Module I

Snge Phase Cvcuts

Crceuti
Reistue
throus
Yesistive Circit, the potental dtferen
prely Pbints
between two

V= iR
voltag applied to ovevcoe the ohnuc
whore V=

voltase dop
R - Resistnce
current
nstantanow
O>)
For Circuts V= V Sin eotmSin
R
e= i R

Vm Sinst Vm Sivn st V S i n w t

R R

>IR

vesistve civcuthe current and the voltea

Sn pure cwith each ther
applied
are in phane

J m s i h t

Vvm ImR
2
pharors drawn in phae
arem, he
phenor dag phese derenca in between them. Phaor
& tthere
values
alterna
na hng andties
r e p r e e n t
the

Power
lnstantaneos V X gnstetaneon
ostantoneos Powe =

Vx
P=
= VmSin cot

Va Tm Sin
Cos 2ust
 VmIm Cos 2st
2 2

at instont Consis t
Powe

( ) The Constant Pert Vm Im

2

Part
Vn Im Cos 2est
(i) The 2

Component
One comple te the fuctuatig
ZeNO

One
Vm
OveY

Avemge powe or 2

VxI wtts

Pav
Pav I'R wtts

inductve
Civcut i
pure inductance

Ac through pure
an
ac
Circut
comistnga.be V= Vm Sincst

Consider

pplied alterneth voltag a

het the sey indutene

voltage Due to
This alterneha the
circit

induca
the coil.

current
to bducel eng e 9 s e finduedl
coil a applied volteee
n oppos
of the this Vis e u e l
e

inatSesappled voltage, emf.e

hie h
At all
( m s i n a t

Ldi
Vn Sin ast
Coswt Sn -st

S i r ( - t ) . -Smat-%

both s(cle
on
Sotegretig Snwt dt
Cas t -Vm Sin(T-o)
Vm

-Cosst

Vm (Si st
- 4)
Vm Vm
where Im
)
In Sin(at-
that
Cursent
's
parey
clear Tus
vad
eswahon
indicetey
drom
above phare angle -ve

S i n o d a l
onl Phave The
meas
Current
legs volteg b
current.
nature

Ahe las
V

Power L, Sr e s t 9 )
V S y ast
P. v
I , Cos cot 2. Sin 9 os 9 Sn
- Vm Sin ot
Poer CuYve S n Sre wave

P -
-Vmm Sn 2 st double than that t ppked m
2
complete yele
Powes o 2Ã
-Cos 2st
2A

- VmIM Sin 2stdut - Vmy

2 2

Vmm
2
nduance neveY COsumes power
[Pre
dissipaton
inductve eircut is
powe
iat istataneos powe
Maxnmum value

Pa VmIm
E ½LI joules
Avera energy stbred in an incuctor is given by
S2(Incucthve Recctance)
opposithon
as the
veacteua
Snductve an
Circuut to the
(nductance
the
Siusoidal urrent:

altenahing
purely cepuhve Circut
a

Corsde capritor o cepacitence c

AC CiYcuids
Conne cte d to
V: Vm Sinust

the Cepeeitor
The
CVe

(.Rate lon o charg

da
dt
i: d(cVm Sincot)

dt
CVm Cos wt x
Vm Cos est - Vm Snst+ a)
Yesc
 i: Vm Sinlust + )
marim um colen Sin t y)- 1
CurYent

The Value

Im Vn
Yaoc
Ac curcut
apactive

Hhe Cument
ved
appled vol tage by
4he

Powe PowerP- vi
Jnstantnios In, Sin(est+3)
Sin s t
= V
Sioast Cos cst
Vmn
-
VmIm Sin 2est

2
Sihe
CuYVe OveY conplete g
Ac circut S
Cepeatave

average alue
The [Powe ssipiatedgzev]
zero

2st dot
is Sin
Vm Im copeutor, E
=vjoules
Pav 2
n a
stoved
energ Pure capacitor is
The average consumec

average power
he in a pure
Show that tnstataneows power

Zero
fo the Draw the
cave

expres
sion Sineiodl voltege
Derive the

Capac tor
Hege and power caputive circut lea
curent, vo
Shapes
that the current

Show pure
applieol voltege bA current
the
the
expression for the
V= Vm Sinas t
Obtain
the QerosS

inductor,
the voltg nductve
Circuut
4he curreut

Prove thet
a pareg
instautaneo poweY
voltog a expression o the
Derive Sinusoidal voltage
comment oy
resistor

pare
pure resishve cVut

velaon between VeT

the phane
Probles
A Yesistance 5on connected acros S

voltangthe V= 50Sis 314t alcelate te suppy

dissipate
esis toy

V= 50 Sin 34t
-.Vm - 50 R- 50s

R 5o

Power dissipate d =VI wtts

50x
- 25watts
2

A 5oHZ
220v Droduces
o 2:2A in a pAre nductance coll. Determine
(a) Snluctive veAetance coil
(b) Snuctanca the coil

() Power absorbed
Also cwvite the esuohon
pplied ve ltags and currer

RMS Value
appled voltag 220olk
RMS valwe current I = 22A

(a) Snductve eactane 220

I 22

(b) Soductance -O31&t

27X 50

(c) Powes absorbed pa O

Peak vaue
voltege vm 2xVmy
2x 220
31|13V
Eaahon Bor appled voltage
Ve Vm Sn cot
-31|·|3 Sin (QrsoxE)
- 31|:3 Sin 34t V

vale current I - 2 Trmu

- 2x 2 2
= 3lLA
 Carrnt

- 3n Sin (J*iort )
- 3 | Sn 314t-4, A
CApa tor
The curet dyawn
220 a supply
iS the
supply
: 38 2 A from
dregeng I|382 A , v.22oV
C-Q 0 F

220
|382

iS-895

Q 20 XIO°x

circeuit -
Seies R- L pure vesistance Rohy
Ac through He rie

Consder
Circeit consistig
a pare
cuth L
Seie
c o n n e c t e l
VR
the .VL
Shown
as
VnmSin aet
resistance Vea I R
Drop cross
pure
pure inductane V, IXL
A c r c S S
Ceurrent drawn
Drop I: RMS value
rops

RMs
vae vo tag

VL

A
>I

Sr the
V-V tV
JIR)*+(IxL)

Va I R?+ XL
I

mpedance
S the
The
qantig
a r c u t

OAB ealled
The tiang'e
and the aAB 4he

Aiange XL
R

Power Crçeut
Curreut ito teo mutualy compone
Rescg
I Cosd aleg rpled vo ltage
pependclar to applcd voltege
Ioso
Srosteutaneows (Power =Vi
Vnsint * ImSnet-a)
= Vm Tm Sn wtSinlt-ó )
2SinA SinB a Ces(A-8)- Cas AtB)
- Vm Iamast - Cos (2wt-o
2

Sostntanows powe Cowsist 2 parts

(a) A constent part Vm Im Coso
2

Component
(b) doulde 2

Value compkk yca

Arerase powe P 2
VmIm Cos o

Note- The term Cos iS called pone fetor e

Cosne the csich the curvent phenor

B
(ag the voltage phae.
From phasor
RA

Apparent Power
tha prouct the alues o
and Current in Qrceit
volte
Apparant powet

meare volt ampeve (VA)

kilo vo It ampere
 ctive powe Crcu t
ac
power actnly Corvmedl an

The PoweYt S measured

called chve power

atts voltge Lcurrent

veke
are the carcu - then

the
powefector the
Cos o
and
Actie owe Xpower ctor.
Dowe

Apperent kilowtts
watts
s
actve power I inphene erth
The c i t c u r r e n t

the component achve

ICos is
calledH the
voltase -. Ios
the
current

power component

Cos o = I'R
powe
circet iS

Aetive power
restane

the auadreture with the

C o m e c

Resetve powe the

reschve

nnt Jknown
as
The Compor
Sind
voltege )
p
componnt/wttless
p l i e d
curent.
reactive
rms velue voltag
eactve
Ve
The procduet .ed is
callel

cUrren t (Smg) dissipateol

In c r c u i t bt

powe. Resctve
powe each
relianedoriy
saa stored
and

Q- VIS,no

power x Sin KUAR

Appavent VAR
poweY
r e a c v e

mt
The
Reactve)
(volt Amgere P o w e r
Anange nductence ano
Smpedence
tiange vesistance,

sides o
p a r o e t e r s

C i r c u t

The r e p r e s e n t e d

be
capacitance may

Ariangle
Cos d R
The 3 power Can be Ye p r s e n t c l

calle d
triangle angla V e s

Ache
VISind
P Powv

P- VIos
Appavvout Power

kv A V Ki 2 4 KUAR 2

VI -IGso)+rSnd)

eie RC Circcut

Consier an
Circeut which a resto,
cepeutanee
Rohms and Cepratr ot
f
are connected in Seie

V-Iz IXc
VeVe

Let Value npplied veltmg

vau resultont current

vottmge rop nphee

acrOS

vad.
Since the Cepacihve vesctenie (s -ve
Ve shown alog tthe -Ve drect on
3
OAB
the
volHeg iang A

-Xc
- (re)I)

V cwhere is called mpedane

the circu+
Qn
circut,the Current I lead the
voltage

Values
9ntataneos
vo tege
V V Sin a
i- Sm Sin(ot+)
 Sin A Sin B
Powe
paveP- VI
Sstantanoou

- Cas(awetd)
-Vmm
Wtwt
Aveng
VI Gos J R
IR
V I R = IZ

RLc cceut
Seues
Ac thvouyh YeSis for

Conide
Ac circei+
contein
( n d u Gnce
ndctor Sel
connectc
Roms, an al|
C Fere dh, RMS Crcut
Cepee t a n c e
V volts and
RMS voltage
Ac crent

phese
wrt
I Apcre a c r o Ss R I
drop
Let VR= TR = Vo l+ge Qcro Ss
Vo ltage rop
I oL
ra.
bg acroSs

drop
V I Xe - veltag
rad.

Ve
T

V
V-Ve

Ve

r e p r e s e n t

the votege triangl are

out

Ve veopectiucy Q r e

dreety
plane
to each other.
pposi hon
molueve reatcnce
the
gram
 to be than
more Cepecr tive veactne

V=
Vie +(V -ve) (IR)+(IX-Ix)

I -

X’net reectence (Xu-Xe)

Z=Rx?
Cosf-Jeagng
fer Inauutv
The phene
Cas o-liny
R

Vo ltag and rasulhy Current

V= Va Sinst
i - Io Sin(aut )
when Current Xe >XL ) the tve is
Ve wil be grekr then V Gaoy V -VL
we.
Ve
when cuYrent Ve

Power feator
Power consumed Vx I Cos

Problems
Civen V= Q0oSin 377E vots i- 6 Sin (3776- 3Þ)anps
circit, determine (i) power aetor (ii) True powe
Cii) Apparent power (iy Reactve power

V= Qo0 sin 377t

i= 8-Sin(377t-30)
.Vm Q00v Im GA

317 GOHZ

() Powea fector
ó- Ange between Vand I 30
-
Cos = Cos 30
(i) True power (ac thve power ) = VJas

Vm - (41:42V

G92Swatts
Toue powea
8 0 0 VA
Apparent PoweN = VI
(i)
4 0 0 VAR
Reecthve Powev =
(iv)
(o0 Sin 314t
inytotnow alue
An whose cUrrent

to
ircu t ond
volts
pphe d Find 4he
sin(314 t - S 70s) Am
QO seees

Ahvog eluments, ansm

the alues
and Circut elenents
combinathon o
= (Oo
Sn (3146-%)v
We have e
(314t -l's708)A
|- 2O Sin

polar<o
E m iOO

44.97 = SoHz
Rectay
C u r r e n t
Qre
and
values volteg

I44 A
Current
2 an
The polr fom
voltg
70.7| - ad

- 7 0 7 < - 4 S v

< - S706 a
(414
I

5< 4s
t4 14<-50

* 35355+|353S S

uith
Compei
R=3S3SS

XL 3'S3S
||2S38 H
 A nductve Yeistonce
Conne c t o d Sees with
Corl aCYOSs 220 volt SOHZ The curreyt is

anl he potenta dtlecn co

SO vo|ts (7o volts Yepe Calc tr
Corl aY

Yesistenco Gnl nduc taro the coil k the pha

the
CarrCn t
betcen
di fderene
fhe
pover dssiptel the coil Draw the phas
Col
Y

-V
(70v
230
5oHZ

Ve= IR
80 - | 8 R ’ R 4444

Smpedane ot ceil Z- rtj XL

70 - +X
2.

I(4444+)'(xy

230

l(4444+)°+ x
2 2

(4444*)'+ X-(a3o l6327. 16

2
2 2
44 44 + Qxp444xY* tXL= (G3271c
2
4444 + Qx4444Y + S737 -l6327l6
 5432 496
2

-/
XL- 7I2- 722

(4444 t G|2)+i 72
Z lO556 t ) 2

= l27.77 <3429 S Money

betwen
Phae userence
TY = 8xG2

2SO at
connected to suppy
inducter Coil The cal d'ssipates
An Curr ent SA
and takes a an
SOH z Yeistance

Caleulate
pover factor,
7SOw

the coil.
P=7SOw
I - 5A,
V= asOv,
V

(I|V
R=3o

P-I R ie
50-J3o+ x
e

= l27. 32mH

5o
to arcut
(8otjso)v is <pphed
An atenata voltsg (4tjo) A-Fnd the
(i) Power
mpedane
consmet
curent

and the
circi t (i) The phee
the

V= 80 tj60
= (0:77<|18 A
I-4+jlo
(o0236& 7 4-285<-74.931 r
|o77||8
() Phane angle -74931 leady

28OW
pphed to
loOSin 314 E
Avoltag Va
Yesistor
And cepcuto in Seiey
2Sohw

Value Cervent ( ) ower pacto

Detene ) Peek Crcut
Consuned
he
(iu) Total poweY

V(E)

314(
Ve loO Sin
c 314rao/sec
Vm= (o0
=34.&089 S
314X 8 0 x 6

(i) Im
47

(o) 47
x OS313
looxa 274

(i) 2
56 58S)w

acroSS capsutance
pplied
at &oH Z (S
inductve Yesistoy .
Seies witt a
Conneted
CavYent
224 and
Carries
combinhon
The the vestoy: Power
Caws power loss negig'ble Caleutate the
(oss in the Capaeitor

& capacitance
reistence
R Pe o I'R = 6& w
I-22A

12sy, G6oHz (22)

I
5318 S
22
 49-87

I00S Capecter of
vestov
220v, Sotz
Sies circeut acroSS
'3 Cannactr

A and
c e u v e n t , p o w e r

inpedance,

Caleal te
suppy
Civceut.
XL- L 471242

t7324 S
Xe jI27-324
l00tj47:(24

Xe-iXe -38-73 s
Z- Rtj R=
l 2 8 ( 8 7 <

A
80. 2 38: 73
(o0-
= (-76

128-187<-3873
I (:76 x(OO=294'46 w
2

Leaciny
-78
-3873)

Gos
Cos f

Ac prallel crcut

I +I,
+I;
law, I
Kirchhoffs

Apeg Z3
V Z
the
the reciprecal

Siemes o mh

y. Unit s
A d m t a n c e
lenoteA

impedanceJe

)
 nductve
A vesist anca
Conno cto i
Cepecitive
SOH z Dotermine

120V
parolel
Cuvent ( i ) Power
total

ti) wer

oltjoo

Otjs
1s<- o
Ojls

O U S G - 3 0 °

337
74
82+j &-30: 4
- -=
|3872

current I, : S 6 S < 3 0 |

Total
-30||

l44Ow
O86S =
726X
|38
t9oX
=

-(oj15)2 and Zu-(6-j8).

ipedena current su lied
Two Perellel the total
Connected esch breneh.
whet
(S power ta keng

I , l s < o A
 CuYret dinson vule

I, I,
ISOc-S33

(to tjis)+6 -js

8S89< 76 7GA

3 <326% A
I, - I , Z, -IS48

(9-0-27 (S6 31
acrs 2, 7G 76 x
valtag -|54s33 <-204s v

Power in Z, 7376 7

Power 837w

= 4 3 Connec
ted
are
(oo+No)-2 bronch cirent
(iso-s 3)2 Find
arcut
2 bmpedonce 2ov sOHZ
C o n s a m e l
4he
a c r o SS
(lel
e total power
n Cenrren t
totel
< - 4 6 s i r
phenor

Drew the Q44

is 7 -
Isoj
Z-
22 O o 46
217:14
217-14<463| :.7016 +.7265)

.Ii

-O.2(<4G3 A

>I
200
< o

E 220
< 4 7 . 73 i48 66
14 8 'GG
= -34 s < t 4 7 7 3 A

qos) +j(0 Gcso 15)

-(o63c+to
If I, + I
1 - S 7 6 ( - 1 2 : o s A

Qoo xis 76 Xos-i2.os)

- 308 2SSw