 40 and use a computer or a random-number table to select 20 students.

Assign each student a number 1, 2, . . . , 20 and use a computer or a random-number table to select 10 students.

Assign each student to a pair 1, 2, . . . , 20 and use a computer or a random-number table to select 10 pairs.

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5. [–/8.33 Points] DETAILS MY NOTES BBBASICSTAT9 1.2.009. ASK YOUR TEACHER

Suppose you are assigned the number 1, and the other students in your statistics class call out consecutive numbers until each person in the
class has his or her own number.

(a) Explain how you could get a random sample of four students from your statistics class. (Select all that apply.)
Randomly choose four of the last students that walk into the classroom.

Randomly choose four of the tallest students in the classroom.

Randomly choose four of the students that are sitting in the back row.

Randomly choose four of the first students that walk into the classroom.

Use a computer or random-number table to randomly select four students after numbers are assigned.

(b) Explain why the first four students walking into the classroom would not necessarily form a random sample. (Select all that apply.)
Perhaps they are students that needed less time to get to class.

Perhaps they are students with lots of free time and nothing else to do.

Perhaps they are students that had a class immediately prior to this one.

Perhaps they are excellent students who make a special effort to get to class early.

There is nothing wrong with choosing the first four students walking into the classroom.

(c) Explain why four students coming in late would not necessarily form a random sample. (Select all that apply.)
Perhaps they are busy students who are never on time to class.

Perhaps they are lazy students that don't want to attend class.

There is nothing wrong with choosing four students coming in late.

Perhaps they are students that need more time to get to class.

Perhaps they are students that had a prior class go past scheduled time.

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(d) Explain why four students sitting in the back row would not necessarily form a random sample. (Select all that apply.)
Perhaps students in the back row came to class early.

Perhaps students in the back row do not pay attention in class.

Perhaps students in the back row are introverted.

There is nothing wrong with choosing four students sitting in the back row.

Perhaps students in the back row came to class late.

(e) Explain why the four tallest students would not necessarily form a random sample. (Select all that apply.)
Perhaps tall students generally are athletes.

Perhaps tall students generally attend more classes.

There is nothing wrong with choosing the four tallest students.

Perhaps tall students generally are healthier.

Perhaps tall students generally sit together.

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6. [–/8.33 Points] DETAILS MY NOTES BBBASICSTAT9 1.2.015.MI.

ASK YOUR TEACHER PRACTICE ANOTHER

A die is a cube with dots on each face. The faces have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 dots. The table below is a computer simulation (from the software
package Minitab) of the results of rolling a fair die 20 times.

DATA DISPLAY

ROW C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10

1 5 2 2 2 5 3 2 3 1 4

2 3 2 4 5 4 5 3 5 3 4

(a) Assume that each number in the table corresponds to the number of dots on the upward face of the die. Is it appropriate that the same
number appears more than once? Why?
Yes, the outcome of the die roll can repeat.

Yes, each distinct number of dots can appear on more than one face of the die.

No, each distinct number of dots cannot appear on more than one face of the die.

No, the outcome of the die roll cannot repeat.

What is the outcome of the ninth roll? (Assume that the data are given sequentially and Row 1 was filled first.)
(No Response) 1

(b) If we simulate more rolls of the die, do you expect to get the same sequence of outcomes? Why or why not?
Yes, because the process is random.

No, because the process is systematic.

No, because the process is random.

Yes, because the process is systematic.

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Solution or Explanation
(a) Recall that a simulation is a numerical representation of a real-world phenomenon.

The real-world phenomenon here is the act of rolling a fair die with six faces (with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 dots) a total of 20 times. Here the
software package Minitab has been used to simulate 20 rolls of this six-faced die. We are told to assume that each number in the table
corresponds to the number of dots on the upward face of the die after it is rolled.

Since the die is rolled 20 times, the simulation must provide 20 outcomes in the displayed table. Each of these outcomes will be a number
from 1 to 6.

This is an example of sampling with replacement, because if a number is rolled once, it can be rolled again in a later roll. Therefore, it is
appropriate that the same number appears more than once.

The data are given sequentially, so the outcome of the ninth roll is located in the first row and the ninth column of the table. The outcome
of the ninth roll is 1.

(b) Since each outcome is equally likely, the process of rolling a die 20 times produces a random sequence of outcomes. Therefore, if we used
Minitab to simulate 20 more rolls of the die, it is very unlikely that the same sequence of outcomes would be produced as it produced in
the first simulation.

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7. [–/8.33 Points] DETAILS MY NOTES BBBASICSTAT9 1.3.001. ASK YOUR TEACHER

A study of college graduates involves three variables: income level, job satisfaction, and one-way commute times to work. List some ways the
variables might be confounded. (Select all that apply.)
People with who are very unsatisfied with their jobs will have a low income.

People might be very satisfied with their career as long as the income is high.

People with long commutes will have very high incomes.

One-way commute times may be long because affordable housing is distant from the job.

People may have a career following their passion, but have a low income or a long commute.

A working spouse could affect all three variables.

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8. [–/8.33 Points] DETAILS MY NOTES BBBASICSTAT9 1.3.002. ASK YOUR TEACHER

Consider a completely randomized experiment in which a control group is given a placebo for congestion relief and a treatment group is given a
new drug for congestion relief. Describe a double-blind procedure for this experiment.
Neither the patients nor those administering the treatments know which patients received which treatments.

The patients do not know which treatment they received.

The patients do not know which treatment the other patients received.

Those administering the treatments do not know which patients received which treatments.

What are some benefits of such a procedure? (Select all that apply.)

This process should eliminate potential bias from the treatment administrators.

This process should eliminate potential bias from patient psychology regarding benefits of the drug.

This process should eliminate potential bias from the researchers.

This process should eliminate potential bias from the patients' families.

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9. [–/8.33 Points] DETAILS MY NOTES BBBASICSTAT9 1.3.005.MI.

ASK YOUR TEACHER PRACTICE ANOTHER

Zane is examining two studies involving how different generations classify specified items as either luxuries or necessities. In the first study,
generation A is defined to be people ages 16–27. The second study defined generation A to be people ages 18–29. Zane notices that the first
study was conducted in 2000 while the second one was conducted in 2002.

(a) Are the two studies inconsistent in their description of generation A?

Yes, the years are different but they are only studying people in those ranges who belong to that generation.

No, the age ranges updated with the studies.

Yes, the ages are different so the studies are examining different generations.

Yes, the age ranges are not the same in both studies.

Yes, the years are different so the studies are examining different generations.

(b) According to the 2000 study, what are the birth years of generation A?
(No Response) 1973 to (No Response) 1984

Solution or Explanation
(a) If the studies are inconsistent, it means that at least some of the age group from the first study will not be included in the second study,
or some of the age group from the second study will not be in the first study. Therefore, to determine if the two studies are inconsistent in
their description of generation A we must compare the age groups from the two studies to see if either one includes people not included in
the other study. In other words, we need to determine if the age ranges match up exactly when the year of the study is taken in to
consideration.

In the first study from 2000, generation A is defined to be people ages 16–27. Two years later, in 2002, the second study was published
and defined generation A to be people ages ages 18–29.

First we examine the low end of the age ranges. We note that someone who was 16 years old in 2000 would be 18 years old in 2002.

Now we examine the high end of the age ranges. We note that someone who was 27 years old in 2000 would be 29 years old in 2002.

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The low and high ends of the age ranges for the two studies match when the year the studies were published is taken in to consideration.
Therefore, the studies are not inconsistent.

(b) In the 2000 study, we notice that the oldest people in generation A are 27 years old. Therefore, these oldest people were born 27 years
before 2000, which means they were born in 1973.

In the same study, we notice that the youngest people in generation A are 16 years old. Therefore, these youngest people were born
16 years before 2000, which means they were born in 1984.

10. [–/8.33 Points] DETAILS MY NOTES BBBASICSTAT9 1.3.006. ASK YOUR TEACHER

Suppose you are looking at the 2006 results of how the Echo generation classified specified items as either luxuries or necessities. Do you
expect the results to reflect how the Echo generation would classify items in 2020? Explain.

Yes, though the generation will have aged by 14 years, their perception of items as necessities or luxuries will not have changed by
then.

Yes, the costs of luxuries or necessities doesn't change that much with time, so they would still be considered luxuries or necessities in
2020.

No, many luxury brands will no longer exist in 2020, and will thus be unavailable for purchase. Newer luxury brands will dominate the
lists.

Yes, people's ideas of luxuries or necessities rarely change.

No, the generation will have aged by 14 years and their perception of items as necessities or luxuries might well have changed by
then.

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11. [–/8.33 Points] DETAILS MY NOTES BBBASICSTAT9 1.3.007. ASK YOUR TEACHER

Which technique for gathering data (observational study or experiment) do you think was used in the following studies?

(a) The Colorado Division of Wildlife netted and released 774 fish at Quincy Reservoir. There were 219 perch, 315 blue gill, 83 pike, and 157
rainbow trout.
This is an experiment because observations and measurements of individuals are conducted in a way that doesn't change the
response or the variable being measured.

This is an observational study because a treatment was deliberately imposed on the individuals in order to observe a possible change
in the response or variable being measured.

This is an experiment because a treatment was deliberately imposed on the individuals in order to observe a possible change in the
response or variable being measured.

This is an observational study because observations and measurements of individuals are conducted in a way that doesn't
change the response or the variable being measured.

(b) The Colorado Division of Wildlife caught 41 bighorn sheep on Mt. Evans and gave each one an injection to prevent heartworm. A year
later, 38 of these sheep did not have heartworm, while the other three did.
This is an observational study because observations and measurements of individuals are conducted in a way that doesn't change
the response or the variable being measured.

This is an experiment because a treatment was deliberately imposed on the individuals in order to observe a possible change in
the response or variable being measured.

This is an observational study because a treatment was deliberately imposed on the individuals in order to observe a possible change
in the response or variable being measured.

This is an experiment because observations and measurements of individuals are conducted in a way that doesn't change the
response or the variable being measured.

(c) The Colorado Division of Wildlife imposed special fishing regulations on the Deckers section of the South Platte River. All trout under 15
inches had to be released. A study of trout before and after the regulation went into effect showed that the average length of a trout
increased by 4.2 inches after the new regulation.
This is an experiment because observations and measurements of individuals are conducted in a way that doesn't change the
response or the variable being measured.

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This is an observational study because observations and measurements of individuals are conducted in a way that doesn't change
the response or the variable being measured.

This is an experiment because a treatment was deliberately imposed on the individuals in order to observe a possible change in
the response or variable being measured.

This is an observational study because a treatment was deliberately imposed on the individuals in order to observe a possible change
in the response or variable being measured.

(d) An ecology class used binoculars to watch 23 turtles at Lowell Ponds. It was found that 18 were box turtles and 5 were snapping turtles.
This is an observational study because observations and measurements of individuals are conducted in a way that doesn't
change the response or the variable being measured.

This is an experiment because a treatment was deliberately imposed on the individuals in order to observe a possible change in the
response or variable being measured.

This is an experiment because observations and measurements of individuals are conducted in a way that doesn't change the
response or the variable being measured.

This is an observational study because a treatment was deliberately imposed on the individuals in order to observe a possible change
in the response or variable being measured.

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12. [–/8.37 Points] DETAILS MY NOTES BBBASICSTAT9 1.3.008. ASK YOUR TEACHER

Which technique for gathering data (sampling, experiment, simulation, or census) do you think was used in the following studies?

(a) An analysis of a sample of 17,000 hospitalized COVID-19 patients shows that 97% of them are unvaccinated.
sampling

experiment

simulation

census

(b) The effects of wind shear on airplanes during both landing and takeoff were studied by using complex computer programs that mimic
actual flight.
sampling

experiment

simulation

census

(c) A study of all league football scores attained through touchdowns and field goals was conducted by the National Football League to
determine whether field goals account for more scoring events than touchdowns (USA Today).
sampling

experiment

simulation

census

(d) An Australian study included 588 participants who already had some precancerous skin lesions. Half got skin cream containing a
sunscreen with a sun protection factor of 17; half got an inactive cream. After 7 months, those using the sunscreen with the sun
protection had fewer precancerous skin lesions (New England Journal of Medicine).
sampling

experiment

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simulation

census

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