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Python Further Extensions

The document provides comprehensive notes on Python further extensions, covering topics such as virtual environments, pip usage, modular programming, object-oriented programming, file handling, exception handling, decorators, generators, context managers, and testing. Each section includes commands, examples, and explanations to enhance understanding and application. It serves as a guide for managing dependencies, structuring code, handling errors, and implementing advanced features in Python.

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9 views4 pages

Python Further Extensions

The document provides comprehensive notes on Python further extensions, covering topics such as virtual environments, pip usage, modular programming, object-oriented programming, file handling, exception handling, decorators, generators, context managers, and testing. Each section includes commands, examples, and explanations to enhance understanding and application. It serves as a guide for managing dependencies, structuring code, handling errors, and implementing advanced features in Python.

Uploaded by

msd604757
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Python - Further Extensions

Python Further Extensions - Comprehensive Notes

1. Virtual Environments

Purpose: Manage project dependencies separately.

Command:

python -m venv myenv

Activate:

Windows: myenv\Scripts\activate

Mac/Linux: source myenv/bin/activate

Deactivate: deactivate

Install Packages:

pip install <package>

Freeze dependencies:

pip freeze > requirements.txt

2. Working with Pip

Install pip:

python -m ensurepip --upgrade

Upgrade pip:

pip install --upgrade pip

Install packages:

pip install <package-name>

Uninstall packages:

pip uninstall <package-name>

List installed packages:

pip list

3. Modular Programming

Why Modularize?: Increases readability, reusability, and organization.

Creating Modules:

# mymodule.py
def greet(name):
return f"Hello, {name}!"

Importing Modules:

import mymodule
print(mymodule.greet("Alice"))

Selective Import:

from mymodule import greet


print(greet("Bob"))

4. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Classes and Objects:

class Dog:
def __init__(self, name, breed):
self.name = name
self.breed = breed

def bark(self):
return "Woof!"

dog1 = Dog("Buddy", "Golden Retriever")


print(dog1.bark())

Inheritance:

class Animal:
def speak(self):
return "I am an animal"

class Cat(Animal):
def speak(self):
return "Meow"

Encapsulation: Use underscores (_) for private variables.

Polymorphism: Different classes with the same method name.

5. File Handling

Reading a File:

with open('file.txt', 'r') as file:


contents = file.read()

Writing to a File:

with open('file.txt', 'w') as file:


file.write("Hello, World!")

Appending to a File:

with open('file.txt', 'a') as file:


file.write("More text\n")
6. Exception Handling

Try-Except:

try:
x = 1 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero")

Multiple Exceptions:

try:
y = int("abc")
except (ValueError, TypeError):
print("Invalid input")

Finally Block:

try:
file = open("file.txt")
finally:
file.close()

7. Decorators

Purpose: Modify the behavior of functions or methods.

Basic Decorator:

def decorator_func(func):
def wrapper():
print("Before function call")
func()
print("After function call")
return wrapper

@decorator_func
def greet():
print("Hello!")

greet()

8. Generators and Iterators

Generators:

def my_generator():
for i in range(5):
yield i

for value in my_generator():


print(value)

Iterators:

my_list = [1, 2, 3]
iter_obj = iter(my_list)
print(next(iter_obj))
9. Context Managers

Usage: Manage resources like file handling automatically.

With Statement:

with open("file.txt", "r") as file:


contents = file.read()

Custom Context Manager:

class ManagedResource:
def __enter__(self):
print("Resource acquired")

def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):


print("Resource released")

with ManagedResource():
print("Using resource")

10. Testing and Debugging

Unit Testing:

import unittest

def add(x, y):


return x + y

class TestMath(unittest.TestCase):
def test_add(self):
self.assertEqual(add(2, 3), 5)

if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()

Debugging:

import pdb
pdb.set_trace()

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