What is a computer?

What is Language?
Types of Language

What is Java?
●​ Java is a high-level and object-oriented programming language;
●​ it’s platform-independent.
●​ It is the fastest language, reliable, and secure.
●​ Around 500 companies 90% use java. Sal 7 lak/per annum.

Knowledge:

●​ mobile developer, Full stack web developer, Backend Developer…

Now… Python why?

Introduction:

Introduced by Sun Microsystems in 1995-now known as Oracle.

There is a huge circle of people using Java to construct web-based applications,

enterprise systems, mobile applications of course, Android apps, among many
more.

Why Java?
From desktop to web applications, scientific supercomputers to gaming consoles,
cell phones to the Internet, Java is used in every nook and cranny.
Java’s Environment:
To learn Java or any programming language, one first needs to know about its
environment. Environment refers to the circumstances where a programming
language works and how that program works. Java runs on a JVM environment.

High level language

Convert by Javac
Byte code

JVM convert into

Machine Read code & Execute

Return back to High Level language.

Unit:1 An overview of Internet

Internet – Overview –Internet Protocols – Internet address – Internet access –
Applications – Future of Internet and intranet related Applications.

– Basic concepts of OOP – benefits of OOP – Object Oriented applications of

OOP –

Data types, variables and arrays – Programs with input,numeric input – type
conversion and casting.

Why the Internet in Java?

Java is a popular choice for developing internet applications.
Java is used to create applets.

Unit 1
Internet

Internet

●​ Definition
●​ Applications
●​ How the internet works
●​ Internet Retrospective
●​ The main components of the internet
○​ Client or endpoint devices.
○​ Servers
○​ Internet protocols.:
○​ IP addresses.
○​ Routers.
 ○​ Domain name system
○​ Web browsers.
○​ ISPs
Intranet

●​ Why is Intranet Important?

●​ Features of intranet
●​ Advantages of Intranet
●​ Disadvantages of Intranet
●​ Difference between Internet and Intranet

TCP/IP Standardization Approach for Internet and Intranet

Types of Network in Internet

●​ PAN
●​ LAN
●​ MAN
●​ WAN

What is the Internet?

 ●​ The Internet is a global network that connects billions of computers across
the world with each other to communicate with each other using set of
protocols.
●​ The internet, sometimes simply called the net.
●​ The Internet allows us to communicate with the people sitting at remote
locations.

Why is the Internet Called a Network?

●​ The Internet is called a network as it creates a network by connecting

computers and servers across the world using routers, switches and
telephone lines, and other communication devices and channels.

History:

The internet was Introduced by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
of the U.S. government in 1969.

ARPA was later renamed the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
(DARPA) in 1972.

Type of Internetworking

• Internet -Internet is a global network that connects billions of

computers across the world

●​ Intranet-An intranet is a private network contained within an

enterprise that is used to securely share company information and
computing resources among employees
 ●​ Extranet-An extranet is an organization's private network and its
available only for selected users.

​ Why need the internet?

​ Communication
​ Used to to access information over the web
​ Social networking
​ Online shopping
​ Online banking
​ Education and upskilling
​
​ How connect internet?
​
​ https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/computerbasics/connecting-to-the-internet/1/
​
​ ISP stands for Internet Service Provider, which is a company that
provides internet access to individuals and businesses. ISPs use various
technologies to provide internet access, such as dial-up, DSL, cable,
fiber-optic, satellite, and mobile networks.

Two main types of connection

1.​ Wired connection

 2.​ Wireless connection

Wired connections:

Dial-up: This is generally the slowest type of Internet connection,Dial-up

Internet uses your phone line,so unless you have multiple phone lines you
will not be able to use your landline and the Internet at the same time.

DSL((Digital Subscriber Line): DSL service uses a broadband

connection. which makes it much faster than dial-up. DSL connects to the
Internet via a phone line but does not require you to have a landline at home.
And unlike dial-up, you'll be able to use the Internet and your phone line
at the same time.

Cable: Cable service connects to the Internet via cable TV. It uses a
broadband connection and can be faster than both dial-up and DSL service;
however, it is only available where cable TV is available.

optical fibers: Fastest way to provide the services compared to others.

wireless connections:

Satellite: A satellite connection uses broadband but does not require cable or
phone lines; it connects to the Internet through satellites.

3G,4G and 5G: It is most commonly used with mobile phones, and it
connects wirelessly through your ISP's network.
​ Every computer on the internet is identified by a unique IP address.
​
​ IP Address is a unique set of numbers (such as 110.22.33.114) which identifies a
computer location.

It uses the standard internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to connect billions of

computer users worldwide.
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-of-internet-connection/

Hardware needed

Modem:The type of Internet access you choose will determine the type of modem
you need. Dial-up access uses a telephone modem, DSL service uses a DSL
modem, cable access uses a cable modem, and satellite service uses a satellite
adapter.

Router: A router is a hardware device that allows you to connect several

computers and other devices to a single Internet connection, which is known as a
home network. Many routers are wireless, which allows you to create a home
wireless network, commonly known as a Wi-Fi network.

Difference between the World Wide Web and the internet

The internet is a global connection of networks

The web is a collection of information or websites that can be accessed using the
internet.

WWW INTERNET

What is it? A system for navigating the A network of connected

internet. computers that the web runs
on.

Is it a service? Yes No. It is an infrastructure.

It can be viewed Collection of books in a A book store

as a store.

It uses An HTTP IP address

Is it a superset? No. WWW is a subset of Yes. Internet is superset of

the Internet. WWW.

Its first version is NSFNET ARPANET

known as

—-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

What is the Internet?

●​ The Internet is a global network that uses TCP / IP protocols to connect

millions of computers worldwide.
 ●​ It can include different networks, such as private, public, organizational,
academic, government, etc.
●​ It allows users to communicate with each other and share massive amounts
of data in various formats.
●​ The Internet is available in both modes, wired and wireless.
●​ In wired mode, the data travels through fiber optic cables, whereas in
wireless mode, the data travels through radio waves.

Applications of the Internet:

○​ File sharing
○​ Downloading media files and software
○​ Sending and receiving emails
○​ Browsing any information
○​ Using social media platforms, forums, and communities
○​ E-Commerce, bill payments, online purchasing of food and medicines
○​ Voice Calls, Video Conferencing, and Chatting with friends, family
members, and colleagues
How the internet works

●​ Every device attempting to access the internet is initially linked either

physically through cables or wirelessly.

●​ Each computer connected to the internet is also assigned a unique IP

address.

●​ When one device attempts to send a message to another device, the data is
sent over the internet in the form of packets and each packet is assigned a
port number.

●​ A packet that has both a unique IP address and port number can be
translated from alphabetic text into electronic signals by traveling through
the layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.

●​ The message is then sent over the internet where it's received by the
internet service provider's (ISP) router.

●​ The router examines the destination address assigned to each packet and
determines where to send it.

●​ The packet reaches the client and travels in reverse from the bottom
physical layer of the OSI model to the top application layer.

The main components of the internet

●​ Client or endpoint devices.

●​ Servers: Servers are the computers that provide services or share stored
resources with the client devices.
 ●​ Internet protocols.: To retrieve the required data on the internet, a set of
guidelines and procedures known as protocols. Common internet
protocols include IP, TCP/IP, HTTP, HTTP Secure (HTTPS) and file transfer
protocol. Other protocols, such as Session Initiation Protocol for voice-over
IP, Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3) and Internet Message Access Protocol for
email are also used.

●​ IP addresses. IP addresses are used to identify devices on the internet.

These can include IPv4 addresses such as 192.168.1.1

●​ Routers. Routers forward data packets between computer networks.

●​ Domain name system. DNS converts human-readable domain names, such

as www.example.com, into machine-readable IP addresses.

●​ Web browsers. Web browsers or search engines -- including Apple Safari,

Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge.

●​ ISPs. ISPs are companies that provide users with internet connectivity. They
operate the infrastructure, including the cables and routers needed to connect
users to the global network.

Internet Retrospective:

1. Origins: The ARPANET (1960s–1970s):

●​ The U.S. Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET)

was the first public packet-switched computer network. It was first
used in 1969 and finally decommissioned in 1989.
●​ Protocols-NCP,TC/P
●​ ARPANET's main use was for academic and research purposes.
 2. Transition to Public Access (1980s–1990s):

In 1984, the introduction of the Domain Name System (DNS) replaced

numeric IP addresses with human-readable domain names like ".com" and
".edu."

In 1989, British scientist Tim Berners-Lee proposed the World Wide Web, a
system for accessing information on the internet using hypertext. By 1991,
the first website was live.

The release of the Mosaic browser in 1993 catalyzed the web’s

popularization, offering user-friendly graphical interfaces.

3. The Dot-Com Boom and Bust (1995–2001)

The dot-com boom and bust was a period of rapid growth in the stock
market for internet-based companies that occurred from 1995 to 2001

4. Web 2.0 and the Social Internet (2000s)

The early 2000s introduced "Web 2.0," characterized by interactive platforms,

user-generated content, and social networking. Platforms like MySpace,
Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter redefined communication and entertainment.

5. The Mobile and Cloud Revolution (2010s)

The 2010s were a decade of significant technological advancements, including

the mobile revolution and the cloud computing revolution

6. Current Trends and Challenges (2020s)

Today, the internet accepts every aspect of modern life from education and
healthcare to governance and entertainment
 intranet

The intranet is a private network that belongs to a particular organization.

As this is a private network, so no one from the outside world can access this
network.

So many organizations and companies have their intranet network and only its
members and staff have access to this network.

This is also used to protect your data and provide data security to a particular
organization

Why is Intranet Important?

●​ Improves internal communication
●​ Connects employees across locations and time zones
●​ Boosts recognition and reward
 ●​ Simplifies employee onboarding
●​ Provides organizational clarity
●​ Encourages knowledge sharing

Features of intranet:

●​ Document Management and Sharing

●​ Collaboration tools: The ability to collaborate on projects and tasks.
●​ News and announcements: The ability to share news and announcements
with employees.
●​ Employee directory: The ability to find contact information for employees.
●​ Training and development: The ability to provide training and
development resources to employees.
●​ HR resources: The ability to access HR-related information, such as
benefits and policies.

Advantages of Intranet
●​ In the intranet, the cost of conveying data utilizing the intranet is very
low.

●​ Using intranet employees can easily get data anytime and anywhere.

●​ It is easy to learn and use.

●​ It can be utilized as a correspondence center point where employees can

store data at whatever point they need and download files in just a few
seconds.

●​ It connects employees with each other.

●​ The documents stored on the intranet are much more secure.

Disadvantages of Intranet
●​ The expense of actualizing intranets is normally high.

●​ The staff of the company or organization require special training to know

how to use the system.

●​ Data overloading.

●​ Although the intranet provides good security, but it still lacks in some
places.

Internet Intranet

The Internet is a global network that An intranet is a private network that

connects millions of devices and connects devices and computers within an
computers worldwide. organization.

Internet is a public network. Intranet is a private network.

Anyone can access the Internet. In this, anyone can’t access the Intranet.

The Internet provides unlimited

Intranet provides limited information.
information.

Internet is unsafe. Intranet is safe.

On the internet, there are multiple users. On an intranet, there are limited users.
Examples of Intranets
●​ Microsoft SharePoint
●​ Google Workspace
●​ Zoho Connect

TCP/IP Standardization Approach for Internet and Intranet

Universality: A single protocol suite simplifies communication across public and

private networks.

Flexibility: TCP/IP’s layered design supports customization for intranet-specific

needs without compromising compatibility with the internet.

Scalability: The protocol’s design accommodates small-scale intranets and the

expansive internet alike.

Reliability: Features like error handling and congestion control ensure consistent
performance in both environments.

Types of Network
1. Personal Area Network (PAN)

It is a type of network designed to connect devices within a short range, typically

around one person.

like smartphones, tablets, laptops, and wearables, to communicate and share data
with each other.

PAN offers a network range of 1 to 100 meters.

LAN(Local Area Network)(a area)

○​ Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in a

small area such as a building, office.
○​ LAN is used for connecting two or more personal computers through a
communication medium such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc.

○​
MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)(a city)

○​ A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger geographic

area by interconnecting a different LAN to form a larger network.
○​ In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other through a telephone
exchange line.

WAN(Wide Area Network)

○​ A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical

area such as states or countries.
○​ A Wide Area Network is quite a bigger network than the MAN.
○​ A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business, government,
and education.