What Is In The Dictionary ?

particular Excel functions.

There are also a number of sample worksheets which are simple models of common
applications, such as Timesheet and Date Calculations.

Formatting
Each worksheet uses the same type of formatting to indicate the various types of entry.

North Text headings are shown in grey.

100
100 Data is shown as purple text on a yellow background.
100
300 The results of Formula are shown as blue on yellow.

=SUM(C13:C15) The formula used in the calulations is shown as blue text.

The Arial font is used exclusivley throughout the workbook and should display correctly
with any installation of Windows.

Each sheet has been designed to be as simple as possible, with no fancy macros to
accomplish the desrired result.

Printing
Each worksheet is set to print on to A4 portrait.
The printouts will have the column headings of A,B,C... and the row numbers 1,2,3... which
will assist with the reading of the formula.
The ideal printer would be a laser set at 600dpi.
If you are using a dot matrix or inkjet, it may be worth switching off the colours before printing,
as these will print as dark grey. (See the sheet dealing with Colour settings).

Protection
Each sheet is unprotected so that you will be able to change values and experiment
with the calculations.

Macros
There are only a few very simple macros which are used by the various buttons to
naviagte through the sheets. These have been written very simply, and do not make any attempt
to change your current Toolbars and Menus.
What Do The Buttons Do ?
Using Different Monitor Settings
Each sheet has been designed to fit within the visible width of monitors with a low resolution
of 640 x 480. This ensures that you do not need to scroll from left and right to see all the data.

The colours are best suited to monitors capable of 256 colours.

On monitors using just 16 colours the greys may look a bit rough!
You can switch colours off and on using the button below.
This may take a
few minutes on
any computer !
Sample Colour Scheme
North South East West Total
Alan 100 100 100 100 400
Bob 100 100 100 100 400
Carol 100 100 100 100 400
Total 300 300 300 300 1200
Analysis ToolPak

What Is The Analysis ToolPak ?

The Analysis ToolPak is an add-in file containing
extra functions which are not built in to Excel.
The functions cover areas such as Date and
Mathematical operations.

The Analysis ToolPak must be added-in to Excel before

these functions will be available.

Any formula using these functions without the ToolPak loaded will show the #NAME error.
Age CalculSample Sample Using DATEDIF()
AutoSum sSample Sample Using Alt and =
Brackets i Sample Sample Sample
FileName Sample Sample Using MID() CELL() and FIND()
Instant ChSample Sample Using F11
Ordering SSample Sample Stock Ordering
PercentagSample Sample How to calculate various percentages
Project DaSample Sample Example using date calculation.
Show all f Sample Sample Using Ctrl and `
Split For Sample Sample Using LEFT() RIGHT() FIND() SUBSTITUTE()
Time CalcuSample Sample How to calculate time.
TimeSheetSample Sample Example flexi time sheet.
ABS MathematiBuilt-in Returns the absolute value of a number
AND Logical Built-in Returns TRUE if all its arguments are TRUE
AVERAGE Statistical Built-in Returns the average of its arguments
BIN2DEC EngineerinAnalysis T Converts a binary number to decimal
CEILING MathematiBuilt-in Rounds a number to the nearest integer or to the nearest multiple of significance
CELL InformatioBuilt-in Returns information about the formatting, location, or contents of a cell
CHAR Text Built-in Returns the character specified by the code number
CHOOSE Lookup Built-in Chooses a value from a list of values
CLEAN Text Built-in Removes all nonprintable characters from text
CODE Text Built-in Returns a numeric code for the first character in a text string
COMBIN MathematiBuilt-in Returns the number of combinations for a given number of objects
CONCATENText Built-in Joins several text items into one text item
CONVERT EngineerinAnalysis T Converts a number from one measurement system to another
CORREL Statistical Built-in Returns the correlation coefficient between two data sets
COUNT Statistical Built-in Counts how many numbers are in the list of arguments
COUNTA Statistical Built-in Counts how many values are in the list of arguments
COUNTBLAInformatioBuilt-in Counts the number of blank cells within a range
COUNTIF MathematiBuilt-in Counts the number of nonblank cells within a range that meet the given criteria
DATE Date Built-in Returns the serial number of a particular date
DATEDIF Date Built-in Calculates the difference between two dates. Undocumented in v5/7/97
DATEVALUDate Built-in Converts a date in the form of text to a serial number
DAVERAGEDatabase Built-in Returns the average of selected database entries
DAY Date Built-in Converts a serial number to a day of the month
DAYS360 Date Built-in Calculates the number of days between two dates based on a 360-day year
DB Financial Built-in Returns the depreciation of an asset for a specified period using the fixed-declinin
DCOUNT Database Built-in Counts the cells that contain numbers in a database
DCOUNTA Database Built-in Counts nonblank cells in a database
DEC2BIN EngineerinAnalysis T Converts a decimal number to binary
DEC2HEX EngineerinAnalysis T Converts a decimal number to hexadecimal
DELTA EngineerinAnalysis T Tests whether two values are equal
DGET Database Built-in Extracts from a database a single record that matches the specified criteria
DMAX Database Built-in Returns the maximum value from selected database entries
DMIN Database Built-in Returns the minimum value from selected database entries
DOLLAR Text Built-in Converts a number to text, using currency format
DSUM Database Built-in Adds the numbers in the field column of records in the database that match the cr
EDATE Date Analysis T Returns the serial number of the date that is the indicated number of months befo
EOMONTHDate Analysis T Returns the serial number of the last day of the month before or after a specified
ERROR.TYPInformatioBuilt-in Returns a number corresponding to an error type
EVEN MathematiBuilt-in Rounds a number up to the nearest even integer
EXACT Text Built-in Checks to see if two text values are identical
FACT MathematiBuilt-in Returns the factorial of a number
FIND Text Built-in Finds one text value within another (case-sensitive)
FIXED Text Built-in Formats a number as text with a fixed number of decimals
FLOOR MathematiBuilt-in Rounds a number down, toward zero
FORECAST Statistical Built-in Returns a value along a linear trend
FREQUENCStatistical Built-in Returns a frequency distribution as a vertical array
GCD MathematiAnalysis T Returns the greatest common divisor
GESTEP EngineerinAnalysis T Tests whether a number is greater than a threshold value
GROWTH Statistical Built-in Returns values along an exponential trend
HEX2DEC EngineerinAnalysis T Converts a hexadecimal number to decimal
HLOOKUP Lookup Built-in Looks in the top row of an array and returns the value of the indicated cell
HOUR Date Built-in Converts a serial number to an hour
IF Logical Built-in Specifies a logical test to perform
INDEX Lookup Built-in Uses an index to choose a value from a reference or array
INDIRECT Lookup Built-in Returns a reference indicated by a text value
INFO InformatioBuilt-in Returns information about the current operating environment
INT MathematiBuilt-in Rounds a number down to the nearest integer
ISBLANK InformatioBuilt-in Returns TRUE if the value is blank
ISERR InformatioBuilt-in Returns TRUE if the value is any error value except #N/A
ISERROR InformatioBuilt-in Returns TRUE if the value is any error value
ISEVEN InformatioAnalysis T Returns TRUE if the number is even
ISLOGICAL InformatioBuilt-in Returns TRUE if the value is a logical value
ISNA InformatioBuilt-in Returns TRUE if the value is the #N/A error value
ISNONTEXTInformatioBuilt-in Returns TRUE if the value is not text
ISNUMBERInformatioBuilt-in Returns TRUE if the value is a number
ISODD InformatioAnalysis T Returns TRUE if the number is odd
ISREF InformatioBuilt-in Returns TRUE if the value is a reference
ISTEXT InformatioBuilt-in Returns TRUE if the value is text
LARGE Statistical Built-in Returns the k-th largest value in a data set
LCM MathematiAnalysis T Returns the least common multiple
LEFT Text Built-in Returns the leftmost characters from a text value
LEN Text Built-in Returns the number of characters in a text string
LOOKUP (veLookup Built-in Looks up values in a vector or array
LOWER Text Built-in Converts text to lowercase
MATCH Lookup Built-in Looks up values in a reference or array
MAX Statistical Built-in Returns the maximum value in a list of arguments
MEDIAN Statistical Built-in Returns the median of the given numbers
MID Text Built-in Returns a specific number of characters from a text string starting at the position y
MIN Statistical Built-in Returns the minimum value in a list of arguments
MINUTE Date Built-in Converts a serial number to a minute
MINVERSEMathematiBuilt-in Returns the matrix inverse of an array
MMULT MathematiBuilt-in Returns the matrix product of two arrays
MOD MathematiBuilt-in Returns the remainder from division
MODE Statistical Built-in Returns the most common value in a data set
MONTH Date Built-in Converts a serial number to a month
MROUND MathematiAnalysis T Returns a number rounded to the desired multiple
N InformatioBuilt-in Returns a value converted to a number
NA InformatioBuilt-in Returns the error value #N/A
NETWORKDDate Analysis T Returns the number of whole workdays between two dates
NOT Logical Built-in Reverses the logic of its argument
NOW Date Built-in Returns the serial number of the current date and time
ODD MathematiBuilt-in Rounds a number up to the nearest odd integer
OR Logical Built-in Returns TRUE if any argument is TRUE
PERMUT Statistical Built-in Returns the number of permutations for a given number of objects
PI MathematiBuilt-in Returns the value of Pi
POWER MathematiBuilt-in Returns the result of a number raised to a power
PRODUCT MathematiBuilt-in Multiplies its arguments
PROPER Text Built-in Capitalises the first letter in each word of a text value
QUARTILE Statistical Built-in Returns the quartile of a data set
QUOTIENTMathematiAnalysis T Returns the integer portion of a division
RAND MathematiBuilt-in Returns a random number between 0 and 1
RANDBETWMathematiAnalysis T Returns a random number between the numbers you specify
RANK Statistical Built-in Returns the rank of a number in a list of numbers
REPLACE Text Built-in Replaces characters within text
REPT Text Built-in Repeats text a given number of times
RIGHT Text Built-in Returns the rightmost characters from a text value
ROMAN MathematiBuilt-in Converts an arabic numeral to roman, as text
ROUND MathematiBuilt-in Rounds a number to a specified number of digits
ROUNDDOMathematiBuilt-in Rounds a number down, toward zero
ROUNDUP MathematiBuilt-in Rounds a number up, away from zero
SECOND Date Built-in Converts a serial number to a second
SIGN MathematiBuilt-in Returns the sign of a number
SLN Financial Built-in Returns the straight-line depreciation of an asset for one period
SMALL Statistical Built-in Returns the k-th smallest value in a data set
STDEV Statistical Built-in Estimates standard deviation based on a sample
STDEVP Statistical Built-in Calculates standard deviation based on the entire population
SUBSTITUTText Built-in Substitutes new text for old text in a text string
SUBTOTALMathematiBuilt-in Returns a subtotal in a list or database
SUM MathematiBuilt-in Adds its arguments
SUM_as_Ru MathematiBuilt-in Sample
SUM_usingSample Sample Using SUM(jan)
SUM_with_Lookup Built-in Sample
SUMIF MathematiBuilt-in Adds the cells specified by a given criteria
SUMPRODU MathematiBuilt-in Returns the sum of the products of corresponding array components
SYD Financial Built-in Returns the sum-of-years' digits depreciation of an asset for a specified period
T Text Built-in Converts its arguments to text
TEXT Text Built-in Formats a number and converts it to text
TIME Date Built-in Returns the serial number of a particular time
-TimesheetSample Sample Sample
TIMEVALUDate Built-in Converts a time in the form of text to a serial number
TODAY Date Built-in Returns the serial number of today's date
TRANSPOSLookup Built-in Returns the transpose of an array
TREND Statistical Built-in Returns values along a linear trend
TRIM Text Built-in Removes spaces from text
TRUNC MathematiBuilt-in Truncates a number to an integer
TYPE InformatioBuilt-in Returns a number indicating the data type of a value
UPPER Text Built-in Converts text to uppercase
VALUE Text Built-in Converts a text argument to a number
VAR Statistical Built-in Estimates variance based on a sample
VARP Statistical Built-in Calculates variance based on the entire population
VLOOKUP Lookup Built-in Looks in the first column of an array and moves across the row to return the value
WEEKDAY Date Built-in Converts a serial number to a day of the week
WORKDAYDate Analysis T Returns the serial number of the date before or after a specified number of workd
YEAR Date Built-in Converts a serial number to a year
YEARFRAC Date Analysis T Returns the year fraction representing the number of whole days between start_d
earest multiple of significance
or contents of a cell

mber of objects

that meet the given criteria

cumented in v5/7/97

ased on a 360-day year

period using the fixed-declining balance method
es the specified criteria

he database that match the criteria

icated number of months before or after the start date
nth before or after a specified number of months

ue of the indicated cell

string starting at the position you specify

mber of objects
rray components
asset for a specified period

ss the row to return the value of a cell

r a specified number of workdays

of whole days between start_date and end_date

Time Calculation

Excel can work with time very easily.

Time can be entered in various different formats and calculations performed.
There are one or two oddities, but nothing which should put you off working with it.
See the TimeSheet example for an example.

Typing time
When time is entered into worksheet it should be entered with a colon between
the hour and the minutes, such as 12:30, rather than 12.30

0.0625 0.520833 0.84375 0.947917

Excel can cope with either the 24hour system or the am/pm system.
To use the am/pm system you must enter the am or pm after the time.
You must leave a space between the number and the text.

0.0625 0.5625 0.427083 0.927083

Finding the difference between two times

You can subtract two time values to find the length of time between.

Start End Duration

0.0625 0.104167 0.041667 =D24-C24
0.333333 0.708333 0.375 =D25-C25
0.333333 0.708333 0.375 If the result is not shown correctly,
You may need to reformat the answer.
Look at the section about formatting
further in this worksheet.

Adding time
You can add time to find a total time.
This works well until the total time goes above 24 hours.
For totals greater than 24 hours you may need to apply some special formatting.

Start End Duration

0.0625 0.104167 0.041667
0.333333 0.708333 0.375
0.3125 0.739583 0.427083
0.84375

Formatting time
When time is added together the result may go beyond 24 hours.
Usually this gives an incorrect result, as in the example below.
To correct this error, the result needs to be formatted with a Custom format.

Example 1 : Incorrect formatting

Start End Duration
0.291667 0.770833 0.479167
0.333333 0.708333 0.375
0.3125 0.739583 0.427083
Total 1.28125 =SUM(E49:E51)

Example 2 : Correct formatting

Start End Duration
0.291667 0.770833 0.479167
0.333333 0.708333 0.375
0.3125 0.739583 0.427083
Total 1.28125 =SUM(E56:E58)

How To Apply Custom Formatting

The custom format for time use a pair of square brackets [hh] on either side
of the hours indicators.

1. Click on the cell which needs the format.

2. Choose the Format menu.
3. Choose Cells.
4. Click the Number tag at the top right.
5. Choose Custom.
6. Click inside the Type: box.
7. Type [hh]:mm as the format.
8. Click OK to confirm.
TimeSheet for Flexi

Week begi 35800 Normal Ho 1.5625

Day Arrive Lunch Out Lunch In Depart Total

35800 0.333333 0.541667 0.583333 0.708333 0.333333 =(F6-C6)-(E6-D6)
35801 0.364583 0.520833 0.5625 0.708333 0.302083
35802 0.375 0.541667 0.583333 0.75 0.333333
35803 0.354167 0.541667 0.583333 0.708333 0.3125
35804 0.333333 0.5 0.541667 0.708333 0.333333
Total Hour 1.614583 =SUM(G6:G10)

Under work- =IF(G3-G11>0,G3-G11, "-")

Over worke0.052083 =IF(G3-G11<0,ABS(G3-G11),"-")

This is simple example of a timesheet.

Instructions :
Type the week start date in cell C3, the Week beginning.
Use the format dd/mm/yy, the name of the day will appear automatically.
The date is then passed down to the Day column.

Type the amount of hours you are expected to work in G3, the Normal Hours.
This is used later to calculate if have worked over or under the required hours.

Type the times you arrive and leave work in the appropriate columns.
Use the format of hh:mm.

Note
The Total Hours cell has been formatted as [hh]:mm.
This ensures the total hours can be expressed as a value above 24 hours.
If the [hh]:mm format had not been used the Total Ho 1.614583
If the [hh]:mm format does not show in the cell format dialog box
on your computer, it can be created using Format, Cells, Number, Custom.
G3-G11),"-")
Split Forename and Surname

The following formula are useful when you have one cell containing text which needs
to be split up.
One of the most common examples of this is when a persons Forename and Surname
are entered in full into a cell.

The formula use various text functions to accomplish the task.

Each of the techniques uses the space between the names to identify where to split.

Finding the First Name

Full Name First Name

Alan JonesAlan =LEFT(C14,FIND(" ",C14,1))
Bob Smith Bob =LEFT(C15,FIND(" ",C15,1))
Carol Willi Carol =LEFT(C16,FIND(" ",C16,1))

Finding the Last Name

Full Name Last Name

Alan JonesJones =RIGHT(C22,LEN(C22)-FIND(" ",C22))
Bob Smith Smith =RIGHT(C23,LEN(C23)-FIND(" ",C23))
Carol Willi Williams =RIGHT(C24,LEN(C24)-FIND(" ",C24))

Finding the Last name when a Middle name is present

The formula above cannot handle any more than two names.
If there is also a middle name, the last name formula will be incorrect.
To solve the problem you have to use a much longer calculation.

Full Name Last Name

Alan DavidJones
Bob John SSmith
Carol Susa Williams
=RIGHT(C37,LEN(C37)-FIND("#",SUBSTITUTE(C37," ","#",LEN(C37)-LEN(SUBSTITUTE(C37," ","

Finding the Middle name

Full Name Middle Name

Alan DavidDavid
Bob John SJohn
Carol Susa Susan
=LEFT(RIGHT(C45,LEN(C45)-FIND(" ",C45,1)),FIND(" ",RIGHT(C45,LEN(C45)-FIND(" ",C45,1)),1
37)-LEN(SUBSTITUTE(C37," ","")))))
45,LEN(C45)-FIND(" ",C45,1)),1))
Percentages

There are no specific functions for calculating percentages.

You have to use the skills you were taught in your maths class at school!

Finding a percentage of a value

Initial valu 120

% to find 0.25
Percentage 30 =D8*D9

Example 1
A company is about to give its staff a pay rise.
The wages department need to calculate the increases.
Staff on different grades get different pay rises.

Grade % Rise
A 0.1
B 0.15
C 0.2

Name Grade Old Salary Increase

Alan A 10000 1000 =E23*LOOKUP(D23,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)
Bob B 20000 3000 =E24*LOOKUP(D24,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)
Carol C 30000 6000 =E25*LOOKUP(D25,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)
David B 25000 3750 =E26*LOOKUP(D26,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)
Elaine C 32000 6400 =E27*LOOKUP(D27,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)
Frank A 12000 1200 =E28*LOOKUP(D28,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)

Finding a percentage increase

Initial valu 120

% increase 0.25
Increased 150 =D33*D34+D33

Example 2
A company is about to give its staff a pay rise.
The wages department need to calculate the new salary including the % increase.
Staff on different grades get different pay rises.

Grade % Rise
A 0.1
 B 0.15
C 0.2

Name Grade Old Salary Increase

Alan A 10000 11000 =E48*LOOKUP(D48,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)+E48
Bob B 20000 23000 =E49*LOOKUP(D49,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)+E49
Carol C 30000 36000 =E50*LOOKUP(D50,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)+E50
David B 25000 28750 =E51*LOOKUP(D51,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)+E51
Elaine C 32000 38400 =E52*LOOKUP(D52,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)+E52
Frank A 12000 13200 =E53*LOOKUP(D53,$C$18:$C$20,$D$18:$D$20)+E53

Finding one value as percentage of another

Value A 120
Value B 60
A as % of B 0.5 =D59/D58

You will need to format the result as % by using the % button

on the toolbar.

Example 3
An manager has been asked to submit budget requirements for next year.
The manger needs to specify what will be required each quarter.
The manager knows what has been spent by each region in the previous year.
By analysing the past years spending, the manager hopes to predict
what will need to be spent in the next year.

Last years figures

Region Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
North 9000 2000 9000 7000
South 7000 4000 9000 5000
East 2000 8000 7000 3000
West 8000 9000 6000 5000 Total
Total 26000 23000 31000 20000 100000

Last years Quarters as % of last years Total

Region Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
North 0.09 0.02 0.09 0.07 =G74/$H$78
South 0.07 0.04 0.09 0.05 =G75/$H$78
East 0.02 0.08 0.07 0.03 =G76/$H$78
West 0.08 0.09 0.06 0.05 =G77/$H$78
Total 0.26 0.23 0.31 0.2 =G78/$H$78
 Next years budget 150000
Next years estimated budget requirements
Region Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
North 13500 3000 13500 10500 =G82*$E$88
South 10500 6000 13500 7500 =G83*$E$88
East 3000 12000 10500 4500 =G84*$E$88
West 12000 13500 9000 7500 Total
Total 39000 34500 46500 30000 150000

Finding an original value after an increase has been applied

Increased 150
% increase 0.25
Original va 120 =D100/(100%+D101)

Example 4
An employ has to submit an expenses claim for travelling and accommodation.
The claim needs to show the VAT tax portion of each receipt.
Unfortunately the receipts held by the employee only show the total amount.
The employee needs to split this total to show the original value and the VAT amount.

VAT rate 0.175

Receipt Total Actual Val Vat Value

Petrol 10 8.510638 1.489362 =D113-D113/(100%+$D$110)
Hotel 235 200 35
Petrol 117.5 100 17.5
=D115/(100%+$D$110)
$20,$D$18:$D$20)
$20,$D$18:$D$20)
$20,$D$18:$D$20)
$20,$D$18:$D$20)
$20,$D$18:$D$20)
$20,$D$18:$D$20)
$20,$D$18:$D$20)+E48
$20,$D$18:$D$20)+E49
$20,$D$18:$D$20)+E50
$20,$D$18:$D$20)+E51
$20,$D$18:$D$20)+E52
$20,$D$18:$D$20)+E53
Show all formula

You can view all the formula on the worksheet by pressing Ctrl and `.
The ' is the left single quote usually found on the key to left of number 1.

Press Ctrl and ` to see the formula below. (The screen may look a bit odd.)
Press the same combination to see the original view.

10 20 30
30 40 70
50 60 60
70 80 30
SUM using names

You can use the names typed at the top of columns or side of rows in calculations
simply by typing the name into the formula.

Try this example:

Go to cell C16 and then enter the formula =SUM(jan)
The result will show.
This formula can be copied to D16 and E16, and the names change to Feb and Mar.

Jan Feb Mar

North 45 50 50
South 30 25 35
East 35 10 50
West 20 50 5
Total

If it does not work !

The feature may have been switched off on your computer.
You can switch it on by using Tools, Options, Calculation, Accept Labels in Formula.
Instant Charts

You can create a chart quickly without having to use the chart button on
the toolbar by pressing the function key F11 whilst inside a range of data.

Jan Feb Mar

North 45 50 50
South 30 25 35
East 35 10 50
West 20 50 5

Click anywhere inside the table above.

Then press F11.
Filename formula

There may be times when you need to insert the name of the current workbook
or worksheet in to a cell.

This can be done by using the CELL() function, shown below.

'file:///conversion/tmp/activity_task_scratch/894854885.xlsx'#$ Instant Charts
=CELL("filename")

The problem with this is that it gives the complete path including drive letter and folders.
To just pick out the workbook or worksheet name you need to use text functions.

To pick the Path.

#VALUE!
=MID(CELL("filename"),1,FIND("[",CELL("filename"))-1)

To pick the Workbook name.

#VALUE!
=MID(CELL("filename"),FIND("[",CELL("filename"))+1,FIND("]",CELL("filename"))-FIND("[",CELL("filename"))-1)

To pick the Worksheet name.

#VALUE!
=MID(CELL("filename"),FIND("]",CELL("filename"))+1,255)
D("[",CELL("filename"))-1)
Brackets in formula

Sometimes you will need to use brackets, (also known as 'braces'), in formula.
This is to ensure that the calculations are performed in the order that you need.
The need for brackets occurs when you mix plus or minus with divide or multiply.

Mathematically speaking the * and / are more important than + and - .

The * and / operations will be calculated before + and - .

Example 1 : The wrong answer !

10
20
2
50 =C12+C13*C14

You may expect that 10 + 20 would equal 30

And then 30 * 2 would equal 60

But because the * is calculated first Excel sees the

calculation as 20 * 2 resulting in 40
And then 10 + 40 resulting in 50

Example 2 : The correct answer.

10
20
2
60 =(C27+C28)*C29

By placing brackets around (10+20) Excel performs this

part of the calulation first, resulting in 30
Then the 30 is multipled by 2 resulting in 60
Age Calculation

You can calculate a persons age based on their birthday and todays date.
The calculation uses the DATEDIF() function.
The DATEDIF() is not documented in Excel 5, 7 or 97, but it is in 2000.
(Makes you wonder what else Microsoft forgot to tell us!)

Birth date : 21916

Years lived 65 =DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"y")

and the mo 5 =DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"ym")
and the day 2 =DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"md")

You can put this all together in one calculation, which creates a text version.
Age is 65 Years, 5 Months and 2 Days
="Age is "&DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"y")&" Years, "&DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"ym")&" Months and "&DATEDIF(C8,TODA

Another way to calculate age

This method gives you an age which may potentially have decimal places representing the months.
If the age is 20.5, the .5 represents 6 months.

Birth date : 21916

Age is : 65.42094 =(TODAY()-C23)/365.25

nths and "&DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"md")&" Days"

ng the months.
AutoSum Shortcut Key

Instead of using the AutoSum button from the toolbar,

you can press Alt and = to achieve the same result.

Try it here :
Move to a blank cell in the Total row or column, then press Alt and =.
or
Select a row, column or all cells and then press Alt and =.

Jan Feb Mar Total

North 10 50 90
South 20 60 100
East 30 70 200
West 40 80 300
Total
ABS

Number Absolute Value

10 10 =ABS(C4)
-10 10 =ABS(C5)
1.25 1.25 =ABS(C6)
-1.25 1.25 =ABS(C7)

What Does it Do ?
This function calculates the value of a number, irrespective of whether it is positive or negative.

Syntax
=ABS(CellAddress or Number)

Formatting
The result will be shown as a number, no special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used by a company testing a machine which cuts timber.
The machine needs to cut timber to an exact length.
Three pieces of timber were cut and then measured.
In calculating the difference between the Required Length and the Actual Length it does
not matter if the wood was cut too long or short, the measurement needs to be expressed as
an absolute value.

Table 1 shows the original calculations.

The Difference for Test 3 is shown as negative, which has a knock on effect
when the Error Percentage is calculated.
Whether the wood was too long or short, the percentage should still be expressed
as an absolute value.

Table
Test 1 Required Actual Error
Cut Length Length Difference Percentage
Test 1 120 120 0 0
Test 2 120 90 30 0.25
Test 3 120 150 -30 -0.25
=D36-E36

Table 2 shows the same data but using the =ABS() function to correct the calculations.

Table
Test 2 Required Actual Error
Cut Length Length Difference Percentage
Test 1 120 120 0 0
Test 2 120 90 30 0.25
Test 3 120 150 30 0.25
=ABS(D45-E45)
ADDRESS

Type a col 2
Type a row 3
Type a sheHello

$B$3 =ADDRESS(F4,F3,1,TRUE)
B$3 =ADDRESS(F4,F3,2,TRUE)
$B3 =ADDRESS(F4,F3,3,TRUE)
B3 =ADDRESS(F4,F3,4,TRUE)

R3C2 =ADDRESS(F4,F3,1,FALSE)
R3C[2] =ADDRESS(F4,F3,2,FALSE)
R[3]C2 =ADDRESS(F4,F3,3,FALSE)
R[3]C[2] =ADDRESS(F4,F3,4,FALSE)

Hello!$B$3 =ADDRESS(F4,F3,1,TRUE,F5)
Hello!B$3 =ADDRESS(F4,F3,2,TRUE,F5)
Hello!$B3 =ADDRESS(F4,F3,3,TRUE,F5)
Hello!B3 =ADDRESS(F4,F3,4,TRUE,F5)

What Does It Do ?
This function creates a cell reference as a piece of text, based on a row and column
numbers given by the user.
This type of function is used in macros rather than on the actual worksheet.

Syntax
=ADDRESS(RowNumber,ColNumber,Absolute,A1orR1C1,SheetName)
The RowNumber is the normal row number from 1 to 16384.
The ColNumber is from 1 to 256, cols A to IV.
The Absolute can be 1,2,3 or 4.
When 1 the reference will be in the form $A$1, column and row absolute.
When 2 the reference will be in the form A$1, only the row absolute.
When 3 the reference will be in the form $A1, only the column absolute.
When 4 the reference will be in the form A1, neither col or row absolute.
The A1orR1C1 is either TRUE of FALSE.
When TRUE the reference will be in the form A1, the normal style for cell addresses.
When FALSE the reference will be in the form R1C1, the alternative style of cell address.
The SheetName is a piece of text to be used as the worksheet name in the reference.
The SheetName does not actually have to exist.
AND

Items To Test Result

500 800 1 =AND(C4>=100,D4>=100)
500 25 0 =AND(C5>=100,D5>=100)
25 500 0 =AND(C6>=100,D6>=100)
12 1 =AND(D7>=1,D7<=52)

What Does It Do?

This function tests two or more conditions to see if they are all true.
It can be used to test that a series of numbers meet certain conditions.
It can be used to test that a number or a date falls between an upper and lower limit.
Normally the AND() function would be used in conjunction with a function such as =IF().

Syntax
=AND(Test1,Test2)
Note that there can be up to 30 possible tests.

Formatting
When used by itself it will show TRUE or FALSE.

Example 1
The following example shows a list of examination results.
The teacher wants to find the pupils who scored above average in all three exams.
The =AND() function has been used to test that each score is above the average.
The result of TRUE is shown for pupils who have scored above average in all three exams.

Name Maths English Physics Passed

Alan 80 75 85 TRUE
Bob 50 30 40 FALSE
Carol 60 70 50 FALSE
David 90 85 95 TRUE
Eric 20 30 Absent FALSE
Fred 40 60 80 FALSE
Gail 10 90 80 FALSE
Harry 80 70 60 TRUE
Ian 30 10 20 FALSE
Janice 10 20 30 FALSE
=AND(C38>=AVERAGE($C$29:$C$38),D38>=AVERAGE($D$29:$D$38),E3

Averages 47 54 60
8>=AVERAGE($D$29:$D$38),E38>=AVERAGE($E$29:$E$38))
AREAS

Pink Name Age 2 =AREAS(PeopleLists)

Alan 18
Bob 17
Carol 20

Green Name Age

David 20
Eric 16
Fred 19

What Does It Do?

This function tests a range to determine whether it is a single block of data, or whether
it is a multiple selection.
If it is a single block the result will be 1.
If it is a multiple block the result will be the number of ranges selected.
The function is designed to be used in macros.

Syntax
=AREAS(RangeToTest)

Formatting
The result will be shown as a number.

Example
The example at the top of this page shows two ranges coloured pink and green.
These ranges have been given the name PeopleLists.
The =AREAS(PeopleLists) gives a result of 2 indicating that there are two separate
selections which form the PeopleLists range.

Note
To name multiple ranges the CTRL key must be used.
In the above example the pink range was selected as normal, then the Ctrl key
was held down before selecting the green range.
When a Range Name is created it will consider both Pink and Green as being one range.
AVERAGE

Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun

Temp 30 31 32 29 26 28 27
Rain 0 0 0 4 6 3 1

Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun

Temp 30 32 29 26 28 27
Rain 0 0 4 6 3 1

Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun

Temp 30 No 32 29 26 28 27
Rain 0 Reading 0 4 6 3 1

What Does It Do ?
This function calculates the average from a list of numbers.
If the cell is blank or contains text, the cell will not be used in the average calculation.
If the cell contains zero 0, the cell will be included in the average calculation.

Syntax
=AVERAGE(Range1,Range2,Range3... through to Range30)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Note
To calculate the average of cells which contain text or blanks use =SUM() to get the total and
then divide by the count of the entries using =COUNTA().

Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun

Temp 30 No 32 29 26 28 27
Rain 0 Reading 0 4 6 3 1

Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun

Temp 30 32 29 26 28 27
Rain 0 0 4 6 3 1

Further Usage
Average
29 =AVERAGE(D4:J4)
2 =AVERAGE(D5:J5)

Average
28.66667 =AVERAGE(D8:J8)
2.333333 =AVERAGE(D9:J9)

Average
28.66667 =AVERAGE(D12:J12)
2.333333 =AVERAGE(D13:J13)

Average
24.57143 =SUM(D31:J31)/COUNTA(D31:J31)
2 =SUM(D32:J32)/COUNTA(D32:J32)

Average
28.66667 =SUM(D35:J35)/COUNTA(D35:J35)
2.333333 =SUM(D36:J36)/COUNTA(D36:J36)
BIN2DEC

Binary Nu Decimal Equivalent

0 =BIN2DEC(C4)
1 =BIN2DEC(C5)
10 =BIN2DEC(C6)
11 =BIN2DEC(C7)
1.11E+08 =BIN2DEC(C8)
1.11E+09 =BIN2DEC(C9)
1.11E+09 =BIN2DEC(C10)
1.11E+09 =BIN2DEC(C11)
1E+09 =BIN2DEC(C12)
1.11E+10 =BIN2DEC(C13)

What Does It Do ?
This function converts a binary number to decimal.
Negative numbers are represented using two's-complement notation.

Syntax
=BIN2DEC(BinaryNumber)
The binary number has a limit of ten characters.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
CEILING

Number Raised Up
2.1 3 =CEILING(C4,1)
1.5 2 =CEILING(C5,1)
1.9 2 =CEILING(C6,1)
20 30 =CEILING(C7,30)
25 30 =CEILING(C8,30)
40 60 =CEILING(C9,30)

What Does It Do ?
This function rounds a number up to the nearest multiple specified by the user.

Syntax
=CEILING(ValueToRound,MultipleToRoundUpTo)
The ValueToRound can be a cell address or a calculation.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example 1
The following table was used by a estate agent renting holiday apartments.
The properties being rented are only available on a weekly basis.
When the customer supplies the number of days required in the property the =CEILING()
function rounds it up by a multiple of 7 to calculate the number of full weeks to be billed.
Days To
Days RequiBe Billed
Customer 3 7 =CEILING(D28,7)
Customer 4 7 =CEILING(D29,7)
Customer 10 14 =CEILING(D30,7)

Example 2
The following table was used by a builders merchant delivering products to a construction site.
The merchant needs to hire trucks to move each product.
Each product needs a particular type of truck of a fixed capacity.

Table 1 calculates the number of trucks required by dividing the Units To Be Moved by
the Capacity of the truck.
This results of the division are not whole numbers, and the builder cannot hire just part
of a truck.

Table 1
 Units To Truck Trucks
Item Be Moved Capacity Needed
Bricks 1000 300 3.333333 =D45/E45
Wood 5000 600 8.333333 =D46/E46
Cement 2000 350 5.714286 =D47/E47

Table 2 shows how the =CEILING() function has been used to round up the result of
the division to a whole number, and thus given the exact amount of trucks needed.

Table 2 Units To Truck Trucks

Item Be Moved Capacity Needed
Bricks 1000 300 4 =CEILING(D54/E54,1)
Wood 5000 600 9 =CEILING(D55/E55,1)
Cement 2000 350 6 =CEILING(D56/E56,1)

Example 3
The following tables were used by a shopkeeper to calculate the selling price of an item.
The shopkeeper buys products by the box.
The cost of the item is calculated by dividing the Box Cost by the Box Quantity.
The shopkeeper always wants the price to end in 99 pence.

Table 1 shows how just a normal division results in varying Item Costs.

Table 1
Item Box Qnty Box Cost Cost Per Item
Plugs 11 20 1.818182 =D69/C69
Sockets 7 18.25 2.607143 =D70/C70
Junctions 5 28.1 5.62 =D71/C71
Adapters 16 28 1.75 =D72/C72

Table 2 shows how the =CEILING() function has been used to raise the Item Cost to
always end in 99 pence.

Table 2
Item In Box Box Cost Cost Per I Raised Cost
Plugs 11 20 1.818182 1.99
Sockets 7 18.25 2.607143 2.99
Junctions 5 28.1 5.62 5.99
Adapters 16 28 1.75 1.99
=INT(E83)+CEILING(MOD(E83,1),0.99)

Explanation
=INT(E83) Calculates the integer part of the price.
=MOD(E83,1) Calculates the decimal part of the price.
=CEILING(MOD(E83),0.99) Raises the decimal to 0.99
CELL

This is the 0.175

The cell ad$D$3 =CELL("address",D3)

The colum 4 =CELL("col",D3)
The row n 3 =CELL("row",D3)
The
The actual
type of entry 0.175
in the=CELL("contents",D3)
cell.
Shown as bv for blank,
Shown as ' for left, ^ for =CELL("type",D3)
l for text, v" for
centre, for value.
right.
Nothing is shown for numeric=CELL("prefix",D3)
entries.
The
The width
number o format 8fo=CELL("width",D3)
the cell.
(See the table
Formatted for shown
F0 braces below)
(=CELL("format",D3)
) on positive values.
1 for yes, 0 for no. 0 =CELL("parentheses",D3)
Formatted for coloured negatives.
1 fortype
The yes, of
0 for
cellno. 0 =CELL("color",D3)
protection.
1 for a locked, 0 for 1unlocked.
=CELL("protect",D3)
The filenam'file:///conversion/tmp/activity_task_scratch/894854885.xlsx'#$CEILING
=CELL("filename",D3)
What Does It Do ?
This function examines a cell and displays information about the contents, position and formatting.

Syntax
=CELL("TypeOfInfoRequired",CellToTest)
The TypeOfInfoRequired is a text entry which must be surrounded with quotes " ".

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Codes used to show the formatting of the cell.

Numeric F Code
General G
0 F0
#,##0 ,0
0.00 F2
#,##0.00 ,2
$#,##0_);($C0
$#,##0_);[RC0-
$#,##0.00_C2
$#,##0.00_)C2-
0 P0
0 P2
0 S2
# ?/? or # G
 m/d/yy or D4
d-mmm-yyD1
d-mmm orD2
mmm-yy D3
mm/dd D5
h:mm AM/D7
h:mm:ss A D6
h:mm D9
h:mm:ss D8

Example
The following example uses the =CELL() function as part of a formula which extracts the filename.

The name of#VALUE!

=MID(CELL("filename"),FIND("[",CELL("filename"))+1,FIND("]",CELL("filename"))-FIND("[",CELL("filename"))-1)
nd formatting.
the filename.

D("[",CELL("filename"))-1)
CHAR

ANSI NumbCharacter
65 A
66 B
169 ©

What Does It Do?

This function converts a normal number to the character it represent in the ANSI
character set used by Windows.

Syntax
=CHAR(Number)
The Number must be between 1 and 255.

Formatting
The result will be a character with no special formatting.

Example
The following is a list of all 255 numbers and the characters they represent.
Note that most Windows based program may not display some of the special characters,
these will be displayed as a small box.

1 _x0001_ 26 _x001A_ 51 3 76 L 101

2 _x0002_ 27 _x001B_ 52 4 77 M 102
3 _x0003_ 28 _x001C_ 53 5 78 N 103
4 _x0004_ 29 _x001D_ 54 6 79 O 104
5 _x0005_ 30 _x001E_ 55 7 80 P 105
6 _x0006_ 31 _x001F_ 56 8 81 Q 106
7 _x0007_ 32 57 9 82 R 107
8 _x0008_ 33 ! 58 : 83 S 108
9 34 " 59 ; 84 T 109
10 35 # 60 < 85 U 110
11 _x000B_ 36 $ 61 = 86 V 111
12 _x000C_ 37 % 62 > 87 W 112
13 _x000D_ 38 & 63 ? 88 X 113
14 _x000E_ 39 ' 64 @ 89 Y 114
15 _x000F_ 40 ( 65 A 90 Z 115
16 _x0010_ 41 ) 66 B 91 [ 116
17 _x0011_ 42 * 67 C 92 \ 117
18 _x0012_ 43 + 68 D 93 ] 118
19 _x0013_ 44 , 69 E 94 ^ 119
20 _x0014_ 45 - 70 F 95 _ 120
 21 _x0015_ 46 . 71 G 96 ` 121
22 _x0016_ 47 / 72 H 97 a 122
23 _x0017_ 48 0 73 I 98 b 123
24 _x0018_ 49 1 74 J 99 c 124
25 _x0019_ 50 2 75 K 100 d 125

Note
Number 32 does not show as it is the SPACEBAR character.
 =CHAR(G4)
=CHAR(G5)
=CHAR(G6)

e 126 ~ 151 — 176 ° 201 É 226

f 127  152 ˜ 177 ± 202 Ê 227
g 128 € 153 ™ 178 ² 203 Ë 228
h 129  154 š 179 ³ 204 Ì 229
i 130 ‚ 155 › 180 ´ 205 Í 230
j 131 ƒ 156 œ 181 µ 206 Î 231
k 132 „ 157  182 ¶ 207 Ï 232
l 133 … 158 ž 183 · 208 Ð 233
m 134 † 159 Ÿ 184 ¸ 209 Ñ 234
n 135 ‡ 160 185 ¹ 210 Ò 235
o 136 ˆ 161 ¡ 186 º 211 Ó 236
p 137 ‰ 162 ¢ 187 » 212 Ô 237
q 138 Š 163 £ 188 ¼ 213 Õ 238
r 139 ‹ 164 ¤ 189 ½ 214 Ö 239
s 140 Œ 165 ¥ 190 ¾ 215 × 240
t 141  166 ¦ 191 ¿ 216 Ø 241
u 142 Ž 167 § 192 À 217 Ù 242
v 143  168 ¨ 193 Á 218 Ú 243
w 144  169 © 194  219 Û 244
x 145 ‘ 170 ª 195 Ã 220 Ü 245
y 146 ’ 171 « 196 Ä 221 Ý 246
z 147 “ 172 ¬ 197 Å 222 Þ 247
{ 148 ” 173 ­ 198 Æ 223 ß 248
| 149 • 174 ® 199 Ç 224 à 249
} 150 – 175 ¯ 200 È 225 á 250
â 251 û
ã 252 ü
ä 253 ý
å 254 þ
æ 255 ÿ
ç
è
é
ê
ë
ì
í
î
ï
ð
ñ
ò
ó
ô
õ
ö
÷
ø
ù
ú
CHOOSE

Index Valu Result

1 Alan =CHOOSE(C4,"Alan","Bob","Carol")
3 Carol =CHOOSE(C5,"Alan","Bob","Carol")
2 Bob =CHOOSE(C6,"Alan","Bob","Carol")
3 0.18 =CHOOSE(C7,10%,15%,18%)
1 0.1 =CHOOSE(C8,10%,15%,18%)
2 0.15 =CHOOSE(C9,10%,15%,18%)

What Does It Do?

This function picks from a list of options based upon an Index value given to by the user.

Syntax
=CHOOSE(UserValue, Item1, Item2, Item3 through to Item29)

Formatting
No special formatting is required.

Example
The following table was used to calculate the medals for athletes taking part in a race.
The Time for each athlete is entered.
The =RANK() function calculates the finishing position of each athlete.
The =CHOOSE() then allocates the correct medal.
The =IF() has been used to filter out any positions above 3, as this would cause
the error of #VALUE to appear, due to the fact the =CHOOSE() has only three items in it.

Name Time Position Medal

Alan 0.0625 2 Silver =IF(D30<=3,CHOOSE(D30,"Gold","Silver","Bronze"),"unplaced")
Bob 0.052083 4 unplaced =IF(D31<=3,CHOOSE(D31,"Gold","Silver","Bronze"),"unplaced")
Carol 0.114583 1 Gold =IF(D32<=3,CHOOSE(D32,"Gold","Silver","Bronze"),"unplaced")
David 0.045139 5 unplaced =IF(D33<=3,CHOOSE(D33,"Gold","Silver","Bronze"),"unplaced")
Eric 0.055556 3 Bronze =IF(D34<=3,CHOOSE(D34,"Gold","Silver","Bronze"),"unplaced")
=RANK(C34,C30:C34)
,"Bronze"),"unplaced")
,"Bronze"),"unplaced")
,"Bronze"),"unplaced")
,"Bronze"),"unplaced")
,"Bronze"),"unplaced")
CLEAN

Dirty Text Clean Text

Hello Hello =CLEAN(C4)
Hello Hello =CLEAN(C5)
Hello Hello =CLEAN(C6)

What Does It Do?

This function removes any nonprintable characters from text.
These nonprinting characters are often found in data which has been imported
from other systems such as database imports from mainframes.

Syntax
=CLEAN(TextToBeCleaned)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed. The result will show as normal text.
CODE

Letter ANSI Code

A 65 =CODE(C4)
B 66 =CODE(C5)
C 67 =CODE(C6)
a 97 =CODE(C7)
b 98 =CODE(C8)
c 99 =CODE(C9)
Alan 65 =CODE(C10)
Bob 66 =CODE(C11)
Carol 67 =CODE(C12)

What Does It Do?

This function shows the ANSI value of a single character, or the first character in a piece
of text.
The ANSI character set is used by Windows to identify each keyboard character by using
a unique number.
There are 255 characters in the ANSI set.

Syntax
=CODE(Text)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed, the result will be shown as a number between 1 and 255.

Example
See the example for FREQUENCY.
COMBIN

Pool Of It Items In A Possible Groups

4 2 6 =COMBIN(C4,D4)
4 3 4 =COMBIN(C5,D5)
26 2 325 =COMBIN(C6,D6)

What Does It Do ?
This function calculates the highest number of combinations available based upon
a fixed number of items.
The internal order of the combination does not matter, so AB is the same as BA.

Syntax
=COMBIN(HowManyItems,GroupSize)

Formatting
No special formatting is required.

Example 1
This example calculates the possible number of pairs of letters available
from the four characters ABCD.

Total CharaGroup SizeCombinations

4 2 6 =COMBIN(C25,D25)

The proof !The four letABCD

Pair 1 AB
Pair 2 AC
Pair 3 AD
Pair 4 BC
Pair 5 BD
Pair 6 CD

Example 2
A decorator is asked to design a colour scheme for a new office.
The decorator is given five colours to work with, but can only use three in any scheme.
How many colours schemes can be created ?

Available CColours PeTotals Schemes

5 3 10 =COMBIN(C41,D41)

The colours
Red
Green
Blue
Yellow
Black

Scheme 1 Scheme 2 Scheme 3 Scheme 4 Scheme 5

Red Red Red Red Red
Green Green Green Blue Blue
Blue Yellow Black Yellow Black

Scheme 6 Scheme 7 Scheme 8 Scheme 9 Scheme 10

Green Green Green Blue ??????
Blue Blue Yellow Yellow
Yellow Black Black Black
CONCATENATE

Name 1 Name 2 Concatenated Text

Alan Jones AlanJones =CONCATENATE(C4,D4)
Bob Williams BobWilliam=CONCATENATE(C5,D5)
Carol Davies CarolDavie =CONCATENATE(C6,D6)
Alan Jones Alan Jones =CONCATENATE(C7," ",D7)
Bob Williams Williams, =CONCATENATE(D8,", ",C8)
Carol Davies Davies, Car =CONCATENATE(D9,", ",C9)

What Does It Do?

This function joins separate pieces of text into one item.

Syntax
=CONCATENATE(Text1,Text2,Text3...Text30)
Up to thirty pieces of text can be joined.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed, the result will be shown as normal text.

Note
You can achieve the same result by using the & operator.

Name 1 Name 2 Concatenated Text

Alan Jones AlanJones =C25&D25
Bob Williams BobWilliam=C26&D26
Carol Davies CarolDavie =C27&D27
Alan Jones Alan Jones =C28&" "&D28
Bob Williams Williams, =D29&", "&C29
Carol Davies Davies, Car =D30&", "&C30
CONVERT
Amount ConvertingConvertingConverted
To ConvertFrom To Amount
1 in cm =CONVERT(C4,D4,E4)
1 ft m =CONVERT(C5,D5,E5)
1 yd m =CONVERT(C6,D6,E6)

1 yr day =CONVERT(C8,D8,E8)
1 day hr =CONVERT(C9,D9,E9)
1.5 hr mn =CONVERT(C10,D10,E10)
0.5 mn sec =CONVERT(C11,D11,E11)

What Does It Do ?
This function converts a value measure in one type of unit, to the same value expressed
in a different type of unit, such as Inches to Centimetres.

Syntax
=CONVERT(AmountToConvert,UnitToConvertFrom,UnitToConvertTo)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used by an Import / Exporting company to convert the weight
and size of packages from old style UK measuring system to European system.

Pounds Ounces Kilograms

Weight 5 3
=CONVERT(D28,"lbm","kg")+CONVERT(E28,"ozm","kg")

Feet Inches Metres

Height 12 6
Length 8 3
Width 5 2
=CONVERT(D34,"ft","m")+CONVERT(E34,"in","m")

Abbreviations
This is a list of all the possible abbreviations which can be used to denote measuring systems.

Weight & Mass Distance

Gram g Meter m
Kilogram kg Statute milmi
Slug sg Nautical miNmi
Pound maslbm Inch in
U (atomic u Foot ft
Ounce masozm Yard yd
Angstrom ang
Time Pica (1/72 iPica
Year yr
Day day Pressure
Hour hr Pascal Pa
Minute mn Atmospheratm
Second sec mm of MermmHg

Temperature Liquid
Degree CelC Teaspoon tsp
Degree FahF Tablespoo tbs
Degree KelK Fluid ounc oz
Cup cup
Force Pint pt
Newton N Quart qt
Dyne dyn Gallon gal
Pound forclbf Liter l

Energy Power
Joule J HorsepoweHP
Erg e
Thermodynamic Watt W
calorie c
IT calorie cal Magnetism
Electron voeV Tesla T
HorsepoweHPh Gauss ga
Watt-hour Wh
Foot-poun flb
BTU BTU

These characters can be used as a prefix to access further units of measure.

Using "c" as a prefix to meters "m" will allow centimetres "cm" to be calculated.

Prefix Multiplier Abbreviation Prefix Multiplier Abbreviation

exa 1E+018 E deci 0.1 d
peta 1E+15 P centi 0.01 c
tera 1E+12 T milli 0.001 m
giga 1E+09 G micro 0.000001 u
mega 1000000 M nano 1E-09 n
kilo 1000 k pico 1E-12 p
hecto 100 h femto 1E-15 f
dekao 10 e atto 1E-18 a
28,"ozm","kg")
CORREL

Table 1 Air Cond Table 2

Advertising
Month Avg Temp Sales Costs Sales
Jan 20 100 2000 20000
Feb 30 200 1000 30000
Mar 30 300 5000 20000
Apr 40 200 1000 40000
May 50 400 8000 40000
Jun 50 400 1000 20000

Correlation 0.863636 Correlation 0.280745

=CORREL(D5:D10,E5:E10) =CORREL(G5:G10,H5:H10)

What Does It Do ?
This function examines two sets of data to determine the degree of relationship
between the two sets.
The result will be a decimal between 0 and 1.
The larger the result, the greater the correlation.

In Table 1 the Monthly temperature is compared against the Sales of air conditioning units.
The correlation shows that there is an 0.864 realtionship between the data.

In Table 2 the Cost of advertising has been compared to Sales.

It can be formatted as percentage % to show a more meaning full result.
The correlation shows that there is an 28% realtionship between the data.

Syntax
=CORREL(Range1,Range2)

Formatting
The result will normally be shown in decimal format.
COUNT

Entries To Be Counted Count

10 20 30 3 =COUNT(C4:E4)
10 0 30 3 =COUNT(C5:E5)
10 -20 30 3 =COUNT(C6:E6)
10 32143 30 3 =COUNT(C7:E7)
10 0.895833 30 3 =COUNT(C8:E8)
10 0.465802 30 3 =COUNT(C9:E9)
10 30 2 =COUNT(C10:E10)
10 Hello 30 2 =COUNT(C11:E11)
10 #DIV/0! 30 2 =COUNT(C12:E12)

What Does It Do ?
This function counts the number of numeric entries in a list.
It will ignore blanks, text and errors.

Syntax
=COUNT(Range1,Range2,Range3... through to Range30)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used by a builders merchant to calculate the number of sales
for various products in each month.

Item Jan Feb Mar

Bricks 1000
Wood 5000
Glass 2000 1000
Metal 1000
Count 3 2 0
=COUNT(D29:D32)
COUNTA

Entries To Be Counted Count

10 20 30 3 =COUNTA(C4:E4)
10 0 30 3 =COUNTA(C5:E5)
10 -20 30 3 =COUNTA(C6:E6)
10 32143 30 3 =COUNTA(C7:E7)
10 0.895833 30 3 =COUNTA(C8:E8)
10 0.109134 30 3 =COUNTA(C9:E9)
10 30 2 =COUNTA(C10:E10)
10 Hello 30 3 =COUNTA(C11:E11)
10 #DIV/0! 30 3 =COUNTA(C12:E12)

What Does It Do ?
This function counts the number of numeric or text entries in a list.
It will ignore blanks.

Syntax
=COUNTA(Range1,Range2,Range3... through to Range30)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used by a school to keep track of the examinations taken by each pupil.
Each exam passed was graded as 1, 2 or 3.
A failure was entered as Fail.

The school needed to known how many pupils sat each exam.
The school also needed to know how many exams were taken by each pupil.

The =COUNTA() function has been used because of its ability to count text and numeric entries.
Exams Taken
Maths English Art History By Each Pupil
Alan Fail 1 2
Bob 2 1 3 3
Carol 1 1 1 3
David Fail Fail 2
Elaine 1 3 2 Fail 4
=COUNTA(D39:G39)
How many pupils sat each Exam.
Maths English Art History
4 3 5 2
=COUNTA(D35:D39)
COUNTBLANK

Range To Test Blanks

1 2 =COUNTBLANK(C4:C11)
Hello
3
0

35796

What Does It Do ?
This function counts the number of blank cells in a range.

Syntax
=COUNTBLANK(RangeToTest)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used by a company which was balloting its workers on whether
the company should have a no smoking policy.
Each of the departments in the various factories were questioned.
The response to the question could be Y or N.
As the results of the vote were collated they were entered in to the table.
The =COUNTBLANK() function has been used to calculate the number of departments which
have no yet registered a vote.

Admin Accounts ProductionPersonnel

Factory 1 Y N
Factory 2 Y Y N
Factory 3
Factory 4 N N N
Factory 5 Y Y
Factory 6 Y Y Y N
Factory 7 N Y
Factory 8 N N Y Y
Factory 9 Y
Factory 10 Y N Y

Votes not v 16 =COUNTBLANK(C32:F41)

Votes for Ye 14 =COUNTIF(C32:F41,"Y")

Votes for N 10 =COUNTIF(C32:F41,"N")

COUNTIF

Item Date Cost

Brakes 35796 80
Tyres 35925 25
Brakes 35827 80
Service 35855 150
Service 35800 300
Window 35947 50
Tyres 35886 200
Tyres 35855 100
Clutch 35916 250

How many Brake Shoes Have been bought. 2 =COUNTIF(C4:C12,"Brakes")

How many Tyres have been bought. 3 =COUNTIF(C4:C12,"Tyres")
How many items cost £100 or above. 5 =COUNTIF(E4:E12,">=100")

Type the name of the item to coservice 2 =COUNTIF(C4:C12,E18)

What Does It Do ?
This function counts the number of items which match criteria set by the user.

Syntax
=COUNTIF(RangeOfThingsToBeCounted,CriteriaToBeMatched)
The criteria can be typed in any of the following ways.
To match a specific number type the number, such as =COUNTIF(A1:A5,100)
To match a piece of text type the text in quotes, such as =COUNTIF(A1:A5,"Hello")
To match using operators surround the expression with quotes, such as =COUNTIF(A1:A5,">100")

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
1:A5,">100")
DATE

Day Month Year Date

25 12 99 36519 =DATE(E4,D4,C4)
25 12 99 36519 =DATE(E5,D5,C5)
33 12 99 36527 =DATE(E6,D6,C6)

What Does It Do?

This function creates a real date by using three normal numbers typed into separate cells.

Syntax
=DATE(year,month,day)

Formatting
The result will normally be displayed in the dd/mm/yy format.
By using the Format,Cells,Number,Date command the format can be changed.
DATEDIF

FirstDate SecondDatInterval Difference

21916 25698 days 3782 =DATEDIF(C4,D4,"d")
21916 25698 months 124 =DATEDIF(C5,D5,"m")
21916 25698 years 10 =DATEDIF(C6,D6,"y")
21916 25698 yeardays 130 =DATEDIF(C7,D7,"yd")
21916 25698 yearmonth 4 =DATEDIF(C8,D8,"ym")
21916 25698 monthdays 9 =DATEDIF(C9,D9,"md")

What Does It Do?

This function calculates the difference between two dates.
It can show the result in weeks, months or years.

Syntax
=DATEDIF(FirstDate,SecondDate,"Interval")
FirstDate : This is the earliest of the two dates.
SecondDate : This is the most recent of the two dates.
"Interval" : This indicates what you want to calculate.
These are the available intervals.
"d" Days between the two dates.
"m" Months between the two dates.
"y" Years between the two dates.
"yd" Days between the dates, as if the dates were in the same year.
"ym" Months between the dates, as if the dates were in the same year.
"md" Days between the two dates, as if the dates were in the same month and year.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Birth date : 21916

Years lived 65 =DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"y")

and the mo 5 =DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"ym")
and the day 2 =DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"md")

You can put this all together in one calculation, which creates a text version.
Age is 65 Years, 5 Months and 2 Days
="Age is "&DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"y")&" Years, "&DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"ym")&" Months and "&DATEDI
month and year.

m")&" Months and "&DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"md")&" Days"

DATEVALUE

Date Date Value

25-dec-99 36519 =DATEVALUE(C4)
25/12/99 36519 =DATEVALUE(C5)
25-dec-99 36519 =DATEVALUE(C6)
25/12/99 36519 =DATEVALUE(C7)

What Does It Do?

The function is used to convert a piece of text into a date which can be used in calculations.
Dates expressed as text are often created when data is imported from other programs, such as
exports from mainframe computers.

Syntax
=DATEVALUE(text)

Formatting
The result will normally be shown as a number which represents the date. This number can
be formatted to any of the normal date formats by using Format,Cells,Number,Date.

Example
The example uses the =DATEVALUE and the =TODAY functions to calculate the number of
days remaining on a property lease.

The =DATEVALUE function was used because the date has been entered in the cell as
a piece of text, probably after being imported from an external program.

Property ReExpiry Dat Days Until Expiry

BC100 25-dec-99 -9292
FG700 10-july/99 Err:502
TD200 13-sep-98 -9760
HJ900 30/5/2000 Err:502
=DATEVALUE(E32)-TODAY()
DAVERAGE
This is the Database range.
Product Wattage Life Hours Brand Unit Cost Box QuantiBoxes In StValue Of Stock
Bulb 200 3000 Horizon 4.5 4 3 54
Neon 100 2000 Horizon 2 15 2 60
Spot 60 0
Other 10 8000 Sunbeam 0.8 25 6 120
Bulb 80 1000 Horizon 0.2 40 3 24
Spot 100 unknown Horizon 1.25 10 4 50
Spot 200 3000 Horizon 2.5 15 0 0
Other 25 unknown Sunbeam 0.5 10 3 15
Bulb 200 3000 Sunbeam 5 3 2 30
Neon 100 2000 Sunbeam 1.8 20 5 180
Bulb 100 unknown Sunbeam 0.25 10 5 12.5
Bulb 10 800 Horizon 0.2 25 2 10
Bulb 60 1000 Sunbeam 0.15 25 0 0
Bulb 80 1000 Sunbeam 0.2 30 2 12
Bulb 100 2000 Horizon 0.8 10 5 40
Bulb 40 1000 Horizon 0.1 20 5 10

To calculate the Average cost of a particular Brand of bulb.

Brand These two cells are the Criteria range.

Type the bsunbeam

The Average1.242857 =DAVERAGE(B3:I19,F3,E23:E24)

What Does It Do ?
This function examines a list of information and produces and average.

Syntax
=DAVERAGE(DatabaseRange,FieldName,CriteriaRange)
The DatabaseRange is the entire list of information you need to examine, including the
field names at the top of the columns.
The FieldName is the name, or cell, of the values to be averaged, such as "Unit Cost" or F3.
The CriteriaRange is made up of two types of information.
The first set of information is the name, or names, of the Fields(s) to be used as the basis
for selecting the records, such as the category Brand or Wattage.
The second set of information is the actual record, or records, which are to be selected, such
as Horizon as a brand name, or 100 as the wattage.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
Examples

The average Unit Cost of a particular Product of a particular Brand.

Product Brand
Bulb Horizon

The average 1.16 =DAVERAGE(B3:I19,F3,E49:F50)

This is the same calculation but using the actual name "Unit Cost" instead of the cell address.

1.16 =DAVERAGE(B3:I19,"Unit Cost",E49:F50)

The average Unit Cost of a Bulb equal to a particular Wattage.

Product Wattage
Bulb 100

Average of 0.525 =DAVERAGE(B3:I19,"Unit Cost",E60:F61)

The average Unit Cost of a Bulb less then a particular Wattage.

Product Wattage
Bulb <100

Average of 0.17 =DAVERAGE(B3:I19,"Unit Cost",E67:F68)

e Database range.
DAY

Full Date The Day

36154 25 =DAY(C4)
45811 3 =DAY(C5)
45811 3 =DAY(C6)

What Does It Do?

This function extracts the day of the month from a complete date.

Syntax
=DAY(value)

Formatting
Normally the result will be a number, but this can be formatted to show the actual
day of the week by using Format,Cells,Number,Custom and using the code ddd or dddd.

Example
The =DAY function has been used to calculate the name of the day for your birthday.

Please ente 22730

You were bo 25 =DAY(F21)
DAYS360

StartDate EndDate Days Betw * See the Note below.

35796 35800 4 =DAYS360(C4,D4,TRUE)
35796 35827 30 =DAYS360(C5,D5,TRUE)
35796 35885 89 =DAYS360(C6,D6,TRUE)
35796 36160 359 =DAYS360(C7,D7,TRUE)

What Does It Do?

Shows the number of days between two dates based on a 360-day year (twelve 30-day months).
Use this function if your accounting system is based on twelve 30-day months.

Syntax
=DAYS360(StartDate,EndDate,TRUE of FALSE)
TRUE : Use this for European accounting systems.
FALSE : Use this for USA accounting systems.

Formatting
The result will be shown as a number.

Note
The calculation does not include the last day. The result of using 1-Jan-98 and 5-Jan-98 will
give a result of 4. To correct this add 1 to the result. =DAYS360(Start,End,TRUE)+1
DB

Purchase Pr 5000
Life in Year 5
Salvage val 200

Year Deprecation
1 2375 =DB(E3,E5,E4,D8)
2 1246.875 =DB(E3,E5,E4,D9)
3 654.6094 =DB(E3,E5,E4,D10)
4 343.6699 =DB(E3,E5,E4,D11)
5 180.4267 =DB(E3,E5,E4,D12)

Total Depre4800.581 * See example 4 below.

What Does It Do ?
This function calculates deprecation based upon a fixed percentage.
The first year is depreciated by the fixed percentage.
The second year uses the same percentage, but uses the original value of the item less
the first years depreciation.
Any subsequent years use the same percentage, using the original value of the item less
the depreciation of the previous years.
The percentage used in the depreciation is not set by the user, the function calculates
the necessary percentage, which will be vary based upon the values inputted by the user.

An additional feature of this function is the ability to take into account when the item was
originally purchased.
If the item was purchased part way through the financial year, the first years depreciation
will be based on the remaining part of the year.

Syntax
=DB(PurchasePrice,SalvageValue,Life,PeriodToCalculate,FirstYearMonth)
The FirstYearMonth is the month in which the item was purchased during the
first financial year. This is an optional value, if it not used the function will assume 12 as
the value.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example 1
This example shows the percentage used in the depreciation.
Year 1 depreciation is based upon the original Purchase Price alone.
Year 2 depreciation is based upon the original Purchase Price minus Year 1 deprecation.
Year 3 deprecation is based upon original Purchase Price minus Year 1 + Year 2 deprecation.
The % Deprc has been calculated purely to demonstrate what % is being used.

Purchase Pr 5000
Salvage val 1000
Life in Year 5

Year Deprecation % Deprc

1 1375 0.275
2 996.875 0.275
3 722.7344 0.275
4 523.9824 0.275
5 379.8873 0.275
=DB(E47,E48,E49,D56)

Total Depre3998.479

Example 2
This example is similar to the previous, with the exception of the deprecation being calculated
on a monthly basis. This has been done by multiplying the years by 12.

Purchase Pr 5000
Life in Year 5
Salvage val 100

Month Deprecation
56 8.789983
57 8.236214
58 7.717333
59 7.231141
60 6.775579
=DB(E66,E68,E67*12,D75)

Example 3
This example shows how the length of the first years ownership has been taken into account.

Purchase Pr 5000
Life in Year 5
Salvage val 1000
First Year 6
 Year Deprecation % Deprc
1 687.5 0.1375
2 1185.938 0.275
3 859.8047 0.275
4 623.3584 0.275
5 451.9348 0.275
=DB(E74,E76,E75,D84,E77)

Total Depre3808.535

Why Is The Answer Wrong ?

In all of the examples above the total depreceation may not be exactly the expected value.
This is due to the way in which the percentage value for the depreceation has been calculated
by the =DB() fumction.
The percentage rate is calculated by Execl using the formula = 1 - ((salvage / cost) ^ (1 / life)).
The result of this calculation is then rounded to three decimal places.
Although this rounding may only make a minor change to the percentage rate, when applied
to large values, the differnce is compounded resulting in what could be considered as
approximate values for the the depreceation.

Example 4
This example has been created with both the Excel calculated percentage and the 'real'
percentage calculated manually.
The Excel Deprecation uses the =DB() function.
The Real Deprecation uses a manual calculation.

This is the 0.27522

=1-((E117/E116)^(1/E118))
Purchase Pr 5000 = 1 - ((salvage / cost) ^ (1 / life)).
Salvage val 1000
Life in Year 5
Excel Real Excel
Year Deprecation
Depreciation % Deprc
1 1375 1376.102 0.275
2 996.875 997.3705 0.275
3 722.7344 722.8739 0.275
4 523.9824 523.9243 0.275
5 379.8873 379.7297 0.275

Total Depre3998.479 4000

Error differ 1.520947

DCOUNT
This is the Database range.
Product Wattage Life Hours Brand Unit Cost Box QuantiBoxes In StValue Of Stock
Bulb 200 3000 Horizon 4.5 4 3 54
Neon 100 2000 Horizon 2 15 2 60
Spot 60 0
Other 10 8000 Sunbeam 0.8 25 6 120
Bulb 80 1000 Horizon 0.2 40 3 24
Spot 100 unknown Horizon 1.25 10 4 50
Spot 200 3000 Horizon 2.5 15 1 37.5
Other 25 unknown Sunbeam 0.5 10 3 15
Bulb 200 3000 Sunbeam 5 3 2 30
Neon 100 2000 Sunbeam 1.8 20 5 180
Bulb 100 unknown Sunbeam 0.25 10 5 12.5
Bulb 10 800 Horizon 0.2 25 2 10
Bulb 60 1000 Sunbeam 0.15 25 1 3.75
Bulb 80 1000 Sunbeam 0.2 30 2 12
Bulb 100 2000 Horizon 0.8 10 5 40
Bulb 40 1000 Horizon 0.1 20 5 10

Count the number of products of a particular Brand which have a Life Hours rating.

Brand These two cells are the Criteria range.

Type the bHorizon

The COUNT v 7 =DCOUNT(B3:I19,D3,E23:E24)

What Does It Do ?
This function examines a list of information and counts the values in a specified column.
It can only count values, the text items and blank cells are ignored.

Syntax
=DCOUNT(DatabaseRange,FieldName,CriteriaRange)
The DatabaseRange is the entire list of information you need to examine, including the
field names at the top of the columns.
The FieldName is the name, or cell, of the values to Count, such as "Value Of Stock" or I3.
The CriteriaRange is made up of two types of information.
The first set of information is the name, or names, of the Fields(s) to be used as the basis
for selecting the records, such as the category Brand or Wattage.
The second set of information is the actual record, or records, which are to be selected, such
as Horizon as a brand name, or 100 as the wattage.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Examples

The count of a particular product, with a specific number of boxes in stock.

Product Boxes In Stock

Bulb 5

The number 3 =DCOUNT(B3:I19,H3,E50:F51)

This is the same calculation but using the name "Boxes In Stock" instead of the cell address.

3 =DCOUNT(B3:I19,"Boxes In Stock",E50:F51)

The count of the number of Bulb products equal to a particular Wattage.

Product Wattage
Bulb 100

The count is 2 =DCOUNT(B3:I19,"Boxes In Stock",E61:F62)

The count of Bulb products between two Wattage values.

Product Wattage Wattage

Bulb >=80 <=100

The count is 4 =DCOUNT(B3:I19,"Boxes In Stock",E68:G69)

e Database range.
DCOUNTA
This is the Database range.
Product Wattage Life Hours Brand Unit Cost Box QuantiBoxes In StValue Of Stock
Bulb 200 3000 Horizon 4.5 4 3 54
Neon 100 2000 Horizon 2 15 2 60
Spot 60 0
Other 10 8000 Sunbeam 0.8 25 6 120
Bulb 80 1000 Horizon 0.2 40 3 24
Spot 100 unknown Horizon 1.25 10 4 50
Spot 200 3000 Horizon 2.5 15 1 37.5
Other 25 unknown Sunbeam 0.5 10 3 15
Bulb 200 3000 Sunbeam 5 3 2 30
Neon 100 2000 Sunbeam 1.8 20 5 180
Bulb 100 unknown Sunbeam 0.25 10 5 12.5
Bulb 10 800 Horizon 0.2 25 2 10
Bulb 60 1000 Sunbeam 0.15 25 1 3.75
Bulb 80 1000 Sunbeam 0.2 30 2 12
Bulb 100 2000 Horizon 0.8 10 5 40
Bulb 40 1000 Horizon 0.1 20 5 10

Count the number of products of a particular Brand.

Brand These two cells are the Criteria range.

Type the bHorizon

The COUNT v 8 =DCOUNTA(B3:I19,E3,E23:E24)

What Does It Do ?
This function examines a list of information and counts the non blank cells in a specified column.
It counts values and text items, but blank cells are ignored.

Syntax
=DCOUNTA(DatabaseRange,FieldName,CriteriaRange)
The DatabaseRange is the entire list of information you need to examine, including the
field names at the top of the columns.
The FieldName is the name, or cell, of the values to Count, such as "Value Of Stock" or I3.
The CriteriaRange is made up of two types of information.
The first set of information is the name, or names, of the Fields(s) to be used as the basis
for selecting the records, such as the category Brand or Wattage.
The second set of information is the actual record, or records, which are to be selected, such
as Horizon as a brand name, or 100 as the wattage.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Examples

The count of a product with an unknown Life Hours value.

Product Life Hours

Bulb unknown

The number 1 =DCOUNTA(B3:I19,D3,E50:F51)

This is the same calculation but using the name "Life Hours" instead of the cell address.

1 =DCOUNTA(B3:I19,"Life Hours",E50:F51)

The count of the number of particular product of a specific brand.

Product Brand
Bulb Horizon

The count is 5 =DCOUNTA(B3:I19,"Product",E61:F62)

The count of particular products from specific brands.

Product Brand
Spot Horizon
Neon Sunbeam

The count is 3 =DCOUNTA(B3:I19,"Product",E68:F70)

e Database range.

fied column.
DEC2BIN

Decimal N Binary Equivalent

0 =DEC2BIN(C4)
1 =DEC2BIN(C5)
2 =DEC2BIN(C6)
3 =DEC2BIN(C7)
511 =DEC2BIN(C8)
512 =DEC2BIN(C9)
-1 =DEC2BIN(C10)
-2 =DEC2BIN(C11)
-3 =DEC2BIN(C12)
-511 =DEC2BIN(C13)
-512 =DEC2BIN(C14)

Decimal N Places To Binary Equivalent

1 1 =DEC2BIN(C17,D17)
1 2 =DEC2BIN(C18,D18)
1 3 =DEC2BIN(C19,D19)
1 9 =DEC2BIN(C20,D20)
-1 1 =DEC2BIN(C21,D21)

What Does It Do ?
This function converts a decimal number to its binary equivalent.
It can only cope with decimals ranging from -512 to 511.
The result can be padded with leading 0 zeros, although this is ignored for negatives.

Syntax
=DEC2BIN(DecimalNumber,PlacesToPad)
The PlacesToPad is optional.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
DEC2HEX

Decimal N Hexadecimal
0 =DEC2HEX(C4)
1 =DEC2HEX(C5)
2 =DEC2HEX(C6)
3 =DEC2HEX(C7)
25 =DEC2HEX(C8)
26 =DEC2HEX(C9)
27 =DEC2HEX(C10)
28 =DEC2HEX(C11)
-1 =DEC2HEX(C12)
-2 =DEC2HEX(C13)
-3 =DEC2HEX(C14)
-2 =DEC2HEX(C15)
-1 =DEC2HEX(C16)
5.5E+11 =DEC2HEX(C17)
-5.5E+11 =DEC2HEX(C18)
5.5E+11 =DEC2HEX(C19)
-5.5E+11 =DEC2HEX(C20)

Decimal N Places To Hexadecimal

1 1 =DEC2HEX(C23,D23)
1 2 =DEC2HEX(C24,D24)
26 3 =DEC2HEX(C25,D25)
26 9 =DEC2HEX(C26,D26)
-26 1 =DEC2HEX(C27,D27)

What Does It Do ?
This function converts a decimal number to its hexadecimal equivalent.
It can only cope with decimals ranging from -549,755,813,888 to 549,755,813,887.
The result can be padded with leading 0 zeros, although this is ignored for negatives.

Syntax
=DEC2HEX(DecimalNumber,PlacesToPad)
The PlacesToPad is optional.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
DELTA

Number1 Number2 Delta

10 20 =DELTA(C4,D4)
50 50 =DELTA(C5,D5)
17.5 17.5 =DELTA(C6,D6)
17.5 17.5 =DELTA(C7,D7)
0.175 0.175 =DELTA(C8,D8)
Hello Hello =DELTA(C9,D9)
=DELTA(C10,D10)

What Does It Do ?
This function compares two values and tests whether they are exactly the same.
If the numbers are the same the result will be 1, otherwise the result is 0.
It only works with numbers, text values produce a result of #VALUE.
The formatting of the number is not significant, so numbers which appear rounded due
to the removal of decimal places will still match correctly with non rounded values.

Syntax
=DELTA(FirstNumber,SecondNumber)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table is used to determine how may pairs of similar numbers are in a list.
The =DELTA() function tests each pair and then the =SUM() function totals them.

Number1 Number2 Delta

10 20 =DELTA(C30,D30)
50 50 =DELTA(C31,D31)
30 30 =DELTA(C32,D32)
17.5 17.5 =DELTA(C33,D33)
12 8 =DELTA(C34,D34)
100 100 =DELTA(C35,D35)
150 125 =DELTA(C36,D36)
Total Pairs 0 =SUM(E30:E36)
DGET
This is the Database range.
Product Wattage Life Hours Brand Unit Cost Box QuantiBoxes In StValue Of Stock
Bulb 200 3000 Horizon 4.5 4 3 54
Neon 100 2000 Horizon 2 15 2 60
Spot 60 0
Other 10 8000 Sunbeam 0.8 25 6 120
Bulb 80 1000 Horizon 0.2 40 3 24
Spot 100 unknown Horizon 1.25 10 4 50
Spot 200 3000 Horizon 2.5 15 1 37.5
Other 25 unknown Sunbeam 0.5 10 3 15
Bulb 200 3000 Sunbeam 5 3 2 30
Neon 100 2000 Sunbeam 1.8 20 5 180
Bulb 100 unknown Sunbeam 0.25 10 5 12.5
Bulb 10 800 Horizon 0.2 25 2 10
Bulb 60 1000 Sunbeam 0.15 25 1 3.75
Bulb 80 1000 Sunbeam 0.2 30 2 12
Bulb 100 2000 Horizon 0.8 10 5 40
Bulb 40 1000 Horizon 0.1 20 5 10

How many boxes of a particular item do we have in stock?

Product Wattage Life Hours Brand

Bulb 100 Horizon

The number 5 =DGET(B3:I19,H3,C23:F24)

What Does It Do ?
This function examines a list of information and produces one result.
If more than one record matches the criteria the error #NUM is shown.
If no records match the criteria the error #VALUE is shown.

Syntax
=DGET(DatabaseRange,FieldName,CriteriaRange)
The DatabaseRange is the entire list of information you need to examine, including the
field names at the top of the columns.
The FieldName is the name, or cell, of the values to Get, such as "Value Of Stock" or I3.
The CriteriaRange is made up of two types of information.
The first set of information is the name, or names, of the Fields(s) to be used as the basis
for selecting the records, such as the category Brand or Wattage.
The second set of information is the actual record which needs to be selected, such
as Horizon as a brand name, or 100 as the wattage.
Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example 1
This example extracts information from just one record.

How many boxes of a particular item do we have in stock?

Product Wattage Life Hours Brand

Bulb 100 Horizon

The number 5 =DGET(B3:I19,H3,C51:F52)

Example 2
This example extracts information from multiple records and therefore shows the #NUM error.

How many boxes of a particular item do we have in stock?

Product Wattage Life Hours Brand

Bulb 100

The number Err:502 =DGET(B3:I19,H3,C63:F64)

Example 3
This example extracts information from no records and therefore shows the #VALUE error.

How many boxes of a particular item do we have in stock?

Product Wattage Life Hours Brand

Bulb 9999

The number #VALUE! =DGET(B3:I19,H3,C64:F65)

Example 4
This example uses the =IF() function to display a message when an error occurs.

How many boxes of a particular item do we have in stock?

Product Wattage Life Hours Brand

Bulb 9999
The number #VALUE! =DGET(B3:I19,H3,C85:F86)

No such product.
=IF(ISERR(F88),CHOOSE(ERROR.TYPE(F88)/3,"No such product.","Dupli
e Database range.
8)/3,"No such product.","Duplicates products found."),"One product found.")
DMAX
This is the Database range.
Product Wattage Life Hours Brand Unit Cost Box QuantiBoxes In StValue Of Stock
Bulb 200 3000 Horizon 4.5 4 3 54
Neon 100 2000 Horizon 2 15 2 60
Spot 60 0
Other 10 8000 Sunbeam 0.8 25 6 120
Bulb 80 1000 Horizon 0.2 40 3 24
Spot 100 unknown Horizon 1.25 10 4 50
Spot 200 3000 Horizon 2.5 15 0 0
Other 25 unknown Sunbeam 0.5 10 3 15
Bulb 200 3000 Sunbeam 5 3 2 30
Neon 100 2000 Sunbeam 1.8 20 5 180
Bulb 100 unknown Sunbeam 0.25 10 5 12.5
Bulb 10 800 Horizon 0.2 25 2 10
Bulb 60 1000 Sunbeam 0.15 25 0 0
Bulb 80 1000 Sunbeam 0.2 30 2 12
Bulb 100 2000 Horizon 0.8 10 5 40
Bulb 40 1000 Horizon 0.1 20 5 10

To calculate largest Value Of Stock of a particular Brand of bulb.

Brand These two cells are the Criteria range.

Type the bHorizon

The MAX val 60 =DMAX(B3:I19,I3,E23:E24)

What Does It Do ?
This function examines a list of information and produces the largest value from a specified column.

Syntax
=DMAX(DatabaseRange,FieldName,CriteriaRange)
The DatabaseRange is the entire list of information you need to examine, including the
field names at the top of the columns.
The FieldName is the name or cell, of the values to pick the Max from, such as "Value Of Stock" or I3.
The CriteriaRange is made up of two types of information.
The first set of information is the name, or names, of the Fields(s) to be used as the basis
for selecting the records, such as the category Brand or Wattage.
The second set of information is the actual record, or records, which are to be selected, such
as Horizon as a brand name, or 100 as the wattage.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
Examples

The largest Value Of Stock of a particular Product of a particular Brand.

Product Brand
Bulb sunbeam

The largest 30 =DMAX(B3:I19,I3,E49:F50)

This is the same calculation but using the name "Value Of Stock" instead of the cell address.

30 =DMAX(B3:I19,"Value Of Stock",E49:F50)

The largest Value Of Stock of a Bulb equal to a particular Wattage.

Product Wattage
Bulb 100

The largest 40 =DMAX(B3:I19,"Value Of Stock",E60:F61)

The largest Value Of Stock of a Bulb less than a particular Wattage.

Product Wattage
Bulb <100

The largest 24 =DMAX(B3:I19,"Value Of Stock",E67:F68)

e Database range.

ecified column.

e Of Stock" or I3.
DMIN
This is the Database range.
Product Wattage Life Hours Brand Unit Cost Box QuantiBoxes In StValue Of Stock
Bulb 200 3000 Horizon 4.5 4 3 54
Neon 100 2000 Horizon 2 15 2 60
Spot 60 0
Other 10 8000 Sunbeam 0.8 25 6 120
Bulb 80 1000 Horizon 0.2 40 3 24
Spot 100 unknown Horizon 1.25 10 4 50
Spot 200 3000 Horizon 2.5 15 1 37.5
Other 25 unknown Sunbeam 0.5 10 3 15
Bulb 200 3000 Sunbeam 5 3 2 30
Neon 100 2000 Sunbeam 1.8 20 5 180
Bulb 100 unknown Sunbeam 0.25 10 5 12.5
Bulb 10 800 Horizon 0.2 25 2 10
Bulb 60 1000 Sunbeam 0.15 25 1 3.75
Bulb 80 1000 Sunbeam 0.2 30 2 12
Bulb 100 2000 Horizon 0.8 10 5 40
Bulb 40 1000 Horizon 0.1 20 5 10

To calculate lowest Value Of Stock of a particular Brand of bulb.

Brand These two cells are the Criteria range.

Type the bHorizon

The MIN val 10 =DMIN(B3:I19,I3,E23:E24)

What Does It Do ?
This function examines a list of information and produces smallest value from a specified column.

Syntax
=DMIN(DatabaseRange,FieldName,CriteriaRange)
The DatabaseRange is the entire list of information you need to examine, including the
field names at the top of the columns.
The FieldName is the name, or cell, of the values to pick the Min from, such as "Value Of Stock" or I3.
The CriteriaRange is made up of two types of information.
The first set of information is the name, or names, of the Fields(s) to be used as the basis
for selecting the records, such as the category Brand or Wattage.
The second set of information is the actual record, or records, which are to be selected, such
as Horizon as a brand name, or 100 as the wattage.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
Examples

The lowest Value Of Stock of a particular Product of a particular Brand.

Product Brand
Bulb sunbeam

The lowest 3.75 =DMIN(B3:I19,I3,E49:F50)

This is the same calculation but using the name "Value Of Stock" instead of the cell address.

3.75 =DMIN(B3:I19,"Value Of Stock",E49:F50)

The lowest Value Of Stock of a Bulb equal to a particular Wattage.

Product Wattage
Bulb 100

The lowest 12.5 =DMIN(B3:I19,"Value Of Stock",E60:F61)

The lowest Value Of Stock of a Bulb between two Wattage values.

Product Wattage Wattage

Bulb >=80 <=100

The lowest 12 =DMIN(B3:I19,"Value Of Stock",E67:G68)

e Database range.

ified column.

e Of Stock" or I3.
DOLLAR

Original N Converted To Text

10 ₹ 10.00 =DOLLAR(C4)
10 ₹ 10 =DOLLAR(C5,0)
10 ₹ 10.0 =DOLLAR(C6,1)
10 ₹ 10.00 =DOLLAR(C7,2)
10.25 ₹ 10.25 =DOLLAR(C8)
10.25 ₹ 10 =DOLLAR(C9,0)
10.25 ₹ 10.3 =DOLLAR(C10,1)
10.25 ₹ 10.25 =DOLLAR(C11,2)

What Does It Do?

This function converts a number into a piece of text formatted as currency.

Syntax
=DOLLAR(Number,DecimalPlaces)
Number : This is the number which needs to be converted.
DecimalPlaces : This is the amount of decimal places needed in the converted number.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
The result will be shown as a text entry.
DSUM
This is the Database range.
Product Wattage Life Hours Brand Unit Cost Box QuantiBoxes In StValue Of Stock
Bulb 200 3000 Horizon 4.5 4 3 54
Neon 100 2000 Horizon 2 15 2 60
Spot 60 0
Other 10 8000 Sunbeam 0.8 25 6 120
Bulb 80 1000 Horizon 0.2 40 3 24
Spot 100 unknown Horizon 1.25 10 4 50
Spot 200 3000 Horizon 2.5 15 0 0
Other 25 unknown Sunbeam 0.5 10 3 15
Bulb 200 3000 Sunbeam 5 3 2 30
Neon 100 2000 Sunbeam 1.8 20 5 180
Bulb 100 unknown Sunbeam 0.25 10 5 12.5
Bulb 10 800 Horizon 0.2 25 2 10
Bulb 60 1000 Sunbeam 0.15 25 0 0
Bulb 80 1000 Sunbeam 0.2 30 2 12
Bulb 100 2000 Horizon 0.8 10 5 40
Bulb 40 1000 Horizon 0.1 20 5 10

To calculate the total Value Of Stock of a particular Brand of bulb.

Brand These two cells are the Criteria range.

Type the bHorizon

The stock v 248 =DSUM(B3:I19,I3,E23:E24)

What Does It Do ?
This function examines a list of information and produces the total.

Syntax
=DSUM(DatabaseRange,FieldName,CriteriaRange)
The DatabaseRange is the entire list of information you need to examine, including the
field names at the top of the columns.
The FieldName is the name, or cell, of the values to be totalled, such as "Value Of Stock" or I3.
The CriteriaRange is made up of two types of information.
The first set of information is the name, or names, of the Fields(s) to be used as the basis
for selecting the records, such as the category Brand or Wattage.
The second set of information is the actual record, or records, which are to be selected, such
as Horizon as a brand name, or 100 as the wattage.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
Examples

The total Value Of Stock of a particular Product of a particular Brand.

Product Brand
Bulb sunbeam

Total stock 54.5 =DSUM(B3:I19,I3,E49:F50)

This is the same calculation but using the name "Value Of Stock" instead of the cell address.

54.5 =DSUM(B3:I19,"Value Of Stock",E49:F50)

The total Value Of Stock of a Bulb equal to a particular Wattage.

Product Wattage
Bulb 100

Total Value 52.5 =DSUM(B3:I19,"Value Of Stock",E60:F61)

The total Value Of Stock of a Bulb less than a particular Wattage.

Product Wattage
Bulb <100

Total Value 56 =DSUM(B3:I19,"Value Of Stock",E67:F68)

e Database range.
Eastern data.
Used by the example for the =INDIRECT() function.

Jan Feb Mar Total

Alan 1000 2000 3000 6000
Bob 4000 5000 6000 15000
Carol 7000 8000 9000 24000
Total 12000 15000 18000 45000
EDATE

Start Date Plus MonthEnd Date

35796 3 =EDATE(C4,D4)
35797 3 =EDATE(C5,D5)
35797 -3 =EDATE(C6,D6)

What Does It Do?

This function is used to calculate a date which is a specific number of months in the past or
in the future.

Syntax
=EDATE(StartDate,Months)

Formatting
The result will normally be expressed as a number, this can be formatted to represent
a date by using the Format,Cells,Number,Date command.

Example
This example was used by a company hiring contract staff.
The company needed to know the end date of the employment.
The Start date is entered.
The contract Duration is entered as months.
The =EDATE() function has been used to calculate the end of the contract.

Start Duration End

35801 3 =EDATE(C27,D27)
35807 3 =EDATE(C28,D28)
35804 4 =EDATE(C29,D29)
35804 3 =EDATE(C30,D30)
35814 3 =EDATE(C31,D31)
35821 3 =EDATE(C32,D32)
35807 3 =EDATE(C33,D33)

The company decide not to end contracts on Saturday or Sunday.

The =WEEKDAY() function has been used to identify the actaul weekday number of the end date.
If the week day number is 6 or 7, (Sat or Sun), then 5 is subtracted from the =EDATE() to
ensure the end of contract falls on a Friday.

Start Duration End

35801 3
35807 3
 35804 4
35804 3
35814 3
35821 3
35807 3

=EDATE(C48,D48)-IF(WEEKDAY(EDATE(C48,D48),2)>5,WEEKDAY(EDATE(C48,D48),2)-5,0)
EOMONTH

StartDate Plus MonthEnd Of Month

35800 2 =EOMONTH(C4,D4)
35800 2 =EOMONTH(C5,D5)
35800 -2 =EOMONTH(C6,D6)

What Does It Do?

This function will show the last day of the month which is a specified number of months
before or after a given date.

Syntax
=EOMONTH(StartDate,Months)

Formatting
The result will normally be expressed as a number, this can be formatted to represent
a date by using the Format,Cells,Number,Date command.
ERROR.TYPE

Data The Error Error Type

10 0 #DIV/0! 2 =ERROR.TYPE(E4)
10 3 #NAME? 5 =ERROR.TYPE(E5)
10 3 #REF! 4 =ERROR.TYPE(E6)
0.416667 0.541667 -0.125 #N/A =ERROR.TYPE(E7)

What Does It Do?

This function will show a number which corresponds to an error produced by a formula.

Syntax
=ERROR.TYPE(Error)
Error is the cell reference where the error occurred.

Formatting
The result will be formatted as a normal number.

Example
See Example 4 in the =DGET() function.
EVEN

Original VaEvenly Rounded

1 2 =EVEN(C4)
1.2 2 =EVEN(C5)
2.3 4 =EVEN(C6)
25 26 =EVEN(C7)

What Does It Do ?
This function round a number up the nearest even whole number.

Syntax
=EVEN(Number)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table is used by a garage which repairs cars.
The garage is repairing a fleet of cars from three manufactures.
Each manufacturer uses a different type of windscreen wiper which are only supplied in pairs.

Table 1 was used to enter the number of wipers required for each type of car
and then show how many pairs need to be ordered.

Table 1
Car Wipers To Pairs to Order
Vauxhall 5 3 =EVEN(D28)/2
Ford 9 5 =EVEN(D29)/2
Peugeot 7 4 =EVEN(D30)/2
EXACT

Text1 Text2 Result

Hello Hello 1 =EXACT(C4,D4)
Hello hello 0 =EXACT(C5,D5)
Hello Goodbye 0 =EXACT(C6,D6)

What Does It Do?

This function compares two items of text and determine whether they are exactly the same.
The case of the characters is taken into account, only words which are spelt the same and
which have upper and lower case characters in the same position will be considered as equal.

Syntax
=EXACT(Text1,Text2)
Only two items of text can be compared.

Formatting
If the two items of text are exactly the same the result of TRUE will be shown.
If there is any difference in the two items of text the result of FALSE will be shown.

Example
Here is a simple password checking formula.
You need to guess the correct password.
The password is the name of a colour, either red blue or green.
The case of the password is important.
The =EXACT() function is used to check your guess.

Guess the red

Is it correctNo

(To stop you from cheating, the correct password has been entered as a series of =CHAR()
functions, which use the ANSI number of the characters rather than the character itself!)
Its still very easy though.
FACT

Number Factorial
3 6 =FACT(C4)
3.5 6 =FACT(C5)
5 120 =FACT(C6)
10 3628800 =FACT(C7)
20 2.43E+18 =FACT(C8)

What Does It Do ?
This function calculates the factorial of a number.
The factorial is calculated as 1*2*3*4..etc.
The factorial of 5 is calculated as 1*2*3*4*5, which results in 120.
Decimal fractions of the number are ignored.

Syntax
=FACT(Number)

Formatting.
No special formatting is needed.
FIND

Text Letter To FPosition Of Letter

Hello e 2 =FIND(D4,C4)
Hello H 1 =FIND(D5,C5)
Hello o 5 =FIND(D6,C6)
Alan Willi a 3 =FIND(D7,C7)
Alan Willi a 11 =FIND(D8,C8,6)
Alan Willi T #VALUE! =FIND(D9,C9)

What Does It Do?

This function looks for a specified letter inside another piece of text.
When the letter is found the position is shown as a number.
If the text contains more than one reference to the letter, the first occurrence is used.
An additional option can be used to start the search at a specific point in the text, thus
enabling the search to find duplicate occurrences of the letter.
If the letter is not found in the text, the result #VALUE is shown.

Syntax
=FIND(LetterToLookFor,TextToLookInside,StartPosition)
LetterToLookFor : This needs to be a single character.
TextToLookInside : This is the piece of text to be searched through.
StartPosition : This is optional, it specifies at which point in the text the search should begin.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed, the result will be shown as a number.
FIXED

Original N Converted To Text

10 10.00 =FIXED(C4)
10 10 =FIXED(C5,0)
10 10.0 =FIXED(C6,1)
10 10.00 =FIXED(C7,2)
10.25 10.25 =FIXED(C8)
10.25 10 =FIXED(C9,0)
10.25 10.3 =FIXED(C10,1)
10.25 10.25 =FIXED(C11,2)
1000 1,000.00 =FIXED(C12)
1000.23 1,000 =FIXED(C13,0)
1000.23 1000 =FIXED(C14,0,TRUE)

What Does It Do ?
This function converts a numeric value to text.
During the conversion the value can be rounded to a specific number of decimal places,
and commas can be inserted at the 1,000's.

Syntax
=FIXED(NumberToConvert,DecimalPlaces,Commas)
If DecimalPlaces places is not specified the function will assume 2.
The Commas option can be TRUE for commas or FALSE for no commas.
If the Commas is not specified the function will assume TRUE.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
Note that any further formatting with the Format, Cells, Number command will not have any effect.
have any effect.
FLOOR

Number Rounded Down

1.5 1 =FLOOR(C4,1)
2.3 2 =FLOOR(C5,1)
2.9 2 =FLOOR(C6,1)
123 100 =FLOOR(C7,50)
145 100 =FLOOR(C8,50)
175 150 =FLOOR(C9,50)

What Does It Do ?
This function rounds a value down to the nearest multiple specified by the user.

Syntax
=FLOOR(NumberToRound,SignificantValue)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used to calculate commission for members of a sales team.
Commission is only paid for every £1000 of sales.
The =FLOOR() function has been used to round down the Actual Sales to the
nearest 1000, which is then used as the basis for Commission.

Name Actual SaleRelevant SaCommission

Alan 23500 23000 230
Bob 56890 56000 560
Carol 18125 18000 180
=FLOOR(D29,1000)
FORECAST

Month Sales
1 1000
2 2000
3 2500
4 3500
5 3800
6 4000

Type the m 12
The Forecast7997.143 =FORECAST(E11,F4:F9,E4:E9)

What Does It Do ?
This function uses two sets of values to predict a single value.
The predicted value is based on the relationship between the two original sets of values.
If the values are sales figures for months 1 to 6, (Jan to Jun), you can use the function
to predict what the sales figure will be in any other month.
The way in which the prediction is calculated is based upon the assumption of a Linear Trend.

Syntax
=FORECAST(ItemToForeCast,RangeY,RangeX)
ItemToForecast is the point in the future, (or past), for which you need the forecast.
RangeY is the list of values which contain the historical data to be used as the basis
of the forecast, such as Sales figures.
RangeX is the intervals used when recording the historical data, such as Month number.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used by a company considering expansion of their sales team.
The Size and Performance of the previous teams over a period of three years were entered.
The size of the New Sales team is entered.
The =FORECAST() function is used to calculate the predicted performance for the new sales
team based upon a linear trend.
Size Of Known
Year Sales TeamPerformance
1996 10 5000
1997 20 8000
1998 30 8500

Size Of Th 40
Estimated 10666.67 =FORECAST(E43,E39:E41,D39:D41)
FREQUENCY

Jan Feb Mar

North 5000 6000 4500
South 5800 7000 3000
East 3500 2000 10000
West 12000 4000 6000

Sales £4,0 4000 4 {=FREQUENCY(D4:F7,E9:E11)}

Sales abov 6000 5 {=FREQUENCY(D4:F7,E9:E11)}
Sales abov 999999 3 {=FREQUENCY(D4:F7,E9:E11)}

What Does It Do ?
This function compares a range of data against a list of intervals.
The result shows how many items in the range of data fall between the intervals.
The function is entered in the cells as an array, that is why it is enclosed in { } braces.

Syntax
=FREQUENCY(RangeOfData,ListOfIntervals)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example 1
The following tables were used to record the weight of a group of children.
The =FREQUENCY() function was then used to calculate the number of children whose
weights fell between specified intervals.

Weight Kg Number Of Children:

Child 1 20.47 Between 0 2
Child 2 22.83 Above 15 bu 4
Child 3 15.74 Above 20 K 3
Child 4 10.8 {=FREQUENCY(C30:C38,C41:C43)}
Child 5 8.28 {=FREQUENCY(C30:C38,C41:C43)}
Child 6 20.66 {=FREQUENCY(C30:C38,C41:C43)}
Child 7 17.36
Child 8 16.67
Child 9 18.01

Kg Weight Intervals
15
20
100
Example 2
This example uses characters instead of values.
A restaurant has asked 40 customers for their rating of the food in the restaurant.
The ratings were entered into a table as a single letter, E, V, A, P or D.
The manager now wants to calculate how many responses fell into each category.
Unfortunately, the =FREQUENCY() function ignores text entries, so how can the frequency
of text be calculated?

The answer is to use the =CODE() and =UPPER() functions.

The =UPPER() forces all the text entries to be considered as capital letters.
The =CODE() function calculates the unique ANSI code for each character.
As this code is a numeric value, the =FREQUENCY() function can then be used!

Rating Frequency
Excellent E 6 {=FREQUENCY(CODE(UPPER(B67:I71)),CODE(UPPER(C60:C64)))}
Very GoodV 8 {=FREQUENCY(CODE(UPPER(B67:I71)),CODE(UPPER(C60:C64)))}
Average A 9 {=FREQUENCY(CODE(UPPER(B67:I71)),CODE(UPPER(C60:C64)))}
Poor P 8 {=FREQUENCY(CODE(UPPER(B67:I71)),CODE(UPPER(C60:C64)))}
Disgusting D 9 {=FREQUENCY(CODE(UPPER(B67:I71)),CODE(UPPER(C60:C64)))}

Customer Ratings
V D V A p A D D
V P a D A P V d
A V E P p E D A
A E d V D P a E
V e P P A V E D
UENCY(C30:C38,C41:C43)}
UENCY(C30:C38,C41:C43)}
UENCY(C30:C38,C41:C43)}
R(C60:C64)))}
R(C60:C64)))}
R(C60:C64)))}
R(C60:C64)))}
R(C60:C64)))}
FREQUENCY 2

This example shows how the =FREQUENCY() function has been used to calculate
how often certain numbers appear in the Lottery results.

Table 1 is a record of all the results from the past seven weeks.

Table 1
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7
1st Numbe 3 36 5 3 2 41 45
2nd Numbe 6 3 19 37 23 15 4
3rd Numbe 15 44 35 20 47 29 44
4th Numbe 32 15 32 46 6 45 23
5th Numbe 37 31 13 22 49 13 43
6th Numbe 5 22 30 8 49 11 46
Bonus Ball 17 13 15 25 18 17 1

Table 2 is the list of possible number from 1 to 49, and how many appearances
each number has made during the past seven weeks.

Table 2
Lottery How Many
Number Appearances
1 1 {=FREQUENCY(C10:I16,B24:B72)}
2 1 {=FREQUENCY(C10:I16,B24:B72)}
3 3 {=FREQUENCY(C10:I16,B24:B72)}
4 1 {=FREQUENCY(C10:I16,B24:B72)}
5 2
6 2
7 0
8 1
9 0 Special tip!
10 0 To count how many unique numbers in a range
11 1 use the following formula. It has to be entered,
12 0 as an array, so press Ctrl+Shift+Enter rather than,
13 3 just Enter alone.
14 0
15 4 Unique val 31
16 0
17 2 =SUM(1/COUNTIF(C10:I16,C10:I16))
18 1
19 1
20 1
21 0
22 2
23 2
24 0
25 1
26 0
27 0
28 0
29 1
30 1
31 1
32 2
33 0
34 0
35 1
36 1
37 2
38 0
39 0
40 0
41 1
42 0
43 1
44 2
45 2
46 2
47 1
48 0
49 2
GCD
Greatest
Numbers Divisor
6 15 =GCD(C4,D4)
28 49 =GCD(C5,D5)
5 99 =GCD(C6,D6)
Greatest
Numbers Divisor
18 72 96 =GCD(C9,D9,E9)
300 500 200 =GCD(C10,D10,E10)
2.5 4 6 =GCD(C11,D11,E11)

What Does It Do ?
This function calculates the largest number which can be used to divided all the
values specified.
The result is always a whole number.
Where there is no common divisor the value of 1 is used.
Decimal fractions are ignored.

Syntax
=GCD(Number1,Number2,Number3... through to Number29)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
GESTEP

Number1 Number2 GESTEP

10 20 =GESTEP(C4,D4)
50 20 =GESTEP(C5,D5)
99 100 =GESTEP(C6,D6)
100 100 =GESTEP(C7,D7)
101 100 =GESTEP(C8,D8)
2 =GESTEP(C9,D9)
2 =GESTEP(C10,D10)

What Does It Do ?
This function test a number to see if it is greater than or equal to another number.
If the number is greater than or equal, the result of 1 will be shown, otherwise 0 is shown.

Syntax
=GESTEP(NumberToTest,NumberToTestAgainst)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used to calculate how many sales staff achieved their targets.
The =GESTEP() function compares the Sales with Target, and the results are totalled.

Name Sales Target GESTEP

Alan 3000 4000 =GESTEP(D27,E27)
Bob 5000 4000 =GESTEP(D28,E28)
Carol 1000 2000 =GESTEP(D29,E29)
David 2000 2000 =GESTEP(D30,E30)
Eric 8000 7000 =GESTEP(D31,E31)

Targets Ac 0 =SUM(F27:F31)
HEX2DEC

HexadecimDecimal Number
0 =HEX2DEC(C4)
1 =HEX2DEC(C5)
2 =HEX2DEC(C6)
3 =HEX2DEC(C7)
1A =HEX2DEC(C8)
1B =HEX2DEC(C9)
7FFFFFFFFF =HEX2DEC(C10)
8E+09 =HEX2DEC(C11)
FFFFFFFFFF =HEX2DEC(C12)
FFFFFFFFFE =HEX2DEC(C13)
FFFFFFFFFD =HEX2DEC(C14)

What Does It Do ?
This function converts a hexadecimal number to its decimal equivalent.

Syntax
=HEX2DEC(HexaDecimalNumber)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used to add two hexadecimal values together.

Hexadecimal
Value 1 F
Value 2 1A
Result =DEC2HEX(HEX2DEC(C29)+HEX2DEC(C30))
HLOOKUP

Jan Feb Mar row 1 The row numbers are not needed.
10 80 97 row 2 they are part of the illustration.
20 90 69 row 3
30 100 45 row 4
40 110 51 row 5
50 120 77 row 6

Type a mont
Feb
Which row n 4

The result i 100 =HLOOKUP(F10,D3:F10,F11,FALSE)

What Does It Do ?
This function scans across the column headings at the top of a table to find a specified item.
When the item is found, it then scans down the column to pick a cell entry.

Syntax
=HLOOKUP(ItemToFind,RangeToLookIn,RowToPickFrom,SortedOrUnsorted)
The ItemToFind is a single item specified by the user.
The RangeToLookIn is the range of data with the column headings at the top.
The RowToPickFrom is how far down the column the function should look to pick from.
The Sorted/Unsorted is whether the column headings are sorted. TRUE for yes, FALSE for no.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example 1
This table is used to find a value based on a specified month and name.
The =HLOOKUP() is used to scan across to find the month.
The problem arises when we need to scan down to find the row adjacent to the name.
To solve the problem the =MATCH() function is used.

The =MATCH() looks through the list of names to find the name we require. It then calculates
the position of the name in the list. Unfortunately, because the list of names is not as deep
as the lookup range, the =MATCH() number is 1 less than we require, so and extra 1 is
added to compensate.

The =HLOOKUP() now uses this =MATCH() number to look down the month column and
picks out the correct cell entry.

The =HLOOKUP() uses FALSE at the end of the function to indicate to Excel that the
column headings are not sorted, even though to us the order of Jan,Feb,Mar is correct.
If they were sorted alphabetically they would have read as Feb,Jan,Mar.

Jan Feb Mar

Bob 10 80 97
Eric 20 90 69
Alan 30 100 45
Carol 40 110 51
David 50 120 77

Type a mont
feb
Type a name
alan

The result i 100

=HLOOKUP(F54,D47:F54,MATCH(F55,C48:C52,0)+1,FALSE)

Example 2
This example shows how the =HLOOKUP() is used to pick the cost of a spare part for
different makes of cars.
The =HLOOKUP() scans the column headings for the make of car specified in column B.
When the make is found, the =HLOOKUP() then looks down the column to the row specified
by the =MATCH() function, which scans the list of spares for the item specified in column C.

The function uses the absolute ranges indicated by the dollar symbol $. This ensures that
when the formula is copied to more cells, the ranges for =HLOOKUP() and =MATCH() do
not change.

Maker Spare Cost

Vauxhall Ignition 50 Vauxhall Ford VW
VW GearBox 600 GearBox 500 450 600
Ford Engine 1200 Engine 1000 1200 800
VW Steering 275 Steering 250 350 275
Ford Ignition 70 Ignition 50 70 45
Ford CYHead 290 CYHead 300 290 310
Vauxhall GearBox 500
Ford Engine 1200
=HLOOKUP(B79,G72:I77,MATCH(C79,F73:F77,0)+1,FALSE)

Example 3
In the following example a builders merchant is offering discount on large orders.
The Unit Cost Table holds the cost of 1 unit of Brick, Wood and Glass.
The Discount Table holds the various discounts for different quantities of each product.
The Orders Table is used to enter the orders and calculate the Total.

All the calculations take place in the Orders Table.

The name of the Item is typed in column C.

The Unit Cost of the item is then looked up in the Unit Cost Table.
The FALSE option has been used at the end of the function to indicate that the product
names across the top of the Unit Cost Table are not sorted.
Using the FALSE option forces the function to search for an exact match. If a match is
not found, the function will produce an error.
=HLOOKUP(C127,E111:G112,2,FALSE)

The discount is then looked up in the Discount Table

If the Quantity Ordered matches a value at the top of the Discount Table the =HLOOKUP will
look down the column to find the correct discount.
The TRUE option has been used at the end of the function to indicate that the values
across the top of the Discount Table are sorted.
Using TRUE will allow the function to make an approximate match. If the Quantity Ordered does
not match a value at the top of the Discount Table, the next lowest value is used.
Trying to match an order of 125 will drop down to 100, and the discount from
the 100 column is used.
=HLOOKUP(D127,E115:G118,MATCH(C127,D116:D118,0)+1,TRUE)

Unit Cost Table

Brick Wood Glass
2 1 3

Discount Table
1 100 300
Brick 0 0.06 0.08
Wood 0 0.03 0.05
Glass 0 0.12 0.15

Orders Table
Item Units Unit Cost Discount Total
Brick 100 2 0.06 188
Wood 200 1 0.03 194
Glass 150 3 0.12 396
Brick 225 2 0.06 423
Wood 50 1 0 50
Glass 500 3 0.15 1275

Unit Cost =HLOOKUP(C127,E111:G112,2,FALSE)

Discount =HLOOKUP(D127,E115:G118,MATCH(C127,D116:D118,0)+1,TRUE)
re not needed.
Ordered does
HOUR

Number Hour
0.885417 21 =HOUR(C4)
0.25 6 =HOUR(C5)

What Does It Do?

The function will show the hour of the day based upon a time or a number.

Syntax
=HOUR(Number)

Formatting
The result will be shown as a normal number between 0 and 23.
IF

Name Sales Target Result

Alan 1000 5000 Not Achiev =IF(C4>=D4,"Achieved","Not Achieved")
Bob 6000 5000 Achieved =IF(C5>=D5,"Achieved","Not Achieved")
Carol 2000 4000 Not Achiev =IF(C6>=D6,"Achieved","Not Achieved")

What Does It Do?

This function tests a condition.
If the condition is met it is considered to be TRUE.
If the condition is not met it is considered as FALSE.
Depending upon the result, one of two actions will be carried out.

Syntax
=IF(Condition,ActionIfTrue,ActionIfFalse)
The Condition is usually a test of two cells, such as A1=A2.
The ActionIfTrue and ActionIfFalse can be numbers, text or calculations.

Formatting
No special formatting is required.

Example 1
The following table shows the Sales figures and Targets for sales reps.
Each has their own target which they must reach.
The =IF() function is used to compare the Sales with the Target.
If the Sales are greater than or equal to the Target the result of Achieved is shown.
If the Sales do not reach the target the result of Not Achieved is shown.
Note that the text used in the =IF() function needs to be placed in double quotes "Achieved".

Name Sales Target Result

Alan 1000 5000 Not Achiev =IF(C31>=D31,"Achieved","Not Achieved")
Bob 6000 5000 Achieved =IF(C32>=D32,"Achieved","Not Achieved")
Carol 2000 4000 Not Achiev =IF(C33>=D33,"Achieved","Not Achieved")

Example 2
The following table is similar to that in Example 1.
This time the Commission to be paid to the sales rep is calculated.
If the Sales are greater than or equal to the Target, the Commission is 10% of Sales.
If the Sales do not reach Target, the Commission is only 5% of Sales.

Name Sales Target Commission

Alan 1000 5000 50 =IF(C43>=D43,C43*10%,C43*5%)
Bob 6000 5000 600 =IF(C44>=D44,C44*10%,C44*5%)
Carol 2000 4000 100 =IF(C45>=D45,C45*10%,C45*5%)

Example 3
This example uses the =AND() within the =IF() function.
A builders merchant gives 10% discount on certain product lines.
The discount is only given on products which are on Special Offer, when the Order Value
is £1000 or above.
The =AND() function is used with the =IF() to check that the product is on offer and that
the value of the order is above £1000.

Special Order
Product Offer Value Discount Total
Wood Yes 2000 200 1800
Glass No 2000 0 2000
Cement Yes 500 0 500
Turf Yes 3000 300 2700
=IF(AND(C61="Yes",D61>=1000),D61*10%,0)
INDEX

Holiday booking price list.

People
Weeks 1 2 3 4
1 500 300 250 200
2 600 400 300 250
3 700 500 350 300

How many w 2
How many p 4

Cost per per 250 =INDEX(D7:G9,G11,G12)

What Does It Do ?
This function picks a value from a range of data by looking down a specified number
of rows and then across a specified number of columns.
It can be used with a single block of data, or non-continuos blocks.

Syntax
There are various forms of syntax for this function.

Syntax 1
=INDEX(RangeToLookIn,Coordinate)
This is used when the RangeToLookIn is either a single column or row.
The Co-ordinate indicates how far down or across to look when picking the data from the range.
Both of the examples below use the same syntax, but the Co-ordinate refers to a row when
the range is vertical and a column when the range is horizontal.

Colours
Red
Green
Blue Size Large Medium Small

Type either 2 Type either 2

The colour Green
i The size is :Medium
=INDEX(D32:D34,D36) =INDEX(G34:I34,H36)

Syntax 2
=INDEX(RangeToLookIn,RowCoordinate,ColumnColumnCordinate)
This syntax is used when the range is made up of rows and columns.
 Country Currency PopulationCapitol
England Sterling 50 M London
France Franc 40 M Paris
Germany DM 60 M Bonn
Spain Peseta 30 M Barcelona

Type 1,2,3 2
Type 1,2 or 3

The result iParis =INDEX(D45:F48,F50,F51)

Syntax 3
=INDEX(NamedRangeToLookIn,RowCoordinate,ColumnColumnCordinate,AreaToPickFrom)
Using this syntax the range to look in can be made up of multiple areas.
The easiest way to refer to these areas is to select them and give them a single name.

The AreaToPickFrom indicates which of the multiple areas should be used.

In the following example the figures for North and South have been named as one
range called NorthAndSouth.

NORTH Qtr1 Qtr2 Qtr3 Qtr4

Bricks 1000 2000 3000 4000
Wood 5000 6000 7000 8000
Glass 9000 10000 11000 12000

SOUTH Qtr1 Qtr2 Qtr3 Qtr4

Bricks 1500 2500 3500 4500
Wood 5500 6500 7500 8500
Glass 9500 10500 11500 12500

Type 1, 2 o 1
Type 1, 2, 3 3
Type 1 for 2

The result i 3500 =INDEX(NorthAndSouth,F76,F77,F78)

Example
This is an extended version of the previous example.
It allows the names of products and the quarters to be entered.
The =MATCH() function is used to find the row and column positions of the names entered.
These positions are then used by the =INDEX() function to look for the data.

EAST Qtr1 Qtr2 Qtr3 Qtr4

Bricks 1000 2000 3000 4000
Wood 5000 6000 7000 8000
Glass 9000 10000 11000 12000

WEST Qtr1 Qtr2 Qtr3 Qtr4

Bricks 1500 2500 3500 4500
Wood 5500 6500 7500 8500
Glass 9500 10500 11500 12500

Type 1, 2 owood
Type 1, 2, 3qtr2
Type 1 for west

The result i 6500

=INDEX(EastAndWest,MATCH(F100,C91:C93,0),MATCH(F101,D90:G90,0),IF(F102=C90,1,IF(F102=C95,2)))
90,1,IF(F102=C95,2)))
INDIRECT

Jan Feb Mar

North 10 20 30
South 40 50 60
East 70 80 90
West 100 110 120

Type addres
G6

The value in 80 =INDIRECT(H9)

What Does It Do ?
This function converts a plain piece of text which looks like a cell address into a usable
cell reference.
The address can be either on the same worksheet or on a different worksheet.

Syntax
=INDIRECT(Text)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example 1
This example shows how data can be picked form other worksheets by using
the worksheet name and a cell address.
The example uses three other worksheets named NORTH, SOUTH and EAST.
The data on these three sheets is laid out in the same cells on each sheet.

When a reference to a sheet is made the exclamation symbol ! needs to be placed

between the sheet name and cell address acting as punctuation.

Type the naNorth

Type the ceC8
The contentHello =INDIRECT(G33&"!"&G34)

The =INDIRECT() created a reference to =NORTH!C8

Example 2
This example uses the same data as above, but this time the =SUM() function is
used to calculate a total from a range of cells.
 Type the naSouth
Type the stC5
Type the enC7
The sum of 29
=SUM(INDIRECT(G44&"!"&G45&":"&G46))

The =INDIRECT() created a reference to =SUM(SOUTH!C5:C7)

5&":"&G46))
INFO

System Information
Current dir #N/A =INFO("directory")
Available #N/A =INFO("memavail")
Memory in #N/A =INFO("memused")
Total byte #N/A =INFO("totmem")
Number of 1 =INFO("numfile")
Cell curren #N/A =INFO("origin")
Operating Linux 5.10 =INFO("osversion")
Recalculat Automatic =INFO("recalc")
Excel versi 47eb0cf7e =INFO("release")
Name of syLINUX =INFO("system")

What Does It Do?

This function provides information about the operating environment of the computer.

Syntax
=INFO(text)
text : This is the name of the item you require information about.

Formatting
The results will be shown as text or a number depending upon what was requested.
INT

Number Integer
1.5 1 =INT(C4)
2.3 2 =INT(C5)
10.75 10 =INT(C6)
-1.47589 -2 =INT(C7)

What Does It Do ?
This function rounds a number down to the nearest whole number.

Syntax
=INT(Number)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used by a school to calculate the age a child when the
school year started.
A child can only be admitted to school if they are over 8 years old.
The Birth Date and the Term Start date are entered and the age calculated.
Table 1 shows the age of the child with decimal places

Table 1
Birth Date Term StartAge
29221 32387 8.668036 =(D27-C27)/365.25
29622 32387 7.570157
29148 32387 8.867899
29646 32387 7.504449

Table 2 shows the age of the child with the Age formatted with no decimal places.
This has the effect of increasing the child age.

Table 2
Birth Date Term StartAge
29221 32387 8.668036 =(D38-C38)/365.25
29622 32387 7.570157
29148 32387 8.867899
29646 32387 7.504449
Table 3 shows the age of the child with the Age calculated using the =INT() function to
remove the decimal part of the number to give the correct age.

Table 3
Birth Date Term StartAge
29221 32387 8 =INT((D49-C49)/365.25)
29622 32387 7
29148 32387 8
29646 32387 7

Note
The age is calculated by subtracting the Birth Date from the Term Start to find the
age of the child in days.
The number of days is then divided by 365.25
The reason for using 365.25 is to take account of the leap years.
ISBLANK

Data Is The Cell Blank

1 0 =ISBLANK(C4)
Hello 0 =ISBLANK(C5)
1 =ISBLANK(C6)
36154 0 =ISBLANK(C7)

What Does It Do?

This function will determine if there is an entry in a particular cell.
It can be used when a spreadsheet has blank cells which may cause errors, but which
will be filled later as the data is received by the user.
Usually the function is used in conjunction with the =IF() function which can test the result
of the =ISBLANK()

Syntax
=ISBLANK(CellToTest)

Formatting
Used by itself the result will be shown as TRUE or FALSE.

Example
The following example shows a list of cheques received by a company.
When the cheque is cleared the date is entered.
Until the Cleared date is entered the Cleared column is blank.
While the Cleared column is blank the cheque will still be Outstanding.
When the Cleared date is entered the cheque will be shown as Banked.
The =ISBLANK() function is used to determine whether the Cleared column is empty or not.

Cheques Received Date Date

Num From Received Amount Cleared Banked Outstanding
chq1 ABC Ltd 35796 100 35797 100 0
chq2 CJ Design 35796 200 35802 200 0
chq3 J Smith 35797 50 0 50
chq4 Travel Co. 35798 1000 0 1000
chq5 J Smith 35799 250 35801 250 0
=IF(ISBLANK(F36),0,E36)
=IF(ISBLANK(F36),E36,0)

Totals 550 1050

ISERR

Cell to testResult
3 FALSE =ISERR(D4)
#DIV/0! TRUE =ISERR(D5)
#NAME? TRUE =ISERR(D6)
#REF! TRUE =ISERR(D7)
#VALUE! TRUE =ISERR(D8)
#VALUE! TRUE =ISERR(D9)
#N/A FALSE =ISERR(D10)

What Does It Do ?
This function tests a cell and shows TRUE if there is an error value in the cell.
It will show FALSE if the contents of the cell calculate without an error, or if the error
is the #NA message.

Syntax
=ISERR(CellToTest)
The CellToTest can be a cell reference or a calculation.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following tables were used by a publican to calculate the cost of a single bottle
of champagne, by dividing the cost of the crate by the quantity of bottles in the crate.

Table 1 shows what happens when the value zero 0 is entered as the number of bottles.
The #DIV/0 indicates that an attempt was made to divide by zero 0, which Excel does not do.

Table 1
Cost Of Cra 24
Bottles In C 0
Cost of sing #DIV/0! =E32/E33

Table 2 shows how this error can be trapped by using the =ISERR() function.

Table 2
Cost Of Cra 24
Bottles In C 0
Cost of singTry again! =IF(ISERR(E40/E41),"Try again!",E40/E41)
ISERROR

Cell to testResult
3 0 =ISERROR(D4)
#DIV/0! TRUE =ISERROR(D5)
#NAME? TRUE =ISERROR(D6)
#REF! TRUE =ISERROR(D7)
#VALUE! TRUE =ISERROR(D8)
#VALUE! TRUE =ISERROR(D9)
#N/A TRUE =ISERROR(D10)

What Does It Do ?
This function tests a cell or calculation to determine whether an error has been generated.
It will show TRUE for any type of error and FALSE if no error is found.

Syntax
=ISERROR(CellToTest)
The CellToTest can be a cell reference or a formula.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following tables was used to calculate the difference between two dates.

Table 1 shows an error due to the fact that the first entry was entered using an inappropriate
date format.

Table 1
Start date :Jan 01 98
End date : 35800
Difference : 4 =D31-D30

Table 2 shows how the =ISERROR() function has been used to trap the error and inform the
user that there has been an error in the data entry.

Table 2
Start date :Jan 01 98
End date : 35800
Difference E: rror in data entry
=IF(ISERROR(D40-D39),"Error in data entry",D40-D39)
ISEVEN

Number Is it Even
1 =ISEVEN(C4)
2 =ISEVEN(C5)
2.5 =ISEVEN(C6)
2.6 =ISEVEN(C7)
3.5 =ISEVEN(C8)
3.6 =ISEVEN(C9)
Hello =ISEVEN(C10)
35827 =ISEVEN(C11)
35096 =ISEVEN(C12)

What Does It Do ?
This function tests a number to determine whether it is even.
An even number is shown as TRUE an odd number is shown as FALSE.
Note that decimal fractions are ignored.
Note that dates can be even or odd.
Note that text entries result in the #VALUE! error.

Syntax
=ISEVEN(CellToTest)

Formatting
No special formatting is required.
ISLOGICAL

Cell To TesResult
0 FALSE =ISLOGICAL(D4)
1 FALSE =ISLOGICAL(D5)
FALSE =ISLOGICAL(D6)
20 FALSE =ISLOGICAL(D7)
35796 FALSE =ISLOGICAL(D8)
Hello FALSE =ISLOGICAL(D9)
#DIV/0! FALSE =ISLOGICAL(D10)

What Does It Do ?
This function tests a cell to determine whether the cell contents are logical.
The logical values can only be TRUE or FALSE.
If the cell does contain a logical value, the result TRUE is shown.
If the cell does not contain a logical value, the result FALSE is shown.

Syntax
=ISLOGICAL(CellToTest)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
ISNA

Number Result
1 0 =ISNA(C4)
Hello 0 =ISNA(C5)
0 =ISNA(C6)
35796 0 =ISNA(C7)
#N/A 1 =ISNA(C8)

What Does It Do?

This function tests a cell to determine whether it contains the Not Available error #N/A.
The #N/A is generated when a function cannot work properly because of missing data.
The #N/A can also be typed in to a cell by the user to indicate the cell is currently empty,
but will be used for data entry in the future.
The function is normally used with other functions such as the =IF() function.

Syntax
=ISNA(CellToTest)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
ISNONTEXT

Item To TeIs It A Number?

10 1 =ISNONTEXT(C4)
Hello 0 =ISNONTEXT(C5)
1 =ISNONTEXT(C6)
35796 1 =ISNONTEXT(C7)
1OO 0 =ISNONTEXT(C8)

What Does It Do?

This functions tests an entry to determine whether it is a number, rather than text.
It would be used to ensure that only numeric entries are used in calculations, rather
than text which looks like a number, such as typing the letter O instead of zero 0.
The function is normally used with other function such as the =IF() function.

Syntax
=ISNONTEXT(CellToTest)

Formatting
No special formatting.

Examples
The following table is used by an electrical retailer to calculate the selling price
of an item based on the buying price and the shop mark-up.

Table 1 shows the #VALUE! error generated when a number, 300, is entered
using the letter O instead of the zero 0.
Table 1
Item Buying PricMark-up Profit
Radio 400 1.5 600
TV 800 2 1600
Video 3OO 1.5 #VALUE! =D32*E32

Table 2 shows how the error is trapped using the =ISNONTEXT function and
the =IF() function in the calculation.
Table 2
Item Buying PricMark-up Profit
Radio 400 1.5 600
TV 800 2 1600
Video 3OO 1.5 Retype the Price
=IF(ISNONTEXT(D40),D40*E40,"Retype the Price")
ISNUMBER

Cell Entry Result

1 1 =ISNUMBER(D4)
35796 1 =ISNUMBER(D5)
0 =ISNUMBER(D6)
#DIV/0! 0 =ISNUMBER(D7)
Hello 0 =ISNUMBER(D8)

What Does It Do ?
This function examines a cell or calculation to determine whether it is a numeric value.
If the cell or calculation is a numeric value the result TRUE is shown.
If the cell or calculation is not numeric, or is blank, the result FALSE is shown.

Syntax
=ISNUMBER(CellToTest)
The cell to test can be a cell reference or a calculation.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used by a personnel department to lookup the salary of an employee.
The employee can be entered as a Name or as a Numeric value.
The =ISNUMBER() function has been used to identify the type of entry made, and then
the =IF() decides which VLOOKUP to perform.

ID No. Name Salary

1 Alan 10000
2 Eric 12000
3 Carol 8000
4 Bob 15000
5 David 12000

Type Emploeric
The Salary i 12000
=IF(ISNUMBER(E35),VLOOKUP(E35,C29:E33,3,FALSE),VLOOKUP(E35,D29:E33,2,FALSE))
ISODD

Number Is it Odd
1 =ISODD(C4)
2 =ISODD(C5)
2.5 =ISODD(C6)
2.6 =ISODD(C7)
3.5 =ISODD(C8)
3.6 =ISODD(C9)
Hello =ISODD(C10)
35827 =ISODD(C11)
35096 =ISODD(C12)

What Does It Do ?
This function tests a number to determine whether it is odd.
An odd number is shown as TRUE an even number is shown as FALSE.
Note that decimal fractions are ignored.
Note that dates can be odd or even.
Note that text entries result in the #VALUE! error.

Syntax
=ISODD(CellToTest)

Formatting
No special formatting is required.
ISREF

1 =ISREF(A1)
0 =ISREF(B99)
0 =ISREF(Hello)
0 =ISREF(10)
0 =ISREF(NOW())
0 =ISREF("A1")
0 =ISREF(XX99)

What Does It Do ?
This function shows TRUE if given a cell address, or FALSE for any other type of value.
Its a bit of an odd one, and is normally used in macros rather than on the worksheet.

Syntax
=ISREF(ValueToTest)
The ValueToTest can be any type of data, but when used on the worksheet, it cannot be a
reference to the contents of another cell, as the reference will itself be evaluated by the function.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
the function.
ISTEXT

Cell To TesResult
Hello 1 =ISTEXT(D4)
1 0 =ISTEXT(D5)
36154 0 =ISTEXT(D6)
0 =ISTEXT(D7)

What Does It Do ?
This functions tests an entry to determine whether it is text.
If the entry is text is shows TRUE.
If the entry is any other type it shows FALSE.

Syntax
=ISTEXT(CellToTest)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used by a personnel department to lookup the salary of an employee.
The employee can be entered as a Name or as a Numeric value.
The =ISTEXT() function has been used to identify the type of entry made, and then
the =IF() decides which VLOOKUP to perform.

ID No. Name Salary

1 Alan 10000
2 Eric 12000
3 Carol 8000
4 Bob 15000
5 David 12000

Type Emplo 3
The Salary i 8000
=IF(ISTEXT(E33),VLOOKUP(E33,D27:E31,2,FALSE),VLOOKUP(E33,C27:E31,3,FALSE))
LARGE

Values Highest Va 800 =LARGE(C4:C8,1)

120 2nd Highes 250 =LARGE(C4:C8,2)
800 3rd Highes 120 =LARGE(C4:C8,3)
100 4th Highes 120 =LARGE(C4:C8,4)
120 5th Highes 100 =LARGE(C4:C8,5)
250

What Does It Do ?
This function examines a list of values and picks the value at a user specified position
in the list.

Syntax
=LARGE(ListOfNumbersToExamine,PositionToPickFrom)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used to calculate the top 3 sales figures between Jan, Feb and Mar.

Sales Jan Feb Mar

North 5000 6000 4500
South 5800 7000 3000
East 3500 2000 10000
West 12000 4000 6000

Highest Va 12000 =LARGE(D24:F27,1)

2nd Highes 10000 =LARGE(D24:F27,2)
3rd Highes 7000 =LARGE(D24:F27,3)

Note
Another way to find the Highest and Lowest values would have been to use
the =MAX() and =MIN() functions.

Highest 12000 =MAX(D24:F27)

Lowest 2000 =MIN(D24:F27)
LCM
Common
Numbers Multiple
6 20 =LCM(C4,D4)
12 18 =LCM(C5,D5)
34 96 =LCM(C6,D6)

What Does It Do ?
This function calculate the Least Common Multiple, which is the smallest number
that can be divided by each of the given numbers.

Syntax
=LCM(Number1,Number2,Number3... through to Number29)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
LEFT
Number Of
Text CharactersLeft
Required
String
Alan Jones 1A =LEFT(C4,D4)
Alan Jones 2 Al =LEFT(C5,D5)
Alan Jones 3 Ala =LEFT(C6,D6)
Cardiff 6 Cardif =LEFT(C7,D7)
ABC123 4 ABC1 =LEFT(C8,D8)

What Does It Do ?
This function displays a specified number of characters from the left hand side of a
piece of text.

Syntax
=LEFT(OriginalText,NumberOfCharactersRequired)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used to extract the first name of a person from their full name.
The =FIND() function was used to locate position of the space between the first and second name.
The length of the first name is therefore the position of the space minus one character.
The =LEFT() function can now extract the first name based on the position of the space.

Full Name First Name

Alan JonesAlan =LEFT(C27,FIND(" ",C27)-1)
Bob Smith Bob =LEFT(C28,FIND(" ",C28)-1)
Carol Willi Carol =LEFT(C29,FIND(" ",C29)-1)
second name.
LEN

Text Length
Alan Jones 10 =LEN(C4)
Bob Smith 9 =LEN(C5)
Carol Willi 14 =LEN(C6)
Cardiff 7 =LEN(C7)
ABC123 6 =LEN(C8)

What Does It Do ?
This function counts the number of characters, including spaces and numbers, in a piece of text.

Syntax
=LEN(Text)

Formatting
No Special formatting is needed.

Example
This example shows how the =LEN() function is used in a formula which extracts the
second name from a text entry containing both first and second names.

Original Text
Carol Willi 6 =FIND(" ",C24)
This is the position of the space.

Carol Willi 8 =LEN(C24)-FIND(" ",C24)

This is the length of the second name.
Calculated by taking the overall length of the complete
name and subtracting the position of the space.

=RIGHT(C24,LEN(C24)-FIND(" ",C24))
This is just the second name.
Calculated by using the =RIGHT() function to extract
the rightmost characters up to the length of
the second name.
LOOKUP (Array)

Name Jan Feb Mar

Alan 10 80 97
Bob 20 90 69
Carol 30 100 45
David 40 110 51
Eric 50 120 77
Francis 60 130 28
Gail 70 140 73

Type a Name
Eric

The March v 77 =LOOKUP(F12,D4:G10)

What Does It Do ?
This function looks for a piece of information in a list, and then picks an item from the
last cell in the adjacent row or column.

It always picks the data from the end of the row or column, so it is no good if you need
to pick data from part way across a list, (use VLOOKUP or HLOOKUP).

The way in which the function decides whether to pick from the row or column is based
on the size of the table.

If the table has more rows than columns : the function will look down the left most column
trying to find a match for the piece of information
you asked it to look for.
When a match is found, the function will look
across to the right most column to pick the
last entry on the row.

If the table has the same amount of rows and columns :

the function will look down the left most column and
work in just the same way as if the table had more
rows than columns, as in the description above.

If the table has more columns than rows : the function will look across the top row trying
to find a match for the piece of information you
have asked it to look for.
When a match is found, the function will then look
down to the bottom cell of the column to pick
the last entry of the column.
Syntax
=LOOKUP(WhatToLookFor,RangeToLookIn)
The WhatToLookFor should be a single item.
The RangeToLook in can be either horizontal or vertical.
Be careful not to include unnecessary heading in the range as these will cause errors.

Example 1 Example 2
In this table there are more In this table there are more columns than rows, so
rows than columns, so the the row heading of Jan is not included in the
column heading of Jan is lookup range.
not included in the lookup
range. Alan Bob Carol David
Jan Jan 100 100 100 100
Alan 100
Bob 100
Carol 100
David 100
Eric 100
Fred 100

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Problems
The list of information to be looked through must be sorted in ascending order, otherwise errors
will occur, either as #N/A or incorrect results.

Table 1 shows the Name column sorted alphabetically, the results of using =LOOKUP() will
be correct.

Table 2 shows the same data, but not sorted. Sometimes the results will be correct, but other
times the result will be an #N/A error or incorrect figure.

Table 1 Table 2
Name Jan Feb Mar Name Jan Feb Mar
Alan 10 80 97 David 40 110 51
Bob 20 90 69 Eric 50 120 77
Carol 30 100 45 Alan 10 80 97
David 40 110 51 Bob 20 90 69
Eric 50 120 77 Carol 30 100 45
Francis 60 130 28 Francis 60 130 28
Gail 70 140 73 Gail 70 140 73
Name : Eric Name : Eric

Value : 77 Value : 45
=LOOKUP(C88,B80:E86) =LOOKUP(H88,G80:J86)
LOOKUP (Vector)

Name Jan Feb Mar

Alan 10 80 97
Bob 20 90 69
Carol 30 100 45
David 40 110 51
Eric 50 120 77
Francis 60 130 28
Gail 70 140 73

Type a Name
Eric

The Feb val 120 =LOOKUP(F12,D4:G10,F4:F10)

What Does It Do ?
This function looks for a piece of information in a list, and then picks an item from
a second range of cells.

Syntax
=LOOKUP(WhatToLookFor,RangeToLookIn,RangeToPickFrom)
The WhatToLookFor should be a single item.
The RangeToLook in can be either horizontal or vertical.
The RangeToPickFrom must have the same number of cells in it as the RangeToLookin.
Be careful not to include unnecessary heading in the ranges as these will cause errors.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following example shows how the =LOOKUP() function was used to match a name typed
in cell G41 against the list of names in C38:C43. When a match is found the =LOOKUP() then
picks from the second range E38:J38.
If the name Carol is used, the match is made in the third cell of the list of names, and then
the function picks the third cell from the list of values.

RangeToLookIn RangeToPickFrom
Alan 5 10 15 20 25 30
Bob
Carol
David Type a namCarol
Eric Value : 15
Fred =LOOKUP(G41,C38:C43,E38:J38)
Problems
The list of information to be looked through must be sorted in ascending order, otherwise errors
will occur, either as #N/A or incorrect results.
LOWER

Upper CaseLower Case

ALAN JONEalan jones =LOWER(C4)
BOB SMITHbob smith =LOWER(C5)
CAROL WILcarol willi =LOWER(C6)
CARDIFF cardiff =LOWER(C7)
ABC123 abc123 =LOWER(C8)

What Does It Do ?
This function converts all characters in a piece of text to lower case.

Syntax
=LOWER(TextToConvert)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
MATCH

Names Values
Bob 250
Alan 600
David 1000
Carol 4000

Type a name
Alan Type a valu 1000

The position 2 Value posit 3

=MATCH(E9,E4:E7,0) =MATCH(I9,I4:I7,1)

What Does It Do ?
This function looks for an item in a list and shows its position.
It can be used with text and numbers.
It can look for an exact match or an approximate match.

Syntax
=MATCH(WhatToLookFor,WhereToLook,TypeOfMatch)
The TypeOfMatch either 0, 1 or -1.

Using 0 will look for an exact match. If no match is found the #NA error will be shown.

Using 1 will look for an exact match, or the next lowest number if no exact match exists.
If there is no match or next lowest number the error #NA is shown.
The list of values being examined must be sorted for this to work correctly.

Using -1 will look for an exact match, or the next highest number if no exact match exists.
If there is no exact match or next highest number the error #NA is shown.
The list must be sorted for this to work properly.

Examples 1
Using the 0 option suitable for an exact match.
The Ascending list gives the exact match.
The Descending list gives the exact match.
The Wrong Value list cannot find an exact match, so the #NA is shown.

Ascending Descending Wrong Value

10 40 10
20 30 20
30 20 30
40 10 40
 20 20 25
2 3 #N/A
=MATCH(G45,G40:G43,0)

Example 2
Using the 1 option suitable for a ascending list to find an exact or next lowest match.
The Ascending list gives the exact match.
The Descending list gives the #NA error.
The Wrong Value list finds the next lowest number..

Ascending Descending Wrong Value

10 40 10
20 30 20
30 20 30
40 10 40

20 20 25
2 #N/A 2
=MATCH(G62,G57:G60,1)

Example 3
Using the -1 option suitable for a descending list to find an exact or next highest match.
The Ascending list gives the #NA error.
The Descending list gives the exact match.
The Wrong Value list finds the next highest number.

Ascending Descending Wrong Value

10 40 40
20 30 30
30 20 20
40 10 10

20 20 25
#N/A 3 2
=MATCH(G79,G74:G77,-1)

Example 4
The tables below were used to by a bus company taking booking for bus tours.
They need to allocate a bus with enough seats for the all the passengers.
The list of bus sizes has been entered in a list.
The number of passengers on the tour is then entered.
The =MATCH() function looks down the list to find the bus with enough seats.
If the number of passengers is not an exact match, the next biggest bus will be picked.
After the =MATCH() function has found the bus, the =INDEX() function has been used
to look down the list again and pick out the actual bus size required.

Bus Size Passengers 23

Bus 1 54 Bus size ne 50
Bus 2 50 =INDEX(D95:D99,MATCH(H94,D95:D99,-1),0)
Bus 3 22
Bus 4 15
Bus 5 6

Example 5
The tables below were used by a school to calculate the exam grades for pupils.
The list of grade breakpoints was entered in a list.
The pupils scores were entered in another list.
The pupils scores are compared against the breakpoints.
If an exact match is not found, the next lowest breakpoint is used.
The =INDEX() function then looks down the Grade list to find the grade.

Exam Scor Grade Pupil ScoreGrade

0 Fail Alan 60 Pass
50 Pass Bob 6 Fail
90 Merit Carol 97 Distinction
95 Distinction David 89 Pass
=INDEX(D111:D114,MATCH(G114,C111:C114,1),0
MATCH(H94,D95:D99,-1),0)

,MATCH(G114,C111:C114,1),0)
MAX

Values Maximum
120 800 100 120 250 800 =MAX(C4:G4)

Dates Maximum
35796 36154 35885 36156 35980 36156 =MAX(C7:G7)

What Does It Do ?
This function picks the highest value from a list of data.

Syntax
=MAX(Range1,Range2,Range3... through to Range30)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
In the following example the =MAX() function has been used to find the highest value for
each region, month and overall.

Sales Jan Feb Mar Region Max

North 5000 6000 4500 6000 =MAX(C23:E23)
South 5800 7000 3000 7000
East 3500 2000 10000 10000
West 12000 4000 6000 12000

Month Ma 12000 7000 10000

=MAX(E23:E26)
Overall Ma 12000
=MAX(C23:E26)
MEDIAN

Value1 Value2 Value3 Value4 Value5 Median

20 50 10 30 40 30 =MEDIAN(C4:G4)

2000 1000 10 20 8000 1000 =MEDIAN(C6:G6)

10 20 40 40 40 40 =MEDIAN(C8:G8)

Value1 Value2 Value3 Value4 Median

20 40 30 10 25 =MEDIAN(C11:F11)

20 20 40 20 20 =MEDIAN(C13:F13)

What Does It Do ?
This function finds the median value of a group of values.
The median is not the average, it is the half way point where half the numbers in the group are
larger than it and half the numbers are less than it.
If there is no exact median number in the group, the two nearest the half way point are
added and their average is used as the median.

Syntax
=MEDIAN(Range1,Range2,Range3... through to Range30)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
MID
Start How Many
Text Position CharactersMid String
ABCDEDF 1 3 ABC =MID(C4,D4,E4)
ABCDEDF 2 3 BCD =MID(C5,D5,E5)
ABCDEDF 5 2 ED =MID(C6,D6,E6)

ABC-100-D100 =MID(C8,5,3)
ABC-200-D200 =MID(C9,5,3)
ABC-300-D300 =MID(C10,5,3)

Item Size: Large =MID(C12,12,99)

Item Size: Medium =MID(C13,12,99)
Item Size: Small =MID(C14,12,99)

What Does It Do ?
This function picks out a piece of text from the middle of a text entry.
The function needs to know at what point it should start, and how many characters to pick.
If the number of characters to pick exceeds what is available, only the available characters
will be picked.

Syntax
=MID(OriginalText,PositionToStartPicking,NumberOfCharactersToPick)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example 1
The following table uses the =MID() function to extract a post code from a branch ID used
by a company.
It is assumed that all branch ID's follow the same format with the letters identifying the
postal region being in the 5th and 6th positions.

Branch ID Postal Region

DRS-CF-47 CF =MID(C35,5,2)
DRS-WA-8 WA =MID(C36,5,2)
HLT-NP-19NP =MID(C37,5,2)

Example 2
This example shows how to extract an item which is of variable length, which is inside
a piece of text which has no standard format, other than the required text is always
between two slash / symbols.
Full Branc Postal Region
DRS/STC/8STC
HDRS/FC/1FC
S/NORTH/8NORTH
HQ/K/875 K
SPECIAL/UUK & FR
=MID(C50,FIND("/",C50)+1,FIND("/",C50,FIND("/",C50)+1)-FIND("/",C50)-1)

Find the first /, plus 1 for the Start of the code.

Find the second /, occurring after the first /
Calculate the length of the text to extract, by subtracting the position
of the first / from the position of the second /
D("/",C50)-1)
MIN

Values Minimum
120 800 100 120 250 100 =MIN(C4:G4)

Dates Maximum
35796 36154 35885 36156 35980 35796 =MIN(C7:G7)

What Does It Do ?
This function picks the lowest value from a list of data.

Syntax
=MIN(Range1,Range2,Range3... through to Range30)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
In the following example the =MIN() function has been used to find the lowest value for
each region, month and overall.

Sales Jan Feb Mar Region Min

North 5000 6000 4500 4500 =MIN(C23:E23)
South 5800 7000 3000 3000
East 3500 2000 10000 2000
West 12000 4000 6000 4000

Month MI 3500 2000 3000

=MIN(E23:E26)
Overall MI 2000
=MIN(C23:E26)
MINUTE

Number Minute
45811.54 58 =MINUTE(D4)
0.885417 15 =MINUTE(D5)
0.02 28 =MINUTE(D6)
0.52 28 =MINUTE(D7)
1.52 28 =MINUTE(D8)

What Does It Do?

The function will show the minute of the hour based upon a time or a number.
Only the fraction part of the number is used as it is this which relates to time of day.

Syntax
=MINUTE(Number)

Formatting
The result will be shown as a normal number between 0 and 59.

Example
The =REPT() function has been used to make a digital display for the current time.
The time functions of =HOUR(), =MINUTE() and =SECOND() have been used in conjunction
with the =NOW() as the basis for the number of repeats.
To update the clock press the function key F9.

Clock
Hour |||||||||||| 12
Minute |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 58
Second ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 45
=REPT("|",HOUR(NOW()))&" "&TEXT(HOUR(NOW()),"00")
=REPT("|",MINUTE(NOW()))&" "&TEXT(MINUTE(NOW()),"00")
=REPT("|",SECOND(NOW()))&" "&TEXT(SECOND(NOW()),"00")

Related Information
To convert a time in hh:mm format to decimal format.

Enter a tim 0.114583

The same ti 2.75 =F38*24

To extract 2 =INT(F38*24)
 To extract 0.75 =MOD(F38*24,1)

To convert a time in decimal format to hh:mm format.

Enter a tim 3.75

The same t 0.15625 =F49/24

To extract 0.125 =INT(F49)/24

To extract 0.03125 =MOD(F49,1)/24

The three formula above have also been formatted as hh:mm using
the Format, Cells, Number, Time command.
MMULT

What Does It Do ?
This function multiplies one range of values with another range of values.
The ranges do not have to be of equal size.
The dimensions of the result range is in direct proportion to dimensions of the two input ranges.
It is an Array function and must be entered using the Ctrl+Shift+Enter combination.

Syntax
=MMULT(Range1,Range2)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following tables were used by a company producing boxes of chocolates.
The types of chocolate produced were Milk, Dark and White.
The company boxed the chocolates in three differing mixtures of Milk, Dark and White.
In the run up to Christmas customers ordered various quantities of each box.
The chocolate company now needed to know what quantity of each type of chocolate to produce.
The =MMULT() function was used to multiply the contents of boxes by the customer orders.
The result of the =MMULT() is the total number of each type of chocolate to produce.

Chocolates in the box

Size Milk Dark White
Giant 50 50 50
Standard 30 20 10
Economy 20 5 5

Customers Orders
Giant Standard Economy
300 400 500

Quantity To Produce
Milk Dark White
37000 25500 21500

{=MMULT(C32:E32,C26:E28)}
In all three cells

How It Was Done

Cells C36 to E36 were selected.
The formula =MMULT(C32:E32,C26:E28) was typed, (but not yet entered).
The keys Ctrl+Shift+Enter were pressed to confirm the entry as an array.
The formula then showed the correct result.

Getting The Dimensions Correct

The dimensions of the Result range are directly related to the two input ranges.
The number of rows in the Result should be equal to the rows in Range1.
The number of columns in the Result should be equal to the columns in Range2.

Example 2
The following tables were used by the chocolate company to calculate the amount of
ingredients needed to produce batches of chocolate.

The company has four factories, each of which has to order enough Butter, Eggs and Sugar
to ensure they can meet production targets.

Range 1 contains the planned production of Milk and Dark chocolate for each factory.
Range 2 contains the amount Butter, Eggs and Sugar needed to make 1 unit of Milk or Plain.
The Result range shows the quantities of each ingredient that will have to be ordered to
meet the production target.

Note the depth of the Result is the same as the depth of Range 1, and the width of
the Result is the same as the width of Range 2.

Range 1 Range 2
ProductionMilk Dark IngredientsButter Eggs Sugar
Factory 1 20 0 Milk 1 3 10
Factory 2 20 1 Dark 2 2 5
Factory 3 10 5
Factory 4 20 10

Result
Ingredient Butter Eggs Sugar
Factory 1 20 60 200
Factory 2 22 62 205
Factory 3 20 40 125
Factory 4 40 80 250

{=MMULT(C69:D72,G69:I70)}
In all cells

Hint
To get a feel for how the =MMULT() function operates, set all values in Range1 and Range2
to zero 0, then change a single value in each.
nput ranges.

te to produce.
MOD

Number Divisor Remainder

12 5 2 =MOD(C4,D4)
20 7 6 =MOD(C5,D5)
18 3 0 =MOD(C6,D6)
9 2 1 =MOD(C7,D7)
24 7 3 =MOD(C8,D8)

What Does It Do ?
This function calculates the remainder after a number has been divided by another number.

Syntax
=MOD(Number,Divisor)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
MODE

Value1 Value2 Value3 Value4 Value5 Mode

20 50 10 10 40 10 =MODE(C4:G4)

40 20 40 10 40 40 =MODE(C6:G6)

10 10 99 20 20 10 =MODE(C8:G8)
20 20 99 10 10 20 =MODE(C9:G9)
10 20 20 99 10 10 =MODE(C10:G10)

10 20 30 40 50 #VALUE! =MODE(C12:G12)

What Does It Do ?
This function displays the most frequently occurring number in a group of numbers.
For it to work correctly there must be at least two numbers which are the same.
If all the values in the group are unique the function shows the error #N/A.
When there is more than one set of duplicates, the number closest to the beginning
of the group will be used. (Which is not really an accurate answer!)

Syntax
=MODE(Range1,Range2,Range3... through to Range30)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table shows garments sold in a clothes shop.
The shopkeeper wants to keep track of the most commonly sold size.
The =MODE() function has been used to calulate this.

Order Garmet Size

1 Blouse 10 Most freque 10
2 Skirt 10 =MODE(D33:D52)
3 Shirt 8
4 Blouse 10
5 Skirt 12 Count of siz 6
6 Dress 8 =COUNTIF(D33:D52,"8")
7 Shirt 10
8 Blouse 10 Count of si 11
9 Dress 8 =COUNTIF(D33:D52,"10")
10 Shirt 10
11 Dress 12 Count of si 3
 12 Skirt 12 =COUNTIF(D33:D52,"12")
13 Skirt 10
14 Shirt 10
15 Dress 8
16 Shirt 10
17 Blouse 10
18 Blouse 8
19 Dress 10
20 Skirt 8

Note
If the =AVERAGE() function had been used the answer would have been : 9.7
This figure is of no benefit to the shopkeeper as there are no garmets of this size!
MONTH

Original DaMonth
35796 1 =MONTH(C4)
35796 1 =MONTH(C5)

What Does It Do?

This function extracts the month from a complete date.

Syntax
=MONTH(Date)

Formatting
Normally the result will be a number, but this can be formatted to show the actual
month by using Format,Cells,Number,Custom and using the code mmm or mmmm.

Example
The =MONTH function has been used to calculate the name of the month for your birthday.

Please ente 22730

You were b 3 =MONTH(F20)
MROUND
Rounded
Number Multiple Value
110 50 =MROUND(C4,D4)
120 50 =MROUND(C5,D5)
150 50 =MROUND(C6,D6)
160 50 =MROUND(C7,D7)
170 50 =MROUND(C8,D8)

What Does It Do ?
This function rounds a number up or down to the nearest multiple specified by the user.

Syntax
=MROUND(NumberToRound,MultipleToUse)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
N

Original Converted
1 1 =N(C4)
3.5 3.5 =N(C5)
3.5 3.5 =N(C6)
0.035 0.035 =N(C7)
36154 36154 =N(C8)
1 1 =N(C9)
0 0 =N(C10)
Hello 0 =N(C11)
0 =N(C12)

What Does It Do ?
This function converts a numeric entry to its mathematical value.
Anything which will not convert is shown as 0 zero.
Excel does not really need this function, due to the fact that Excel calculates in this way
naturally. The function is included for compatibility with other spreadsheet programs.

Syntax
=N(NumericEntry)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
NA

#N/A =NA()

Value Test
10 11 =IF(ISBLANK(C6),NA(),C6+1)
#N/A =IF(ISBLANK(C7),NA(),C7+1)
30 31 =IF(ISBLANK(C8),NA(),C8+1)

Sales
North 100
South #N/A =NA()
East #N/A =NA()
West 200
Total #N/A =SUM(D11:D14)

What Does It Do ?
This function is a place marker used to indicate that required information is Not Available.
It can be type directly in to a cell as =NA() or it can be used as part of a calculation.
When the =NA() is used, any calculations which depend upon the cell will also show #NA.
It is used to indicate that all the data has not yet been entered in to the spreadsheet.

Syntax
=NA()

Formatting
No special formatting is required.

Example
The following table was used by a company to calculate the monthly Wage of an employee.
The Salary and Tax percentage are entered.
The Tax is then deducted from the Salary to calculate the Wage.

Table 1 shows that when the Tax is not entered, the Wage is still calculated.
On a large spreadsheet this may go unnoticed and the wrong Wage paid.

Table 1
Salary Tax % Pay
Alan 1000 0.25 750 =C39-C39*D39
Bob 1000 1000 =C40-C40*D40
Carol 1000 0.2 800 =C41-C41*D41
Table 2 shows how the =NA() has been inserted in the unknown Tax to act as a
reminder that the Tax still needs to be entered.

Table 2
Salary Tax % Pay
Alan 1000 0.25 750 =C49-C49*D49
Bob 1000 #N/A #N/A =C50-C50*D50
Carol 1000 0.2 800 =C51-C51*D51
NETWORKDAYS

Start Date End Date Work Days

35855 35861 =NETWORKDAYS(C4,D4)
35910 36006 =NETWORKDAYS(C5,D5)
36153 36165 =NETWORKDAYS(C6,D6)

What Does It Do?

This function will calculate the number of working days between two dates.
It will exclude weekends and any holidays.

Syntax
=NETWORKDAYS(StartDate,EndDate,Holidays)
Holidays : This is a list of dates which will be excluded from the calculation, such as Xmas
and Bank holidays.

Formatting
The result will be shown as a number.

Note
The calculation does not include the last day. The result of using 1-Jan-98 and 5-Jan-98 will
give a result of 4. To correct this add 1 to the result. =NETWORKDAYS(Start,End,Holidays)+1

Example
The following example shows how a list of Holidays can be created.

Start Date End Date Work Days

35856 35860 =NETWORKDAYS(B28,C28,C33:C37)
35856 35867 =NETWORKDAYS(B29,C29,C33:C37)
35912 35916 =NETWORKDAYS(B30,C30,C33:C37)

Holidays
Bank Holid 35916
Xmas 36154
New Year 35431
New Year 35796
New Year 36161
Northern data.
Used by the example for the =INDIRECT() function.
Alan
Jan Feb Mar Total
Alan 10 20 30 60
Bob 40 50 60 150
Carol 70 80 90 240
Total 120 150 180 450
NOT

Cells To Test Result

10 20 1 =NOT(C4>D4)
10 20 1 =NOT(C5=D5)
10 20 0 =NOT(C6<D6)
35796 35827 1 =NOT(C7>D7)
Hello Goodbye 1 =NOT(C8=D8)
Hello Hello 0 =NOT(C9=D9)

What Does It Do ?
This function performs a test to see if the test fails. (A type of reverse logic).
If the test fails, the result is TRUE.
If the test is met, then the result is FALSE.

Syntax
=NOT(TestToPerform)
The TestToPerform can be reference to cells or another calculation.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used by a library to track books borrowed.
The date the book was Taken out is entered.
The period of the Loan is entered.
The date the book was returned is entered.
The =NOT() function has been used to calculate whether the book was returned within
the correct time, by adding the Loan value to the Taken date.
If the book was not returned on time the result Overdue is shown, otherwise OK is shown.

Taken Loan Returned Status

35796 14 35800 OK =IF(NOT(D33<=B33+C33),"Overdue","OK")
35796 14 35810 OK =IF(NOT(D34<=B34+C34),"Overdue","OK")
35796 14 35815 Overdue =IF(NOT(D35<=B35+C35),"Overdue","OK")
NOW

The current Date and Time

45811.54 =NOW()
45811.54 =NOW()

What Does It Do?

This function shows the current date and time. The result will be updated each time the
worksheet is opened and every time an entry is made anywhere on the worksheet.

Syntax
=NOW()

Formatting
The result will be shown as a date and time. If it is formatted to show as a number
the integer part is used for the date and the decimal portion represent the time.
ODD
Rounded To
Number Next Odd
2 3 =ODD(C4)
2.4 3 =ODD(C5)
2.9 3 =ODD(C6)
3 3 =ODD(C7)
3.4 5 =ODD(C8)
3.9 5 =ODD(C9)

What Does It Do ?
This function rounds a number up to the next highest whole odd number.

Syntax
=ODD(NumberToBeRounded)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
OR

Order No. Cost Payment THandling Charge

AB001 1000 Cash 0 =IF(OR(E4="Visa",E4="Delta"),5,0)
AB002 1000 Visa 5 =IF(OR(E5="Visa",E5="Delta"),5,0)
AB003 2000 Cheque 0 =IF(OR(E6="Visa",E6="Delta"),5,0)
AB004 5000 Delta 5 =IF(OR(E7="Visa",E7="Delta"),5,0)

What Does It Do?

This function tests two or more conditions to see if any of them are true.
It can be used to test that at least one of a series of numbers meets certain conditions.
Normally the OR() function would be used in conjunction with a function such as =IF().

Syntax
=OR(Test1,Test2)
Note that there can be up to 30 possible tests.

Formatting
When used by itself it will show TRUE or FALSE.

Example
The following table shows a list of orders taken by a company.
A handling charge of £5 is made on all orders paid by Visa or Delta cards.
The =OR() function has been used to determine whether the charge needs to be applied.

Order No. Cost Payment THandling Charge

AB001 1000 Cash 0 =IF(OR(E27="Visa",E27="Delta"),5,0)
AB002 1000 Visa 5
AB003 2000 Cheque 0
AB004 5000 Delta 5
Ordering Stock

This is an example of a spreadsheet to calculate the best time interval to order stock.

Scenario
A garage fits exhaust systems.
The manager orders the exhausts on a regular basis.
Each time an order is made for new stock, there is a fixed administrative cost.
The exhausts are kept in stock until needed.
Keeping the exhausts in stock incurs a cost due to capital tied up and warehouse costs.
The supplier of the Exhausts gives a discount on large orders.

Objective
Find the time interval to order stock which will result in the lowest Admin and Warehouse costs.

Input Data
Cost of a s 75
Cost of kee 0.12
Quantity of 10
Admin cost 25
Average qua 0.5
Ordering In 2

Suppliers f 200 0.01

Suppliers s 750 0.05

Output
Ordering Interval
Quantity Order Order Orders house Annual Ordering
In Days Per Order Value Discount Per Year Annual Adm
Costs Total Interval
1 10 750 0 365 9125 45 9170 -
2 20 1500 0 183 4575 90 4665 -
4 40 3000 0 92 2300 180 2480 -
6 60 4500 0 61 1525 270 1795 -
8 80 6000 0 46 1150 360 1510 -
10 100 7500 0 37 925 450 1375 -
12 120 9000 0 31 775 540 1315 -
14 140 10500 0 27 675 630 1305 -
16 160 12000 0 23 575 720 1295 -
18 180 13500 0 21 525 810 1335 -
20 200 15000 150 19 475 900 1225 Best
22 220 16500 165 17 425 990 1250 -
24 240 18000 180 16 400 1080 1300 -
26 260 19500 195 15 375 1170 1350 -
28 280 21000 210 14 350 1260 1400 -
 30 300 22500 225 13 325 1350 1450 -
32 320 24000 240 12 300 1440 1500 -
34 340 25500 255 11 275 1530 1550 -
36 360 27000 270 11 275 1620 1625 -
38 380 28500 285 10 250 1710 1675 -
40 400 30000 300 10 250 1800 1750 -
42 420 31500 315 9 225 1890 1800 -
44 440 33000 330 9 225 1980 1875 -
46 460 34500 345 8 200 2070 1925 -
48 480 36000 360 8 200 2160 2000 -
50 500 37500 375 8 200 2250 2075 -
52 520 39000 390 8 200 2340 2150 -
54 540 40500 405 7 175 2430 2200 -
56 560 42000 420 7 175 2520 2275 -
58 580 43500 435 7 175 2610 2350 -
60 600 45000 450 7 175 2700 2425 -

Things To Try
Change the Discount % to 0% and 0%.
Change the Ordering Interval to 1 or 30.
Change the Cost of the Exhaust making it cheaper or more expensive.
Change the Quantity used per day to a larger or smaller number.

Explanation
Column A Ordering Interval In Days
The first of these cells has the value 1 entered in it.
This is the smallest ordering period, which would require stock to be ordered every day.
The second cell picks the ordering interval from the Input Data table.
The third and subsequent cells add the ordering interval to the previous cell to create
a list of values of the same interval.

Column B Quantity Per Order

This is the number of Exhausts which will need to be ordered.

CalculationOrderingInterval * QuantityUsedPerDay

Column C Order Value

This is the value of the Order before any discount.

CalculationQuantityOrdered * CostOfExhaust

Column D Order Discount

The discount which can be subtracted from the order value.
 The discount is only given on orders which are equal to or greater than the
Price Break values set by the supplier.

CalculationOrderValue * SupplierDiscount
The supplier discount is calculated using the =IF() and the =AND() functions.

If the OrderQuantity is equal to or above the first Price Break, but below
the second Price Break, then the first Price Break discount is used.
=C29*IF(AND(B29>=$G$24,B29<$G$25),$H$24,IF(B29>=$G$25,$H$25,0))

If the OrderQuantity is equal to or above the second Price Break,

the second Price Break discount is used.
=C29*IF(AND(B29>=$G$24,B29<$G$25),$H$24,IF(B29>=$G$25,$H$25,0))

If the OrderQuantity does not qualify for a discount, zero discount is used.
=C29*IF(AND(B29>=$G$24,B29<$G$25),$H$24,IF(B29>=$G$25,$H$25,0))

Column E Orders Per Year

This is how many orders will need to be made based upon the ordering interval.
With an interval of 1, there will have to be 365 orders.

Calculation365/OrderingInterval
This calculation may give results which are decimal, such as 2.3
This decimal will cause problems, due to the fact that the number of
orders must always be a whole number.
The =CEILING() function has been used to 'round up' any decimals to
the next highest whole number.
=CEILING(365/A29,1)

Column F Annual Admin Costs

This is the administration costs involved in making the orders.

CalculationOrdersPerYear * AdminCost
=E29*$G$20

Column G Annual Warehouse Costs

This is the cost of keeping the stock in the warehouse.
It is based on the managers knowledge that on average the stock level is 50% of the
quantity ordered.

CalculationQuantityOrdered * AverageStockLevel) * ExhaustCost * WarehousingCost

=(B29*$G$21)*$G$17*$G$18
Column H Annual Total
This is the full yearly cost of ordering the Exhausts, based upon how frequently the
orders are made.
It does not take in to account the actual costs of the Exhausts, as the manager only
wants to know what the lowest values for the overheads associated with ordering and
storing the exhaust systems.
However, the Discount figure is taken into account as this can be used to offset some
of the overheads.

CalculationAnnualAdminCosts + AnnualWarehouseCosts - OrderDiscount

=F29+G29-D29

Column I The Best Ordering Interval

This shows the Best ordering interval, giving the lowest annual overheads.
It compares the value in column H against the minimum value for all of column H.
If the two values match the word Best is shown, otherwise a dash is shown.
=IF(H29=MIN($H$29:$H$59),"Best","-")
Box size Sample Packer1 Packer2 Packer3 Packer4
Small 1 10 10 10 10
Medium 1 20 20 20 21
Large 1 30 28 35 30
Small 2 11 9 10 10
Medium 2 21 20 0 20
Large 2 31 28 30 30
Small 3 8 10 12 10
Medium 3 22 20 20 19
Large 3 32 28 30 30

Box size Sample Packer1 Packer2 Packer3 Packer4

PERMUT

Pool Of It Items In A Permutations

4 2 12 =PERMUT(C4,D4)
4 3 24 =PERMUT(C5,D5)
10 4 5040 =PERMUT(C6,D6)
26 6 1.66E+08 =PERMUT(C7,D7)

What Does It Do ?
This function calculates the maximum number of permutations given a fixed number of items.
The internal order is significant, so AB and BA will be considered as two possible permutations.
It could be used to calculate the possible number of 4 digit passwords from the digits 0 to 9.

Syntax
=PERMUT(PoolToPickFrom,ItemsInAGroup)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used to calculate the total number of 8 letter passwords which can
be created by using all 26 letters of the alphabet.

Letter In A 26
Password S 8
Permutatio 6.3E+10

In the case of a two letter password made from the letter A, B, C and D, the following
twelve permutations would be possible.

ABCD

Password 1AB Password 7BA

Password 2AC Password 8CA
Password 3AD Password 9DA
Password 4BC Password CB
Password 5BD Password DB
Password 6CD Password DC
PI

p
3.141593 =PI()

What Does It Do ?
This function is equal to the value of Pi.
It is correct to 15 decimal places.
It does not need any input, it is a self contained function.

Syntax
=PI()

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
To calculate the area of a circle.

Radius Area
5 78.53982 =PI()*(C21^2)
25 1963.495
POWER

Number Power Result

3 2 9 =POWER(C4,D4)
3 4 81 =POWER(C5,D5)
5 2 25 =POWER(C6,D6)
5 4 625 =POWER(C7,D7)

What Does It Do ?
This function raises a number to a user specified power.
It is the same as using the ^ operator, such as 3^4, which result is 81.
Both the POWER() function and the ^ operator are the same as using 3*3*3*3.

Syntax
=POWER(NumberToBeRaised,Power)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
To calculate the area of a circle.

Radius Area
5 78.53982 =PI()*POWER(C22,2)
25 1963.495
PRODUCT

Numbers Product
2 3 6 =PRODUCT(C4,D4)
5 10 50 =PRODUCT(C5:D5)
3 7 210 =PRODUCT(C6:D6,10)
6300 =PRODUCT(C4:D6)

What Does It Do ?
This function multiples a group of numbers together.
It is the same as using 2*3*5*10*3*7, which results in 6300.

Syntax
=PRODUCT(Number1,Number2,Number3... through to Number30)
or
=PRODUCT(RangeOfNumbers)
or
=PRODUCT(Number1,Range,Number2...)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
PROPER

Original TeProper
alan jones Alan Jones =PROPER(C4)
bob smith Bob Smith =PROPER(C5)
caRol wILL Carol Willi =PROPER(C6)
cardiff Cardiff =PROPER(C7)
ABC123 Abc123 =PROPER(C8)

What Does It Do ?
This function converts the first letter of each word to uppercase, and all subsequent letters
are converted to lower case.

Syntax
=PROPER(TextToConvert)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
QUARTILE

Values Quarter NoQuartile

1 0 1 =QUARTILE(C4:C8,E4)
25 1 25 =QUARTILE(C4:C8,E5)
50 2 50 =QUARTILE(C4:C8,E6)
75 3 75 =QUARTILE(C4:C8,E7)
100 4 100 =QUARTILE(C4:C8,E8)

Values Quarter NoQuartile

817 104 640 767 0 104 =QUARTILE(C12:F16,H12)
748 756 369 703 1 285.75 =QUARTILE(C12:F16,H13)
372 993 294 261 2 489 =QUARTILE(C12:F16,H14)
487 384 185 491 3 750 =QUARTILE(C12:F16,H15)
140 607 894 182 4 993 =QUARTILE(C12:F16,H16)

What Does It Do ?
This function examines a group of values and then shows the values which are of the
upper limits of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th quarters of the data.
The Quartile of 0 (zero) is actually lowest value, which can be obtained using the =MIN() function.
The Quartile of 4 is actually highest value, which can be obtained using the =MAX() function.

Syntax
=QUARTILE(RangeToBeExamined,QuartileValue)
The QuartileValue can only be 0,1,2,3 or 4.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
 =QUARTILE(C12:F16,H12)
=QUARTILE(C12:F16,H13)
=QUARTILE(C12:F16,H14)
=QUARTILE(C12:F16,H15)
=QUARTILE(C12:F16,H16)

IN() function.
QUOTIENT

Number Divisor Result

12 5 =QUOTIENT(C4,D4)
20 3 =QUOTIENT(C5,D5)
46 15 =QUOTIENT(C6,D6)

What Does It Do ?
This function calculates the number of times a number can be divided by another number.
It ignores any remainder, only showing the whole number.

Syntax
=QUOTIENT(NumberToBeDivided,Divisor)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following example was used by a drinks merchant to calculate the number of
crates which could be packed using bottles in stock.
The merchant can only sell full crates.

Table 1 calculates the crates by simple division. This however shows

decimal fractions which are not needed.

Table 1 Bottles Bottles

Item To Pack Per Crate Crates Needed
Wine 126 12 10.5 =D28/E28
Champagn 200 8 25
Rum 15 4 3.75
Beer 250 20 12.5

Table 2 uses the =QUOTIENT() function to remove the decimal fraction to

give the correct result.

Table 2 Bottles Bottles

Item To Pack Per Crate Crates Needed
Wine 126 12 =QUOTIENT(D39,E39)
Champagn 200 8
Rum 15 6
Beer 250 20
RAND

Random greater than or equal to 0 but less than 1.

0.807383 =RAND()

Random greater than or equal to 0 but less than 10

4.395902 =RAND()*10

Random between 5 and 10.

7.070337 =RAND()*(10-5)+5

What Does It Do ?
This function creates a random number >=0 but <1.
The number will change each time the worksheet recalculates, or when F9 is pressed.

Syntax
=RAND()

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Examples
The following examples show how the =RAND() function has been used to randomly
sort list of information.

A list of cards has been entered in column C, and =RAND() in column D.

By clicking inside the random numbers and then using Data, Sort or the Sort button
the cards will be shuffled.

The same technique has been used to generate a list of six winning lottery numbers.

Card Random Lottery Random

Clubs 8 0.794246 29 0.955029
Clubs 6 0.164009 34 0.199984
Diamond 9 0.139206 30 0.740255
Spades 13 0.649511 41 0.539959
Clubs 9 0.730129 40 0.047071
Diamond 7 0.099947 37 0.599415
Diamond 4 0.054759 26 0.320037
Clubs 10 0.588897 32 0.304459
Spades 3 0.751043 21 0.697791
Hearts 6 0.590072 19 0.655899
Hearts 4 0.229243 7 0.174743
Diamond 8 0.728935 10 0.213785
Hearts 11 0.423048 16 0.833049
Clubs 3 0.254733 8 0.884583
Clubs 13 0.698683 48 0.330834
Spades 5 0.610205 43 0.881372
Diamond 3 0.219962 44 0.272877
Spades 2 0.619791 4 0.429087
Diamond 6 0.919988 3 0.431971
Clubs 5 0.96922 45 0.905973
Spades 1 0.809026 47 0.131
Clubs 12 0.266855 49 0.58295
Hearts 10 0.216173 35 0.0015
Hearts 13 0.085341 27 0.834956
Spades 7 0.575726 1 0.679413
Spades 6 0.45021 13 0.476582
Diamond 1 0.452889 31 0.650698
Hearts 3 0.616719 5 0.598337
Hearts 5 0.225526 18 0.300708
Hearts 8 0.472906 39 0.744104
Hearts 1 0.047532 23 0.031641
Diamond 1 0.880088 12 0.670481
Hearts 9 0.980827 11 0.65635
Clubs 4 0.917461 20 0.830792
Diamond 5 0.09744 33 0.505428
Spades 4 0.15762 42 0.983492
Clubs 1 0.91462 24 0.140978
Spades 8 0.39056 2 0.04377
Hearts 7 0.382349 14 0.353552
Diamond 1 0.533191 25 0.254644
Clubs 2 0.368451 9 0.074142
Hearts 2 0.893474 38 0.496694
Diamond 1 0.011652 15 0.414861
Clubs 7 0.31367 28 0.053845
Spades 12 0.555378 17 0.116177
Spades 10 0.55619 6 0.786591
Clubs 11 0.926332 22 0.683512
Diamond 2 0.720291 46 0.256414
Diamond 1 0.480882 36 0.75668
Spades 9 0.978359
Spades 11 0.936084
Hearts 12 0.849065
RANDBETWEEN

Low High Random

5 10 =RANDBETWEEN(C4,D4)
1 49 =RANDBETWEEN(C5,D5)

What Does It Do ?
This function produces a random whole number between two specified numbers.
The random number will change each time the spreadsheet is recalculated or F9 is pressed.

Syntax
=RANDOMBETWEEN(LowLimit,HighLimit)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table shows how the =RANDBETWEEN() has been used to generate six
numbers to use for the National Lottery.
Note that the function does not check to ensure all numbers are unique, the same number
could be generated twice or more.
The Winning
Lottery Numbers Ticket!
1 49 =RANDBETWEEN($C$24,$D$24)Number 1
=RANDBETWEEN($C$24,$D$24)Number 2
Press function Key =RANDBETWEEN($C$24,$D$24)Number 3
F9 to recalculate. =RANDBETWEEN($C$24,$D$24)Number 4
=RANDBETWEEN($C$24,$D$24)Number 5
=RANDBETWEEN($C$24,$D$24)Number 6
=RANDBETWEEN($C$24,$D$24)Bonus ball

#DIV/0!
{=IF(SUM(1/COUNTIF(E24:E30,E24:E30))<>7,"Duplicates! Spin again","All OK")}
This formula is used to determine whether all the numbers are different.
It is entered as an array using Ctrl+Shift+Enter.
cates! Spin again","All OK")}
umbers are different.
RANK
Ranking Position
Values High to Low
7 4 =RANK(C4,C4:C8)
4 5 =RANK(C5,C4:C8)
25 1 =RANK(C6,C4:C8)
8 3 =RANK(C7,C4:C8)
16 2 =RANK(C8,C4:C8)
Ranking Position
Values Low to High
7 2 =RANK(C11,C11:C15,1)
4 1 =RANK(C12,C11:C15,1)
25 5 =RANK(C13,C11:C15,1)
8 3 =RANK(C14,C11:C15,1)
16 4 =RANK(C15,C11:C15,1)
Ranking Position
Values High to Low
10 5 =RANK(C18,C18:C22)
30 2 =RANK(C19,C18:C22)
20 4 =RANK(C20,C18:C22)
30 2 =RANK(C21,C18:C22)
40 1 =RANK(C22,C18:C22)

What Does It Do ?
This function calculates the position of a value in a list relative to the other values in the list.
A typical usage would be to rank the times of athletes in a race to find the winner.
The ranking can be done on an ascending (low to high) or descending (high to low) basis.
If there are duplicate values in the list, they will be assigned the same rank. Subsequent ranks
would not follow on sequentially, but would take into account the fact that there were duplicates.
If the numbers 30, 20, 20 and 10 were ranked, 30 is ranked as 1, both 20's are ranked as 2, and
the 10 would be ranked as 4.

Value Rank
30 1 =RANK(B34,B34:B37)
20 2 =RANK(B35,B34:B37)
20 2 =RANK(B36,B34:B37)
10 4 =RANK(B37,B34:B37)

Syntax
=RANK(NumberToRank,ListOfNumbers,RankOrder)
The RankOrder can be 0 zero or 1.
Using 0 will rank larger numbers at the top. (This is optional, leaving it out has the same effect).
Using 1 will rank small numbers at the top.
Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used to record the times for athletes competing in a race.
The =RANK() function was then used to find their race positions based upon the finishing times.

Athlete Time Race Position

John 0.0625 4 =RANK(C53,C53:C58,1)
Alan 0.072917 6 =RANK(C54,C53:C58,1)
David 0.043056 1 =RANK(C55,C53:C58,1)
Brian 0.066667 5 =RANK(C56,C53:C58,1)
Sue 0.060417 3 =RANK(C57,C53:C58,1)
Alex 0.04375 2 =RANK(C58,C53:C58,1)
re duplicates.
REPLACE
Start CharactersNew Modified
Original TePosition To ReplaceCharacter Text
ABCDEFGH 2 1x AxCDEFGH =REPLACE(C4,D4,E4,F4)
ABCDEFGH 2 5x AxGH =REPLACE(C5,D5,E5,F5)
ABCDEFGH 2 1 hello AhelloCDE =REPLACE(C6,D6,E6,F6)
ABCDEFGH 2 5 hello AhelloGH =REPLACE(C7,D7,E7,F7)

What Does It Do ?
This function replaces a portion of text with a new piece of text.
You need to specify where the replacement should start, how many characters to
remove and what the new replacement text should be.

Syntax
=REPLACE(OriginalText,StartPosition,NumberOfCharactersToReplace,NewText)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
REPT
Text To Number OfRepeated
Repeat Repeats Text
A 3 AAA =REPT(C4,D4)
AB 3 ABABAB =REPT(C5,D5)
- 10 ---------- =REPT(C6,D6)
| 10 ||||||||||=REPT(C7,D7)

What Does It Do ?
This function repeats a piece of text a specified number of times.
You need to specify the text to be repeated and how many times to repeat it.

Syntax
=REPT(TextToRepeat,Repetitions)
The maximum number of repetitions is 200.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example 1
The following table was used to display a simple histogram of sales figures.
The =REPT() function uses the value of Sales, but this is divided by 100 to scale down the
number of repetitions to below the maximum of 200.

Month Sales
Jan 1000 ||||||||||||||||||||
Feb 5000 ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mar 3000 ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Apr 2000 ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
=REPT("||",D29/100)

Example 2
The =REPT() function has been used to make a digital display for the current time.
The time functions of =HOUR(), =MINUTE() and =SECOND() have been used in conjunction
with the =NOW() as the basis for the number of repeats.
To update the clock press the function key F9.

Clock
Hour |||||||||||| 12
Minute |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 58
Second ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| 45

=REPT("|",HOUR(NOW()))&" "&TEXT(HOUR(NOW()),"00")
=REPT("|",MINUTE(NOW()))&" "&TEXT(MINUTE(NOW()),"00")
=REPT("|",SECOND(NOW()))&" "&TEXT(SECOND(NOW()),"00")
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|||||||||||||||
RIGHT
Original Number OfRight
Text CharactersString
Required
Alan Jones 1s =RIGHT(C4,D4)
Alan Jones 2 es =RIGHT(C5,D5)
Alan Jones 3 nes =RIGHT(C6,D6)
Cardiff 6 ardiff =RIGHT(C7,D7)
ABC123 4 C123 =RIGHT(C8,D8)

What Does It Do ?
This function displays a specified number of characters from the right hand side of a
piece of text.

Syntax
=RIGHT(OriginalText,NumberOfCharactersRequired)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used to extract the second name of a person from their full name.
The =FIND() function locates the position of the space between the first and second name.
The length of the second name is calculated by subtracting the position of the space from
the overall length of the full name.
The =RIGHT() function can then extract the second name.

Full Name Second Name

Alan JonesJones =RIGHT(C28,LEN(C28)-FIND(" ",C28))
Bob Smith Smith =RIGHT(C29,LEN(C29)-FIND(" ",C29))
Carol Willi Williams =RIGHT(C30,LEN(C30)-FIND(" ",C30))
ROMAN

Number Roman
1I =ROMAN(C4)
2 II =ROMAN(C5)
3 III =ROMAN(C6)
5V =ROMAN(C7)
10 X =ROMAN(C8)
1998 MCMXCVIII=ROMAN(C9)
1998 MCMXCVIII=ROMAN(C10,0)
1998 MLMVLIII =ROMAN(C11,1)
1998 MXMVIII =ROMAN(C12,2)
1998 MVMIII =ROMAN(C13,3)
1998 MVMIII =ROMAN(C14,4)
1998 MCMXCVIII=ROMAN(C15,TRUE)
1998 MVMIII =ROMAN(C16,FALSE)

What Does It Do ?
This function produces a number shown as Roman numerals in various formats.

Syntax
=ROMAN(NormalNumber,RomanNumberFormat)
The RomanNumberFormat can be any of the following.
0 is Classic. This is used if no format is specified.
1 is more Concise.
2 is even more Concise.
3 is even more Concise still.
4 is Simplified.
TRUE is Classic
FALSE is Simplified

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Note
There is no function to do the opposite calculation of Roman to normal.
ROUND
Places To Rounded
Number Round Number
1.47589 0 1 =ROUND(C4,D4)
1.47589 1 1.5 =ROUND(C5,D5)
1.47589 2 1.48 =ROUND(C6,D6)
13643.48 -1 13640 =ROUND(C7,D7)
13643.48 -2 13600 =ROUND(C8,D8)
13643.48 -3 14000 =ROUND(C9,D9)

What Does It Do ?
This function rounds a number to a specified amount od decimal places.
If 0 is used the number is rounded to the nearest whole number.
If a negative amount of rounding is used the figures to the left of the decimal point are rounded.

Syntax
=ROUND(NumberToRound,DecimalPlacesToUse)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
ROUNDDOWN
Places To Rounded
Number Round Down
1.47589 0 1 =ROUNDDOWN(C4,D4)
1.47589 1 1.4 =ROUNDDOWN(C5,D5)
1.47589 2 1.47 =ROUNDDOWN(C6,D6)
13643.48 -1 13640 =ROUNDDOWN(C7,D7)
13643.48 -2 13600 =ROUNDDOWN(C8,D8)
13643.48 -3 13000 =ROUNDDOWN(C9,D9)

What Does It Do ?
This function rounds a number down to a specified amount of decimal places.
If 0 is used the number is rounded down to the nearest whole number.
If a negative amount of rounding is used the figures to the left of the decimal point are rounded.

Syntax
=ROUNDDOWN(NumberToRound,DecimalPlacesToUse)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
ROUNDUP
Places To Rounded
Number Round Up
1.47589 0 2 =ROUNDUP(C4,D4)
1.47589 1 1.5 =ROUNDUP(C5,D5)
1.47589 2 1.48 =ROUNDUP(C6,D6)
13643.48 -1 13650 =ROUNDUP(C7,D7)
13643.48 -2 13700 =ROUNDUP(C8,D8)
13643.48 -3 14000 =ROUNDUP(C9,D9)

What Does It Do ?
This function rounds a number up to a specified amount of decimal places.
If 0 is used the number is rounded up to the nearest whole number.
If a negative amount of rounding is used the figures to the left of the decimal point are rounded.

Syntax
=ROUNDUPNumberToRound,DecimalPlacesToUse)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
SECOND

Number Second
45811.54 46 =SECOND(C4)
0.5 0 =SECOND(C5)
0.5 0 =SECOND(C6)
0.51 24 =SECOND(C7)
1.51 24 =SECOND(C8)

What Does It Do?

The function will show the second of the minute based upon a time or a number.
Only the fraction part of the number is used as it is this which relates to time of day.

Syntax
=SECOND(Number)

Formatting
The result will be shown as a normal number between 0 and 59.

Example
The following table was used by a telephone compnay to calculate the cost of a call.
The telephone company only deals in seconds which are a multiple of 5.
The seconds in a call are rounded up to the nearest multiple of 5 before the bill is calculated.
The Duration of the call is entered.
The =MINUTES() function calculates the total number of minutes.
The =SECOND() function calculates the total number of seconds.
The =CEILING() function rounds the seconds up to the nearest muliple of 5.
The Cost of the call is then calculated.

Cost Per Se 0.01

Billed Duration
Duration Minutes Seconds Cost
0.000787 1 10 0.7
0.001424 2 5 1.25
0.001238 1 50 1.1
=CEILING(SECOND(C36),5)
SIGN
Positive or
Value Negative
10 1 =SIGN(C4)
20 1 =SIGN(C5)
0 0 =SIGN(C6)
-10 -1 =SIGN(C7)
-20 -1 =SIGN(C8)

What Does It Do ?
This function tests a value to determine whether it is positive or negative.
If the value is positive the result is 1.
If the value is negative the result is -1.
If the value is zero 0 the result is 0.

Syntax
=SIGN(CellToTest)
The CellToTest can be a cell or a calculation.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
SLN

Cost 12000
Salvage 2000
Life 4
Straight Li 2500 =SLN(F3,F4,F5)

Purchase V 20000
Second Han 8000
Number Of 6
Annual Stra 2000 =SLN(F9,F10,F11)

What Does It Do ?
This function calculates the Straight Line Depreciation of an item.
(Also known as Fixed Instalment method).
The Straight Line Depreciation is how much the value of an item reduced during a specific
period of time. The result is a uniform depreciation value.

An example would be if you bought a new car for £20,000, then kept it for 6 years.
At the end of your ownership you sell the car for £8,000.
The difference between the original and the trade in price is £20,000 - £8,000 which is £12,000.
Because you owned the car for 6 years, the SLN is calculated as £12,000 / 6 which is £2,000.

Syntax
=SLN(OriginalCost,SellingPrice,LengthOfOwnership)
The LengthOfOwnership can be any time period, days, months or years.
However, the SLN which is calculated will, be for that time, specifying 2 years ownership
as 24 months will give an SLN per month.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
SMALL

Values Lowest Val 100 =SMALL(C4:C8,1)

120 2nd Lowest 120 =SMALL(C4:C8,2)
800 3rd Lowest 120 =SMALL(C4:C8,3)
100 4th Lowest 250 =SMALL(C4:C8,4)
120 5th Lowest 800 =SMALL(C4:C8,5)
250

What Does It Do ?
This function examines a list of values and picks the value at a user specified position
in the list.

Syntax
=SMALL(ListOfNumbersToExamine,PositionToPickFrom)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used to calculate the bottom 3 sales figures between Jan, Feb and Mar.

Sales Jan Feb Mar

North 5000 6000 4500
South 5800 7000 3000
East 3500 2000 10000
West 12000 4000 6000

Lowest Val 2000 =SMALL(D24:F27,1)

2nd Lowest 3000 =SMALL(D24:F27,2)
3rd Lowest 3500 =SMALL(D24:F27,3)

Note
Another way to find the Highest and Lowest values would have been to use
the =MAX() and =MIN() functions.

Highest 12000 =MAX(D24:F27)

Lowest 2000 =MIN(D24:F27)
Southern data.
Used by the example for the =INDIRECT() function.

Jan Feb Mar Total

Alan 100 200 300 600
Bob 400 500 600 1500
Carol 700 800 900 2400
Total 1200 1500 1800 4500
STDEV

Values Values Values

10 10 10
10 10 11
9 11 9
10 10 12

0.5 0.5 1.290994

=STDEV(C4:C7) =STDEV(E4:E7) =STDEV(G4:G7)

What Does It Do ?
This function calculates the sample population standard deviation of a list of values.
A sample population is used when the list of values represents a sample of a population.

Syntax
=STDEV(Range1,Range2,Range3 through to Range30)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The table below was used by a company interested in buying a new machine
to pack washing powder.
Three machines were short listed and allow to run for a day.
At the end of the day four boxes of soap powder were picked at random from the production
of each machine.
The boxes were weighed and the =STDEV() function used as these boxes only represented
a sample of the complete days production.
The machine with the smallest deviation was the most consistent.

Soap Powder Box Filling Machine Test Results

Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Variance
Machine 1 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.5 0.08165 =STDEV(D34:G34)
Machine 2 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 0.05 =STDEV(D35:G35)
Machine 3 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 0.129099 =STDEV(D36:G36)

The smalles 0.05 =MIN(H34:H36)

The machine
Machine 2
=INDEX(C34:C36,MATCH(MIN(H34:H36),H34:H36

Explanation of formula:
This finds =MIN(H34:H36)
This finds =MATCH(MIN(H34:H36),H34:H36,0)
This looks =INDEX(C34:C36,MATCH(MIN(H34:H36),H34:H36,0))
find the machine name.
ATCH(MIN(H34:H36),H34:H36,0))
STDEVP

Values Values Values

10 10 10
10 10 11
9 11 9
10 10 12

0.433013 0.433013 1.118034

=STDEVP(C4:C7) =STDEVP(E4:E7) =STDEVP(G4:G7)

What Does It Do ?
This function calculates the standard deviation of a list of values.
The result is calculated on the basis that the values represent the entire population.

Syntax
=STDEVP(Range1,Range2,Range3 through to Range30)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The table below was used by a company interested in buying a new machine
to pack washing powder.
A trial run of just four boxes per machine were produced.
The boxes were weighed and the =STDEVP() function used as these boxes
represented the entire test run.
The machine with the smallest variance was the most consistent. ????????????????????

Soap Powder Box Filling Machine Test Results

Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Variance
Machine 1 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.5 0.070711 =STDEVP(D32:G32)
Machine 2 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 0.043301 =STDEVP(D33:G33)
Machine 3 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 0.111803 =STDEVP(D34:G34)

The smalles0.043301 =MIN(H32:H34)

The machine with the smallest variance is : Machine 2

=INDEX(C32:C34,MATCH(MIN(H32:H34),H32:H34

Explanation of formula:
This finds =(MIN(H32:H34)
This finds =MATCH(MIN(H32:H34),H32:H34,0)
This looks =INDEX(C32:C34,MATCH(MIN(H32:H34),H32:H34,0))
find the machine name.
ATCH(MIN(H32:H34),H32:H34,0))
SUBSTITUTE
Old Text New Text
Original TeTo RemoveTo Insert Updated Text
ABCDEF CD hello ABhelloEF =SUBSTITUTE(B4,C4,D4)
ABCDABCDCD hello ABhelloABh=SUBSTITUTE(B5,C5,D5)
Northern RRegion Area Northern A =SUBSTITUTE(B6,C6,D6)
Sand and and & S& & Ceme=SUBSTITUTE(B7,C7,D7)
Old Text New Text Instance To
Original TeTo RemoveTo Insert Be Replaced
Updated Text
ABCABCABABC hello 3 ABCABChello
Sand and and & 2 Sand & Cement
=SUBSTITUTE(B10,C10,D10,E10)
=SUBSTITUTE(B11,C11,D11,E11)

What Does It Do ?
This function replaces a specified piece of text with a different piece of text.
It can either replace all occurrences of the text, or a specific instance.
The function is case sensitive.

Syntax
=SUBSTITUTE(OriginalText,TextToRemove,TextToInsert,InstanceToUse)
The InstanceToUse is optional, if it is omitted all instances will be substituted.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Note
To cope with upper or lower case in the substitution you can use other text functions
such as =UPPER(), =LOWER() or =PROPER() to ensure that the substitution will take place.

Table 1 shows how differing text cases alter the result of the substitution.

Table 1 Old Text New Text

Original TeTo RemoveTo Insert Updated Text
Northern RRegion Area Northern Area
Northern rRegion Area Northern region
Northern Rregion Area Northern Region
Northern RRegion area Northern area
Northern Rregion area Northern Region
=SUBSTITUTE(B39,C39,D39)

Table 2 shows how the =PROPER() function has been used to take account of the mixed cases.
Table 2 Old Text New Text
Original TeTo RemoveTo Insert Updated Text
Northern RRegion Area Northern Area
Northern rRegion Area Northern Area
Northern Rregion Area Northern Area
Northern RRegion area Northern Area
Northern Rregion area Northern Area
=SUBSTITUTE(PROPER(B50),PROPER(C50),PROPER(D50))
SUM

Horizontal
100 200 300 600 =SUM(C4:E4)

Vertical
100
200
300
600 =SUM(C7:C9)

Single Cells
100 300 600 =SUM(C13,D14,E13)
200

Multiple Ranges
100 400
200 500
3000 600
4800 =SUM(C17:C19,E17:E19)

Functions
100 400
200 500
300 600
800 =SUM(AVERAGE(C23:C25),MAX(E23:E25))

What Does It Do ?
This function creates a total from a list of numbers.
It can be used either horizontally or vertically.
The numbers can be in single cells, ranges are from other functions.

Syntax
=SUM(Range1,Range2,Range3... through to Range30).

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Note
Many people use the =SUM() function incorrectly.
This example shows how the SUM has been combined with plus + symbols.
The formula is actually doing more work than needed.
It should have been entered as either =C48+C49+C50 or =SUM(C48:C50).

100
200
300
600 =SUM(C48+C49+C50) Wrong!
=SUM(C48:C50) Correct
=C48+C49+C50 Correct
SUM (Running Total)

Using =SUM() For A Running Total

Running
Month Sales Total
Jan 10 10 =SUM($D$7:D7)
Feb 50 60 =SUM($D$7:D8)
Mar 30 90 =SUM($D$7:D9)
Apr 20 110 =SUM($D$7:D10)
May 110 =SUM($D$7:D11)
Jun 110 =SUM($D$7:D12)
Jul 110 =SUM($D$7:D13)
Aug 110 =SUM($D$7:D14)
Sep 110 =SUM($D$7:D15)
Oct 110 =SUM($D$7:D16)
Nov 110 =SUM($D$7:D17)
Dec 110 =SUM($D$7:D18)

Type the formula =SUM($D$7:D7) in cell E7 and then copy down the table.
It works because the first reference uses dollar symbols $ to keep $D$7 static
as the formula is copied down. Each occurrence of the =SUM() then adds all
the numbers from the first cell down.

The function can be tidied up to show 0 zero when there is no adjacent value
by using the =IF() function.
Running
Month Sales Total
Jan 10 10 =SUM(IF(D7,$D$7:D7,0))
Feb 50 60 =SUM(IF(D8,$D$7:D8,0))
Mar 30 90 =SUM(IF(D9,$D$7:D9,0))
Apr 20 110 =SUM(IF(D10,$D$7:D10,0))
May 0 =SUM(IF(D11,$D$7:D11,0))
Jun 0 =SUM(IF(D12,$D$7:D12,0))
Jul 0 The =SUM() only takes place when
Aug 0 there is data in column D.
Sep 0 Otherwise the value 0 zero is entered.
Oct 0
Nov 0
Dec 0
SUM and the =OFFSET function

Sometimes it is necessary to base a calculation on a set of cells in different locations.

An example would be when a total is required from certain months of the year, such as
the last 3 months in relation to the current date.

One solution would be to retype the calculation each time new data is entered, but this
would be time consuming and open to human error.

A better way is to indicate the start and end point of the range to be calculated by
using the =OFFSET() function.

The =OFFSET() picks out a cell a certain number of cells away from another cell.
By giving the =OFFSET() the address of the first cell in the range which needs to
be totalled, we can then indicate how far away the end cell should be and the =OFFSET()
will give us the address of cell which will be the end of the range to be totalled.

The =OFFSET() needs to know three things;

1. A cell address to use as the fixed point from where it should base the offset.
2. How many rows it should look up or down from the starting point.
3. How many columns it should look left or right from the starting point.

Total Jan Feb Mar Apr May

10 10 400 500 600 700
=SUM(E24:OFFSET(E24,0,0))
This example uses E24 as the starting point and offsets no rows or columns which
results in the range being summed as E24:E24.

410 10 400 500 600 700

=SUM(E29:OFFSET(E29,0,1))
This example uses E29 as the starting point and offsets 1 col to pick out
cell F29 resulting in a the range E29:F29 being summed.

910 10 400 500 600 700

=SUM(E34:OFFSET(E34,0,2))
This example uses E34 as the starting point and offsets 2 cols to pick out
cell G34 resulting in a the range E34:G34 being summed.

Using =OFFSET() Twice In A Formula

The following examples use =OFFSET() to pick both the start and end of the range
which needs to be totalled.
Total Jan Feb Mar Apr May
400 10 400 500 600 700
=SUM(OFFSET(E45,0,1):OFFSET(E45,0,1))
The cell E45 has been used as the starting point for both offsets and each has
been offset by just 1 column. The result is that just cell F45 is used as the
range F45:F45 for the sum function to calculate.

900 10 400 500 600 700

=SUM(OFFSET(E51,0,1):OFFSET(E51,0,2))
The cell E51 has been used as the starting point of both offsets, the first offset is
offset by 1 column, the second by 2 columns. The result is the range F51:G51 which
is then totalled.

1500 10 400 500 600 700

=SUM(OFFSET(E57,0,1):OFFSET(E57,0,3))
The cell E57 has been used as the starting point for both offsets, the first offset is
offset by 1 column, the second by 3 columns. The result is the range F57:H57 which
is then totalled.

Example

The following table shows five months of data.

To calculate the total of a specific group of months the =OFFSET() function has been used.
The Start and End dates entered in cells F71 and F72 are used as the offset to produce
a range which can be totalled.

Type in the 35827

Type in th 35855

Total 35796 35827 35855 35886 35916

900 10 400 500 600 700

1020 15 20 1000 2000 3000

13 5 3 10 800 900
=SUM(OFFSET(D79,0,MONTH(F71)):OFFSET(D79,0,MONTH(F72)))

Explanation
The following formula represent a breakdown of what the =OFFSET function does.
The formula displayed below are only dummies, but they will update as you enter
dates into cells F71 and F72.
Formula 1 =SUM( OFFSET(D79,0,MONTH(F71)) : OFFSET(D79,0,MONTH(F72)) )
This is the actual formula entered by the user.

Formula 2 =SUM( OFFSET(D79,0,MONTH(2)) : OFFSET(D79,0,MONTH(3)) )

This shows how the =MONTH function calculates the month number.
In this example the values of the months are 2 and 3 for Feb and Mar.
These values are the 'offsets' relative to cell D79.

Formula 3 =SUM( OFFSET(D79,0,2) : OFFSET(D79,0,3) )

This shows where the month numbers are used in the =OFFSET function.

Formula 4 =SUM( F79:G79 )

This shows how the =OFFSET eventually equates to cell addresses
to be used as a range for the =SUM function.
 year, such as

tered, but this

the =OFFSET()

base the offset.

n has been used.
t to produce
SUMIF

Item Date Cost

Brakes 35796 80
Tyres 35925 25
Brakes 35827 80
Service 35855 150
Service 35800 300
Window 35947 50
Tyres 35886 200
Tyres 35855 100
Clutch 35916 250

Total cost of all Brakes bought. 160 =SUMIF(C4:C12,"Brakes",E4:E12)

Total cost of all Tyres bought. 325 =SUMIF(C4:C12,"Tyres",E4:E12)
Total of items costing £100 or above. 1000 =SUMIF(E4:E12,">=100")

Total of item typed in following cservice 450 =SUMIF(C4:C12,E18,E4:E12)

What Does It Do ?
This function adds the value of items which match criteria set by the user.

Syntax
=SUMIF(RangeOfThingsToBeExamined,CriteriaToBeMatched,RangeOfValuesToTotal)

=SUMIF(C4:C12,"Brakes",E4:E12This examines the names of products in C4:C12.

It then identifies the entries for Brakes.
It then totals the respective figures in E4:E12

=SUMIF(E4:E12,">=100") This examines the values in E4:E12.

If the value is >=100 the value is added to the total.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
SUMPRODUCT

Item Sold price

Tyres 5 100
Filters 2 10
Bulbs 3 2

Total Sales 526 =SUMPRODUCT(D4:D6,E4:E6)

What Does It Do ?
This function uses at least two columns of values.
The values in the first column are multipled with the corresponding value in the second column.
The total of all the values is the result of the calculation.

Syntax
=SUMPRODUCT(Range1, Range, Range3 through to Range30)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following table was used by a drinks merchant to keep track of stock.
The merchant needed to know the total purchase value of the stock, and the potential
value of the stock when it is sold, takinging into account the markup percentage.

The =SUMPRODUCT() function is used to multiply the Cases In Stock with the Case Price to
calculate what the merchant spent in buying the stock.

The =SUMPRODUCT() function is used to multiply the Cases In Stock with

the Bottles In Case and the Bottle Setting Price, to calculate the potential value of the
stock if it is all sold.

Bottles
Product Cases In StCase Price In Case Bottle CostMarkup Bottle Selling Price
Red Wine 10 120 10 12 0.25 15
White Win 8 130 10 13 0.25 16.25
Champagn 5 200 6 33.33333 0.8 60
Beer 50 24 12 2 0.2 2.4
Lager 100 30 12 2.5 0.25 3.125
=D39/E39 =F39+F39*G39

Total Value 7440 =SUMPRODUCT(C35:C39,D35:D39)

Total Sellin 9790 =SUMPRODUCT(C35:C39,E35:E39,H35:H39)

Profit : 2350 =E44-E43

SYD

Purchase V 20000
Second Han 8000
Number Of 6

Deprecation3428.571 =SYD(F3,F4,F5,1)
Deprecation2857.143 =SYD(F3,F4,F5,2)
Deprecation2285.714 =SYD(F3,F4,F5,3)
Deprecation1714.286 =SYD(F3,F4,F5,4)
Deprecation1142.857 =SYD(F3,F4,F5,5)
Deprecation571.4286 =SYD(F3,F4,F5,6)

Total Depre 12000 =SUM(F7:F12)

What Does It Do ?
This function calculates the depreciation of an item throughout its life, using the sum of the
years digits.
The depreciation is greatest in the earlier part of the items life.

What is the Sum Of The Years Digits ?

The sum of the years digits adds together the each of the years of the life.
A life of 3 years has a sum of 1+2+3 equalling 6.
Each of the years is then calculated as a percentage of the sum of the years.
Year 3 is 50% of 6, year 2 is 33% of 6, year 1 is 17% 6.
The total depreciation of the item is then allocated on the basis of these percentages.
A depreciation of £9000 is allocated as 50% being £4500, 33% being £3000, 17% being £1500.

9000
1 0.166667 1500
2 0.333333 3000
3 0.5 4500

As the greater part of the depreciation is allocated to the earliest years the values are
inverted, year 1 is $4500, year 2 is £3000 and year 1 is £1500.

Example 1

Purchase Pr 10000
Salvage Val 1000
Expected Li 3
As % Of Total Depreciation
Depreciatio 4500 ===> 0.5
 Depreciatio 3000 ===> 0.333333
Depreciatio 1500 ===> 0.166667
=SYD(E39,E40,E41,3)

1. Add together the digits of the Life to get the SumOfTheYearsDigits, 1+2+3=6.
2. Subtract the Salvage from the Purchase Price to get Total Deprectation, £10000-£1000=£9000.
3. Divide the Total Deprectation by the SumOfTheYearsDigits, £9000/6=£1500.
4. Invert the year digits, 1,2,3 becomes 3,2,1.
5. Multiply 3,2,1 by £1500 to get £4500, £3000, £1500, these values are the depreciation
values for each of the three years in the life of the item.

Example 2
The same example using 4 years.

Purchase Pr 10000
Salvage Val 1000
Expected Li 4
As % Of Total Depriciation
Depreciatio 3600 0.4
Depreciatio 2700 0.3
Depreciatio 1800 0.2
Depreciatio 900 0.1
Total Depre 9000 1

Example 3
This example will adjust itself to accommodate any number of years between 1 and 10.

Purchase Pr 10000
Salvage Val 1000
Expected Lif 7
As % Of Total Depriciation
Year 1 2250 0.25
Year 2 1928.571 0.214286
Year 3 $1,607.14 $0.18
Year 4 $1,285.71 $0.14
Year 5 $964.29 $0.11
Year 6 $642.86 $0.07
Year 7 $321.43 $0.04
Year
Year
Year
9000 1
Syntax
=SYD(OriginalCost,SalvageValue,Life,PeriodToCalculate)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
T

Cell To TesResult
Hello Hello =T(D4)
10 =T(D5)
35796 =T(D6)
=T(D7)

What Does It Do ?
This function examines an entry to determine whether it is text or not.
If the value is text, then the text is the result of the function
If the value is not text, the result is a blank.
The function is not specifically needed by Excel, but is included for compatibility with
other spreadsheet programs.

Syntax
=T(CellToTest)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
TEXT

Original N Converted To Text

10 10.00 =TEXT(C4,"0.00")
10 £10.00 =TEXT(C5,"£0.00")
10 10 =TEXT(C6,"0")
10 £10 =TEXT(C7,"£0")
10.25 10.3 =TEXT(C8,"0.0")
10.25 £10.3 =TEXT(C9,"£0.0")

What Does It Do ?
This function converts a number to a piece of text.
The formatting for the text needs to be specified in the function.

Syntax
=TEXT(NumberToConvert,FormatForConversion)

Formatting
No special formatting is required.
TIME

Hour Minute Second Time

14 30 59 0.60485 =TIME(C4,D4,E4)
14 30 59 0.60485 =TIME(C5,D5,E5)
14 30 59 0.60485 =TIME(C6,D6,E6)

What Does It Do?

This function will convert three separate numbers to an actual time.

Syntax
=TIME(Hour,Minute,Second)

Formatting
The result will be shown as a time which can be formatted either as 12 or 24 hour style.
If a normal number format is applied a decimal fraction is shown which represents the
time as a fraction of the day.
TIMEVALUE

Text Time
14:30:59 0.60485 =TIMEVALUE(C4)
14:30:59 0.60485 =TIMEVALUE(C5)
14:30:59 0.60485 =TIMEVALUE(C6)

What Does It Do?

This function will show an actual time based on a piece of text which looks
like a time. It is useful when data is imported from other applications, such as
from mainframe computers, which convert all values to text.

Syntax
=TIMEVALUE(Text)

Formatting
The result will be shown as a number representing the time a fraction of the day.
Formatting can be applied for either the 12 or 24 hour clock system.
TODAY

Today Is
45811 =TODAY()

What Does It Do?

Use this to show the current date.

Syntax
=TODAY()

Formatting
The result will normally be displayed using the DD-MMM-YY format.

Example
The following example shows how the Today function is used to calculate the number
of days since a particular day.

Date Days Since

35431 10380 =TODAY()-C20
35652 10159 =TODAY()-C21

Note that the result is actually the number of days before todays date. To calculate
a result which includes the current date an extra 1 will need to be added.

Date Days Since

35431 10381 =TODAY()-C28+1
35652 10160 =TODAY()-C29+1

Example
The following example shows the number of days from today until the year 2000.

Year 2000 Days Until

36526 -9285 =C36-TODAY()
TRANSPOSE

Jan Feb
Alan 10 30
Bob 40 50
Carol 70 80
Total 120 160

Alan Bob Carol Total

Jan 10 40 70 120
Feb 30 50 80 160

{=TRANSPOSE(C3:E7)}

As an array formula in all these cells

What Does It Do ?
This function copies data from a range, and places in it in a new range, turning it so
that the data originally in columns is now in rows, and the data originally in rows
is in columns.
The transpose range must be the same size as the original range.
The function needs to be entered as an array formula.
To enter an array formula you must first highlight all the cells where the formula is required.
Next type the formula, such as =TRANSPOSE(A1:A5).
Finally press Ctrl+Shift+Enter to confirm it.
If changes need to be made to the formula, the entire array has to be highlighted, the edits
can then be made and the Ctrl+Shift+Enter used to confirm it.

Syntax
=TRANSPOSE(Range)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
TREND WHAT IS CONST b ?

Historical Data Predicted Values

Month Sales Month Sales
1 1000 7 4940 {=TREND(C8:C13,B8:B13,E8:E13)}
2 2000 8 5551.429 {=TREND(C5:C10,B5:B10,E5:E10)}
3 2500 9 6162.857 {=TREND(C5:C10,B5:B10,E5:E10)}
4 3500 10 6774.286 {=TREND(C5:C10,B5:B10,E5:E10)}
5 3800 11 7385.714 {=TREND(C5:C10,B5:B10,E5:E10)}
6 4000 12 7997.143 {=TREND(C5:C10,B5:B10,E5:E10)}

What Does It Do ?
This function predicts values based upon three sets of related values.
The prediction is based upon the Linear Trend of the original values.
The function is an array function and must be entered using Ctrl+Shift+Enter.

Syntax
=TREND(KnownYs,KnownXs,RequiredXs,Constant)
The KnownYs is the range of values, such as Sales Figures.
The KnownXs is the intervals used when collecting the data, such as Months.
The RequiredXs is the range for which you want to make the prediction, such as Months.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The following tables were used by a company to predict when they would start to
make a profit.
Their bank manager had told the company that unless they could show a profit by the
end of the next year, the bank would no longer provide an overdraft facility.
To prove to the bank that, based upon the past years performance, the company would
start to make a profit at the end of the next year, the =TREND() function was used.
The historical data for the past year was entered, months 1 to 12.
The months to predict were entered, 13 to 24.
The =TREND() function shows that it will be month 22 before the company make a profit.

Historical Data Predicted Values

Month Profit Month Profit
1 -5000 13 -2225.758 {=TREND(C41:C52,B41:B52,E41:E52)}
2 -4800 14 -1967.541 The
3 -4600 15 -1709.324 same
 4 -4750 16 -1451.107 function
5 -4800 17 -1192.89 used
6 -4500 18 -934.6737 in
7 -4000 19 -676.4569 all
8 -3800 20 -418.2401 cells
9 -3300 21 -160.0233 as
10 -2000 22 98.19347 an
11 -2500 23 356.4103 array
12 -2800 24 614.627 formula

How To Enter An Array Formula

Select all the cells where the array is required, such as F41 to F52.
Type the formula such as =TREND(C41:C52,B41:B52,E41:E52), but do not press Enter.
Hold the Ctrl+Shift keys down.
Press Enter to enter the formula as an array.
TRIM

Original TeTrimmed Text

ABCD ABCD =TRIM(C4)
A B C ABCD =TRIM(C5)
Alan Alan Jones =TRIM(C6)
ABCD ABCD =TRIM(C7)

What Does It Do ?
This function removes unwanted spaces from a piece of text.
The spaces before and after the text will be removed completely.
Multiple spaces within the text will be trimmed to a single space

Syntax
=TRIM(TextToTrim)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
TRUNC
Precision For
Truncated
Number TruncationNumber
1.47589 0 1 =TRUNC(C4,D4)
1.47589 1 1.4 =TRUNC(C5,D5)
1.47589 2 1.47 =TRUNC(C6,D6)
-1.47589 1 -1.4 =TRUNC(C7,D7)
-1.47589 2 -1.47 =TRUNC(C8,D8)
13643.48 -1 13640 =TRUNC(C9,D9)
13643.48 -2 13600 =TRUNC(C10,D10)
13643.48 -3 13000 =TRUNC(C11,D11)

What Does It Do ?
This function removes the decimal part of a number, it does not actually round the number.

Syntax
=TRUNC(NumberToTuncate,Precision)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
UPPER

Original TeUpper Case

alan jones ALAN JONE =UPPER(C4)
bob smith BOB SMITH=UPPER(C5)
carOl wiLL CAROL WIL =UPPER(C6)
cardiff CARDIFF =UPPER(C7)
abc123 ABC123 =UPPER(C8)

What Does It Do ?
This function converts all characters in a piece of text to upper case.

Syntax
=UPPER(TextToConvert)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
See the example for FREQUENCY.
VALUE

Text ContaValue
Annual tur Err:502 =VALUE(MID(C4,SEARCH("£",C4),99))

There was a 0.02

There was a 0.5
A 100% inc 1
Only a 2% i 0.02
Approx 50% 0.5
There was a 1 * See explanation below.
=VALUE(MID(SUBSTITUTE(C11," "," "),SEARCH("???%",SUBSTITUTE(C11," "," ")),4))

The winnin 0.0625 =VALUE(MID(C14,SEARCH("??:??",C14),5))

The winnin 0.0625 =VALUE(MID(C15,SEARCH("??:??",C15),5))
The winnin 0.4375 =VALUE(MID(C16,SEARCH("??:??",C16),5))
The winnin 0.020833 =VALUE(MID(C17,SEARCH("??:??",C17),5))

What Does It Do ?
This function converts a piece of text which resembles a number into an actual value.
If the number in the middle of a long piece of text it will have to be extracted using other
text functions such as =SEARCH(), =MID(), =FIND(), =SUBSTITUTE, =LEFT() or =RIGHT().

Syntax
=VALUE(TextToConvert)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.
The result will be shown as a value, based upon the original text.
If the £ sign is included in the text it will be ignored.
If the % sign is included in the text, the result will be a decimal fraction which can then
be formatted as a percentage.
If the original text format appears as a time hh:mm the result will be a time.
The same will be true for other recognised formats.

Explanation of formula shown above.

To extract the values from the following text is complicated!
The actual percentage value is of variable length, it can be either one, two or three digits long.
The only way to identify the value is the fact it always ends with the % sign.
There is no way to identify the beginning of the value, other than it is preceded by a space.
The main problem is calculating the length of the value to extract.
If the extraction assumes the maximum length of three digits and the % sign, errors will occur
when the percentage is only one digit long, as alphabetic characters will be included.
To get around the problem the =SUBSTITUTE() function was used to increase the size of the
spaces in the text.
Now when the extraction takes place any unnecessary characters will be spaces which are
ignored by the =VALUE() function.

There was a 0.02

There was a 0.5
There was a 1

=VALUE(MID(SUBSTITUTE(C52," "," "),SEARCH("???%",SUBSTITUTE(C52," "," ")),4))

ITUTE(C11," "," ")),4))
VAR

Values Values Values

10 10 10
10 10 11
9 11 9
10 10 12

0.25 0.25 1.666667

=VAR(C4:C7) =VAR(E4:E7) =VAR(G4:G7)

What Does It Do ?
This function calculates the sample population variance of a list of values.
A sample population is used when the list of values represents a sample of a population.

Syntax
=VAR(Range1,Range2,Range3 through to Range30)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The table below was used by a company interested in buying a new machine
to pack washing powder.
Three machines were short listed and allow to run for a day.
At the end of the day four boxes of soap powder were picked at random from the production
of each machine.
The boxes were weighed and the =VAR() function used as these boxes only represented
a sample of the complete days production.
The machine with the smallest variance was the most consistent.

Soap Powder Box Filling Machine Test Results

Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Variance
Machine 1 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.5 0.006667 =VAR(D34:G34)
Machine 2 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 0.0025 =VAR(D35:G35)
Machine 3 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 0.016667 =VAR(D36:G36)

The smalles 0.0025 =MIN(H34:H36)

The machine with the smallest variance is : Machine 2

=INDEX(C34:C36,MATCH(MIN(H34:H36),H34:H36

Explanation of formula:
This finds =MIN(H34:H36)
This finds =MATCH(MIN(H34:H36),H34:H36,0)
This looks =INDEX(C34:C36,MATCH(MIN(H34:H36),H34:H36,0))
find the machine name.
ATCH(MIN(H34:H36),H34:H36,0))
VARP

Values Values Values

10 10 10
10 10 11
9 11 9
10 10 12

0.1875 0.1875 1.25

=VARP(C4:C7) =VARP(E4:E7) =VARP(G4:G7)

What Does It Do ?
This function calculates the variance of a list of values.
The variance is calculated on the basis that the values represent the entire population.

Syntax
=VARP(Range1,Range2,Range3 through to Range30)

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example
The table below was used by a company interested in buying a new machine
to pack washing powder.
A trial run a just four boxes per machine were produced.
The boxes were weighed and the =VARP() function used as these boxes
represented the entire test run.
The machine with the smallest variance was the most consistent.

Soap Powder Box Filling Machine Test Results

Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Variance
Machine 1 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.5 0.005 =VARP(D32:G32)
Machine 2 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 0.001875 =VARP(D33:G33)
Machine 3 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 0.0125 =VARP(D34:G34)

The smalles0.001875 =MIN(H32:H34)

The machine with the smallest variance is : Machine 2

=INDEX(C32:C34,MATCH(MIN(H32:H34),H32:H34

Explanation of formula:
This finds =(MIN(H32:H34)
This finds =MATCH(MIN(H32:H34),H32:H34,0)
This looks =INDEX(C32:C34,MATCH(MIN(H32:H34),H32:H34,0))
find the machine name.
ATCH(MIN(H32:H34),H32:H34,0))
VLOOKUP

The column numbers are not needed.

they are part of the illustration.
col 1 col 2 col 3 col 4 col 5 col 6
Jan 10 20 30 40 50
Feb 80 90 100 110 120
Mar 97 69 45 51 77

Type a mont
Feb
Which colu 4

The result i 100

=VLOOKUP(G11,C6:H8,G12,FALSE)

What Does It Do ?
This function scans down the row headings at the side of a table to find a specified item.
When the item is found, it then scans across to pick a cell entry.

Syntax
=VLOOKUP(ItemToFind,RangeToLookIn,ColumnToPickFrom,SortedOrUnsorted)
The ItemToFind is a single item specified by the user.
The RangeToLookIn is the range of data with the row headings at the left hand side.
The ColumnToPickFrom is how far across the table the function should look to pick from.
The Sorted/Unsorted is whether the column headings are sorted. TRUE for yes, FALSE for no.

Formatting
No special formatting is needed.

Example 1
This table is used to find a value based on a specified name and month.
The =VLOOKUP() is used to scan down to find the name.
The problem arises when we need to scan across to find the month column.
To solve the problem the =MATCH() function is used.

The =MATCH() looks through the list of names to find the month we require. It then calculates
the position of the month in the list. Unfortunately, because the list of months is not as wide
as the lookup range, the =MATCH() number is 1 less than we require, so and extra 1 is
added to compensate.

The =VLOOKUP() now uses this =MATCH() number to look across the columns and
picks out the correct cell entry.
The =VLOOKUP() uses FALSE at the end of the function to indicate to Excel that the
row headings are not sorted.

Jan Feb Mar

Bob 10 80 97
Eric 20 90 69
Alan 30 100 45
Carol 40 110 51
David 50 120 77

Type a name
eric
Type a mont
mar

The result i 69
=VLOOKUP(F56,C50:F54,MATCH(F57,D49:F49,0)+1,FALSE)

Example 2
This example shows how the =VLOOKUP() is used to pick the cost of a spare part for
different makes of cars.
The =VLOOKUP() scans down row headings in column F for the spare part entered in column C.
When the make is found, the =VLOOKUP() then scans across to find the price, using the
result of the =MATCH() function to find the position of the make of car.

The functions use the absolute ranges indicated by the dollar symbol . This ensures that
when the formula is copied to more cells, the ranges for =VLOOKUP() and =MATCH() do
not change.

Maker Spare Cost Lookup Table

Vauxhall Ignition 50 Vauxhall Ford VW
VW GearBox 600 GearBox 500 450 600
Ford Engine 1200 Engine 1000 1200 800
VW Steering 275 Steering 250 350 275
Ford Ignition 70 Ignition 50 70 45
Ford CYHead 290 CYHead 300 290 310
Vauxhall GearBox 500
Ford Engine 1200
=VLOOKUP(C81,F75:I79,MATCH(B81,G74:I74,0)+1,FALSE)

Example 3
In the following example a builders merchant is offering discount on large orders.
The Unit Cost Table holds the cost of 1 unit of Brick, Wood and Glass.
The Discount Table holds the various discounts for different quantities of each product.
The Orders Table is used to enter the orders and calculate the Total.

All the calculations take place in the Orders Table.

The name of the Item is typed in column C of the Orders Table.

The Unit Cost of the item is then looked up in the Unit Cost Table.
The FALSE option has been used at the end of the function to indicate that the product
names down the side of the Unit Cost Table are not sorted.
Using the FALSE option forces the function to search for an exact match. If a match is
not found, the function will produce an error.
=VLOOKUP(C126,C114:D116,2,FALSE)

The discount is then looked up in the Discount Table

If the Quantity Ordered matches a value at the side of the Discount Table the =VLOOKUP will
look across to find the correct discount.
The TRUE option has been used at the end of the function to indicate that the values
down the side of the Discount Table are sorted.
Using TRUE will allow the function to make an approximate match. If the Quantity Ordered does
not match a value at the side of the Discount Table, the next lowest value is used.
Trying to match an order of 125 will drop down to 100, and the discount from
the 100 row is used.
=VLOOKUP(D126,F114:I116,MATCH(C126,G113:I113,0)+1,TRUE)

Discount Table
Unit Cost Table Brick Wood Glass
Brick 2 1 0 0 0
Wood 1 100 0.06 0.03 0.12
Glass 3 300 0.08 0.05 0.15

Orders Table
Item Units Unit Cost Discount Total
Brick 100 2 0.06 188
Wood 200 1 0.03 194
Glass 150 3 0.12 396
Brick 225 2 0.06 423
Wood 50 1 0 50
Glass 500 3 0.15 1275

Formula for :
Unit Cost =VLOOKUP(C126,C114:D116,2,FALSE)
Discount =VLOOKUP(D126,F114:I116,MATCH(C126,G113:I113,0)+1,TRUE)
Total =(D126*E126)-(D126*E126*F126)
rs are not needed.
9:F49,0)+1,FALSE)
Ordered does
WEEKDAY

Date Weekday
35796 5 =WEEKDAY(C4)
35796 5 =WEEKDAY(C5)
35796 5 =WEEKDAY(C6,1)
35796 4 =WEEKDAY(C7,2)
35796 3 =WEEKDAY(C8,3)

What Does It Do?

This function shows the day of the week from a date.

Syntax
=WEEKDAY(Date,Type)
Type : This is used to indicate the week day numbering system.
1 : will set Sunday as 1 through to Saturday as 7
2 : will set Monday as 1 through to Sunday as 7.
3 : will set Monday as 0 through to Sunday as 6.
If no number is specified, Excel will use 1.

Formatting
The result will be shown as a normal number.
To show the result as the name of the day, use Format, Cells, Custom and set
the Type to ddd or dddd.

Example
The following table was used by a hotel which rented a function room.
The hotel charged different rates depending upon which day of the week the booking was for.
The Booking Date is entered.
The Actual Day is calculated.
The Booking Cost is picked from a list of rates using the =LOOKUP() function.

Booking DaActual DayBooking Cost

35802 4 30
=LOOKUP(WEEKDAY(C34),C39:D45)

Booking Rates
Day Of WeCost
1 50
2 25
3 25
4 30
5 40
6 50
7 100
WORKDAY

StartDate Days Result

35796 28 =WORKDAY(D4,E4)
35796 28 =WORKDAY(D5,E5)

What Does It Do?

Use this function to calculate a past or future date based on a starting date and a
specified number of days. The function excludes weekends and holidays and can
therefore be used to calculate delivery dates or invoice dates.

Syntax
=WORKDAY(StartDate,Days,Holidays)

Formatting
The result will normally be shown as a number which can be formatted to a
normal date by using Format,Cells,Number,Date.

Example
The following example shows how the function can be used to calculate delivery dates
based upon an initial Order Date and estimated Delivery Days.

Order DateDelivery D Delivery Date

35828 2
36144 28
=WORKDAY(D25,E25,D28:D32)
Holidays
Bank Holiday 35916
Xmas 36154
New Year 35431
New Year 35796
New Year 36161
YEAR

Date Year
36154 1998 =YEAR(C4)

What Does It Do?

This function extracts the year number from a date.

Syntax
=YEAR(Date)

Formatting
The result is shown as a number.
YEARFRAC

Start Date End Date Fraction

35796 35886 =YEARFRAC(C4,D4)
35796 36160 =YEARFRAC(C5,D5)
35796 35886 =YEARFRAC(C6,D6)

What Does It Do?

This function calculates the difference between two dates and expresses the result
as a decimal fraction.

Syntax
=YEARFRAC(StartDate,EndData,Basis)
Basis : Defines the calendar system to be used in the function.
0 : or omitted USA style 30 days per month divided by 360.
1 : 29 or 30 or 31 days per month divided by 365.
2 : 29 or 30 or 31 days per month divided by 360.
3 : 29 or 30 0r 31 days per month divided by 365.
4 : European 29 or 30 or 31 days divided by 360.

Formatting
The result will be shown as a decimal fraction, but can be formatted as a percent.

Example
The following table was used by a company which hired people on short term contracts
for a part of the year.
The Pro Rata Salary which represents the annual salary is entered.
The Start and End dates of the contract are entered.
The =YEARFRAC() function is used to calculate Actual Salary for the portion of the year.

Start End Pro Rata SaActual Salary

35796 36160 12000 =YEARFRAC(B32,C32+1,4)*D32
35796 35885 12000 =YEARFRAC(B33,C33+1,4)*D33
35796 35976 12000 =YEARFRAC(B34,C34+1,4)*D34

Note
The extra 1 has been added to the End date to compensate for the fact that the =YEARFRAC()
function calculates from the Start date up to, but not including, the End date.
Project Dates House Building

Target Deli 35822 Target Bud 12000

Days
Job Stage Start Date Required End Date Daily Cost Total
Survey 35800 5 200 1000
Foundation 4 1000 4000
Walls 3 800 2400
Roof 6 400 2400
Electrics 4 300 1200

Actual Deli 0 Total Cost 11000

Against Target Budget % 0.916667

Total Days 22