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Chapter 4 Numerical

The document outlines calculations for the stability of a concrete gravity dam against various forces including overturning, sliding, bearing, and tension. It includes specific values for weight, pressure, and safety factors, as well as checks for allowable compressive stress. The results indicate the dam's stability under the given conditions, with various calculations demonstrating safety against sliding and tension.

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21 views28 pages

Chapter 4 Numerical

The document outlines calculations for the stability of a concrete gravity dam against various forces including overturning, sliding, bearing, and tension. It includes specific values for weight, pressure, and safety factors, as well as checks for allowable compressive stress. The results indicate the dam's stability under the given conditions, with various calculations demonstrating safety against sliding and tension.

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mp8315199
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Agana 17.10 stability against a) Overturning b, Take Vg, (5 2 062. Angle of Specific Gra\ Allowable Compress! = 4000KN/m? Solution, yy (Submerged) = friction of sediment particl 23.544KN/n° in 25 _i-sind _ +" Tysin@ 1+sin25 Aconcrete dam as show! submerged) =9 ‘of friction of 9 KNim’, p= 0.62, Angle of nin figure below. Check the e ) sliding c) bearing d) tension KN/m?, Friction coefficient ive Stress in concrete [2014 fall) : les = 25°, y, = 9.81N2.4 = 0 -- = 0.40586 sediment particles = 25. °° vity of dam concrete (6) = 2.4, : g, mental tu (Mechanics & Hydropower Rigi een "6 524 : Des- , Name of force | igna- Magnitude of foree|(+) TO), | Lever | suey tion -+ arm(m) | Chang, ay Vertical forces ids. Hecht of dam We | RBORDS STA TSEITZ [ISTH m7 a (E20 6x23 54) = 141064 46TH Wy 5 1 0 "| coxaos0e23.uy=17658| ae Wag of water] W, | 1 FRESE spore on US (49x 15*9.81) = 662.175 “ Wo | (15x 20x 9.81) = 2943 0, PFT Ww, 11 3533] TION (5 *2060%9.81) = 5886 Weg of st W SUS cipptedon US fice | 7 (%8.38%25%9) = 997.125 37, =610 Ca =61047.9 Uphi pressure - =m puR pressure ]U, | (40x147.15)=-5886 |" ae ( a paar [To ox x1962] 3924 : | | 4 \ a VV K Water R 343.35» 20 etaining Structure (G 520) = 0867 [50 yy ty 3350 (339 4320) 3024 | 333 Lomser 1 414 3 G 147.1515 |= T5STR IIS Tose ne. ge). one, gf BY ($3735.75475}=-27590605 25-7 1 (429131628) tats [ 833 )-9s08487 —) =-27628.475 vise) = 2193851222 Nem, DM, (clockwise) = 1474544.112 M, -719307.11 KN-m ‘ gy 0 61047.9-20601 = 40446.9KN 793071 -17.78m 404469 2-1778=322m é 4 ; 60 niddle third mle, 257 10m o SieUasafe a against tension Lab i My _ 2193851222 _ Fro) = aM = ISBT ES = 1.49 =1.5 Hence Si ing factor 0) = oM, > 474544.112 lence Stable secon HEM, 0.62 x40446.9 _ 9,997 < Hence Unstable 1 SHence Stable tan35° x 36403.74 17658 =1.44>1 Hence Stable (1482088) (12S Spr) 606-7402 0.080) B) 5 gs tat-0.060)~ 6 69 < 2000 Hense safe against compression or beat bearing 0 .13(1-0-06 a concrete gravity dam as om re below, calculate: I tical force acting ii) the total cting on the 6) = 566,69 < 2000 Hense safe against compression or bearing 19 For sown in FigU i) the total ver" an the dam horizontal forces a domi) factor of safety against sliding Take HOT) Veo pa5kN/m and Y, 79-81 KN/m? RL=205m, Solution, 285-205 = 80m _ _4 Csider unit length of dam a i "7 Vertical forces 4 JP Setweight a) W, = 23.5x 6 x 84 = 11844 KNG) Sede 81207 72 23.5«50%75=44062.5 KN (*) Wright of tail water (w. 4 2 pute Gehan B TIVFOPOWER Engineering feat drainage gallery = 9.41( sagt ity of pres split fore’ ‘ oe 300.44 Kay 5 2406.7 KNOY y, = 30084 KNG) g.300.84) = 1935.84 1 x gx(784 2726.4 KNO) = 5808.96 KN) = 1844+ 44062.5 -1172.7, 24055 1 . static force upstream (P,) a) 9.81*80 = 31392 KN (-) Hydro! x 2 tatic force upstream (P= x9.81%6?= 176.58 KN (+) ) = -31392+ 176.58 =31215.42KN (.) Hydrost ‘Total horizontal forces (2H gxability of a) M i) ii) Fac or of safety against sliding y 0.75x43146.31 Factor of safety = “Sp 3121542 0.967 < 1.0 Hence unss 1710 Check stability against 4) overturning b) sliding ¢) Bearing of area The unit weight of concrete is 24 KN/im, angle of i friction is 37, the seepage coefficient is 0.7 and unit weight of utes 9.81 KN/m?, Permissible compressive stress is 3000 KN/n?, (u2tiis Factor of safety For tensior =M,-=M =v Solution, p= tan =tan37°=0.75 Eccentricity (e)= Permissible ecce 1,=24 KNim3 K=07 Tan0 = (44/40) =1.1 , 0 =47.73° 1, =9.81KN/m? e1.5 hence ainst sliding, 25 21.0 Hence safe 7 and writ Weg sis 3000 WU 5 from the centre of the base ce there 18 < Bib hen 1 stability 4) Forerushin ‘The resultant normal stress 6, + Normal stress at the toe Ore Normal stress at the to% 2 < 3000 KN/m? = 958.405 KN/m: | ity dam of given profile is purposed 4, 17.11 A concrete grav implementation. 500KN/m? & 35° ‘The unit shear resistance and angle ye“ o if respectively.Zane= 24 KN/Im*. You ong implement it $0 YOu want to check the stability of dam, pee pe . overturning and sliding before implementation. Based i fll do you implement it? Fig is given below You 5 Solution, Lom ‘ we Sm 36m ty Overturning factor | i {Stance 'C’ = 500 KN/m? é Here, a shear co fan ¢) Safety against sli Yoonete = 24 KN/m’ Angle of resistance (g)=35° 4g> 4G to 5) hence Consider unit length of dam siding fe = Name of AH] na Magnitude of forees | Lever arm | Moment teste) @) Sliding factor = signation i ; forces tLe Jockwise()K42| [ Conclusion: - ().4@ KN (m) clocks KTS etical forces | This dam have safe ag We f de «65x24 =! = +)215280, . eight ofdam | WI 6x65*24 =9360 20+6/2=23_| ( pe | overtuming, To safe « W2 1 20* 23 (159900 | should be i 3 *20%50 «2412000 21733 | e increased. 7 — We of water above | W3 1 ns | Neight of dam and de dam 3 *40%1689.81= 3139.2 Sitis unsafe agains! | WV, [ano TF design the et > ee a 16/3=5.33, 534 sent ae wise 12753 “Times 4x 9.81% 40" [aaa icity from middle third rule 2 # pence stable against tension 244g, oven since &< 4 Flotation factor (F) 6), Overturing factor (= «safety against sliding (SEF) = 13> 4(G to 5) hence safe 4) Sliding factor Conclusion: This dam have safe against sliding and overtuning. To safe overturning, should be increased. The ‘weight of dam and downsti ‘sitis unsafe against overturning 07, 16 Design the elementary profil floatation and tens! the positive moment (21 positive moment have been jncreé ream water depth hence this da le of gravity EME ~Enny [Tisseas ey | 26 Gn433m =1.3<1.5 hence unstable 63500226 sion but unsafe against nti-clockwise moment) eased by increasing sm cannot be implement g self made of stone masonry given enectanics & Hysropower ‘Engh engineer OF of base dam =230m, RL of HFL of ng 'f masonry 22.4, safe compressive stress in dom=2¢6, eepage coefficient =1 Meson, 30m ry (6) solution, Here, height of 4 sive stress in mason! ith, ceded to avoid tension in the dam jam=260-230 = 1200KN/m? ‘safe compres For design of the base W Minimum base width me ‘And consider A e base width needes 30 GG-K) 070 = 30.61 m (maximum of above two cases) stress al masonry) is given by (9,) The Taken t the toe (safe H ‘Again, the principle compressive stress it =y xH (G-K+1) ee a ot, limiting height (H) =e Fae ——— =50.96 m > Height of dam, hence ok pecan voice 5 iy Taking B=25.35m aad Weight of dam (W)= 3 %O* yX"B = 142.4%9,8130*25.35 =895261 KN xHxB =X 1%9.81*30*25.35 =3730.25 KN xf =1/2x9.81*(30)? =4414.50 KN =SHEP=4414.50 KN 222.36 KN Uplift foree (U) =3* K*Yw Hydrostatic force (P) = # WW no tail water, Resultant horizontal force If there is e = LV=W -U= 8952.61-3730.25 = 5 ‘Similarly, resultant vertical fore Taking moment about toe, we get ZM= (W-U) x2 B-EH%; H 2 = 522,36 x # ¥95,35 —A414.5x 5 %30= 4412.88 KN-m Fo, = 291.62x(14t =620.91 KN/m? - 4,=291,62xtan =291.58 KN/m "Hence the widt Structures 6 8.45 m force from the toe = sultant of 1" goto 088 st th (B)=30.61m *2.4*9,81%30x30,6] =10801.23 KN Be Koy TPB = =P *9.81530030.616 =4504.26 Ky N 5 *Yw*EP =1/2%9.81*(30)'=4414.50 KN otal water, Resultant horizontal force “EH oe =4414.50 KN esltant vertical Fore = EV=W-U = 10801,23-4504.26 = 630597 7 KN sii nut toe, we get 2M= (W-U) x2 B- 3H oH ing moment ab0 197 930.61 ~ 4414.53 £30 = $4538.83 KN-m = _=M __ 84538.83 t force from the toe ¥ =S7-= alten e FS = 6305.97 ~ = 2061 13.19 =2.12m wi pisne of frcenticiy ( v/( &)- 6305.97 Juma ses attoe= 0 = = {1+ |= “30.61 fatorofsafety against sliding (Sf) 4,=0,,(IHtan’a) where a= tary’ 3 st) =4559" =291.62x(1+tan? 45.58° ) +2091 KN/m? <1200KN/m? hence safe *291.62xtan 45,58° ) “19158 KNim? 61 mAns Hace the width ofthe elementary profile of son echantes & Hytropower Q Lydrropower ‘Engineering Figure ig the section of the ited weir sed storage type hydropower Following information is giver" unit weight of water al 10KN/m? and 23.5 KN/m? respectively “ No cohesion foundation interface ¢ shearing friction (0) =40° ead at the drainage gallery 1713 plant. nd concrete are at concrete Angle © agsume 30% residual hi ull supply level at 792.0 sediment load filled up T° 778 mast Neglect the weight of the gate i) Check the weir against sliding and overturning stabilit Y ii) Check whether the tension crack may as| and foundation level 766 m asl occur or not? Solution, Height of dam = 778-766= 12m Height of water at upstreal at drainage gallery = 30% of the Head = 3026/100= 7.8 = 7.8m Consider 1m length of dam, m of dam = 792-766 = 26m, residuals IM= Distance of rest Eccentricity (e a) Stability a Factor of safe b) Stability ©) For che Bi6=32 5/¢ 6m, residual 00= 7.8m Water Retaimong, [ Sgn rae Structurey — a ae ssso.07 | | eso paras feerasaaral oe =U98KN horpasaiasel wssias nas aml Soassiare [ates £530 20m TaD) x v1925= | 99 ha \ 294b35-3075m | 31038307-926730 301.38 KN _____| — sow = 1373 10.505-38091 (18 =99219.32 KN-m Mm _ 921932 Lig riamh Ev 7 3301.76 =18.714 m from toe 18.71 = -2.46 m or 2.46 m left from centre foventicity (€) = 1) Sebilty against sliding without cohesive at thr conerele foundation interface, fata ofsafety (FS) = *5 ui _1STBIOS. = 3,695 > AF >) Stability against overturning (Sfo)= =3g091.18 ¢) Forcheck Tension crack, © =7,46 m left from centre B6=92.5/6 = 5.42m ut. 2 B tiles than B/6 thus, tension crack May not 0c Tre resultant normal stress on the section is 6, Nechanies & Hydropower Engine 246) 7 (140.454) veg at toe 789.07 KN/m? Result z =237.192KNim? esultant normal Stes dam shown in, work out the principle stress and gs at the toe and heel. Check”#**"| crushing, overturning som} —_ and tension. Neglect all forces except self taller oe weight, hydrostatic pressure and uplift B pressure. Assume the following values: f 250 kg/cm’, crushing strength = 10.5 kg/ em®, friction coefficient =0,7 and uplift coefficient K= 0.45 Solution, Height of dam = 52m e calculate the f 2m forces and the shear stres the damagainst sliding, Height of water at upstream of dam = 50m, \ J, sf =A) gallery = (A+ Residual head at drainage ssive strength of concrete =24 KNin’ 20m and assuming compre: Consider 1m length of dam, “Moment bout Naneof [DEE] spinde of forces _| nation gine fee ON) Lever a | clockwise)WN\2 Vertical forces 1 Fa emicant sory 410=43.33. | 120043.33 Weight of dam 16240837.50 saxsna4= +6240 | 3545 x5=375 1 Fcc dene ad 33 ]y7640%28 AOR ET ION 3 Hydrostat ydrostatc sot 1045 forces T sd ctox z 571010981 = 4490.5) 50- 219-4433 yop.assel7 {ot 1 4 1535)1.209 816 [gelatine | 13 x5 = 1.667 Eeoentricity ( off dam a) Stability Factor of sal d) Stabilit unsafe Bio =50/6 Cis great The resi Wertey- Retaining, sty - oWructurey rere “sans | | 235005 sore BW*ISe43.33 | D5 | 26-45 cusssxua __| <35%9.81 = -772.538] iyesMt =M- pase resultant force from the toe = _ 50 ¥ = 5 ~(0.632) = 25.632m resultant fore ating ou gently (= offdam 4 sability against sliding without cohesive at the concrete foundation interface, _ UXtV 0.1 25347.733 _ | 4 Es ctor of safety €3)= SH —Th39875. 162 > 1 hence safe IM + _328238.633 y agains! turning (Sf,)= = = 0,953 1 hence » ey against overtuming (Sf)- S547 ~~ 344959.154 ene unsafe () Forcheck Tension crack, e =25.632m from centre of dam, 8,33m from centre may occur whole of dam bs BY) The resultant normal stress on the section is On =p B 25 : 9,,= 25347.733(, , 625.632 | _ 9966,266KN /™ 50 50 tisgreater than B/6 thus, tension crack chanics & Hydropower «p ong A gandamersol cruid NE 1052.357KN / =2066.266 KN/m* normal stress at 102 heel = -1052.357K N/m? Resultant tant normal stress a Result or, = tan"'(1.2)~ tanO - 50.19 From section of dam. ress due to tail water (P) Normal st (6) = Foe 8° 9 pian’ ‘or Principal Stress at toe Maj 038.906 * tan’(50.19) = 3966.266xSee%(50-19)1 = 5040.75-1495.55 =3545.196 KNim? ress at toe (t,) = (Pioe ~ P)x tan 8 = (2066.266-1038.906) » ta = 1232.638 KNim* For the non ~ overflow sec’ inst overturning, the following data. Shear st tion of a concrete dam given in sliding and material failure 17.15 Check stability 09 and toe of the dam assuming f the sediment =26 KN/m? Unit weight © yf the concrete =24KN/m* essive stress in foundation =8000KN/m* Distance of result Unit weight o Allowable compr' Angle of friction betw from toe een concrete and foundation= 35° s in concrete = 10000KN/i? ‘ion and dam = 600KN/ in? 30° (TUZ065Magh) Eccentricity (e) = a) Stability imerface, Allowable compressive stres: Unit shear resistance between foundat! Angle of friction of sediment particles = Factor of safety Shear friction £ Shea fiction ee 3432476.04 =M “ast SAB2ETO N= = 41355 esultant force from the toe =% “Sy = Ev 8299.45 int pistance of * 35° from toe /m? seventy (©) = 97 ~ @ 43.355 = 9.645 m oF 9.645 ™ right from cent G00KN/n* a) Stability 2 sliding without cohesive the concrete foundation -aogh) interface, ae Facto of safety (FS) = wat = esr 5 _ 9.955 < unsafe Shear friction factor = EV +0.5(BxD*E 3H Sear iction factor = © 571 x8299 9 5x102x600 1,566 8646485 pity against overt a k, © =9.6451 M= 5214409 5%, 1B ) For check Tension ere 645m left trom centre hy, iY -102/6= 17m «, tension erack may not occur. than B/6 the ‘The resultant normal stress on the section is o,=24(1 ( 48xe) g Be 2 +01 2999.5 6x(9.645) | ) oe 9p 820.8 © maxim ene a 191 om * ped level 228 AY 1s 4 = 13.72 (10-567) ee 50! on S Resultant normal stress at toe =1275.38 KN/m* oro ot o up er . Resultant normal stress at heel =352.34KN/m* rail ee vertical, © ‘what should be the maximum height of elementary profile oot gallery ee u fc she safe limit of atéess on the masonry should not exceed set] a uplift pressure ‘Assume weight of masonry 2.4 tones/m? a) Determine bese tte res Me. weld + of con Determine H and B if uplift intensity factor is 0.67 and fa Width ol ressure and uplt tor of sin vd heel of dam ii) of shear stress On is 2. solution eight of dam Solution, ing height of elemental srofile of a masonry dé ‘The limiting height of e ry P sonry dam, 90 peptnof water =305. ___350_ =194,93 mr105 m Top width of dam 0.981(2.4 +1) of dam = 12 0 +(300-2 115 “ B= 67.78 m68 m b) For stability against s Consider 1m length © Tiding, the horizontal forees acting sliding are ass the frictional force. Hence, factor of safety Sf= i 14 SH 2 SH= EV 1 xs xy u (h BHxG ty 7b KxBxH 0 1 =5"B(G-K) tay "Y br cy au ces : Ming 167 base yi Od foc, tha oF am, sliding are tla om top wide concrete gravity got es maximum water level som “on ped level 225.0 m, Top RL F Mon 309.0 0/S face slope line of 40m; AL 300.0 m D/S slope 2:3 fer is nil, upstream face of ve vertical, centre line of ge galery #6 8 m D/S of U/S Rift pressure i 100% ot heel, 50% at line of of concrete is 2.4 t/m3. Considering aller and er st d uplift, determine i) Maximum vertical pete dam ii) Major principle stress at toe of ei Sf fhe Toe harizonal plagtearhenee tal roi face. toe, weight essure an ond hee! of af shear stress on a sation ht of dam =309.0-225.0 =84m =305.0-225.0 =80m =12.0 m (approx 14% of height of dam) & Bottom width paph of water idth of dam = 12,0 +(300-225)%2/3 = 62 1m and specific weight of water (7. ‘Moment about toe (+e [ Naneof fore 2 orce reff | Symbol } Magnitude of force (KN) | Lever am | sks KN fda Carsider Im length of the dat ) = 1m tical foroes Ww, | 12x84xdx2.4=2419t Pit of dan Eases 248001 bitine —(o 40x81 =320t sez x8-5933 i 5 xdQxgx = 160 [poe EM _ 133172 Position of resultant force from the toe=¥= S77 = "5355" = 24.85 m fo B 62 _ - No Eccentricity (2) = 3 924.85 = 6.15 m from centre (2) The resultant normal stress oP the section is o, vf bee golsti 2 oa length 5359 eee 15) at of =" G2 (62 or, Fm = 86.435* (140.595) tress at toc =138 tm? Ans.. Resultant normal st Resultant normal stress at heel =35 tm? Ans. ii) Principal stress at tor = 2, 80° a-P tan’ a seawater depth Here p' is zero, there being no tail water seepage head at secta= 1+ tan*a, where, tan a =2/3 =a EY secta = 1+(2) =13/9 Principal stress at toe Intensity of shear stress on a horizontal plane near toe =“ = (138-0)x2/3 = 92 tim? Ans.. 175 Concrete gravity dam has maximum reservoir level 150.0 m, be of dam 100 m, tail water elevation 110.0 m, base width of a : location of drainage gallery 10 m from U/S face which may be os" vertical, i) Check stability of sliding, stability of overturinget® tension anywhere of the dam where Angle of shearing friction i) maximum vertical stresses at toe and heel of dam it) major stresses at toe of dam iv) Intensity of shear on ho the toe. y=tano =tan4 =o, sec’ & =138%13/9 =199 tim? Ans. Consider 1m leng iii) 546. |, ase width of én4 wihich may bese ce A Ds top wists 0-14 ‘Tail W seepage = (hh pe tano Consider 1 SN jutio™s 1mlength of dam nsidet j= 5% of the dam height = 0 .05*50 =2.5, say 3m pee bom oh (150-100) +3 = 53m 1H or 0.55 H', where H is the height of the a: e dam p,14 x53= 7.5m oF 0.55%53 = 4m fig Adopt 7.5 m ater depth = 110-100 = 10m head at the location of the drainage gallery Hue A)+ =(10+0.33%(50-10)) = 23.33m, =tan40° =0.839 dd specific weight of water m length of the dam an‘ Forces(KN) symib| Description and \o1 | dimension a ‘weight of dam 12x3%30*24 7x65%24 ino FHM NETS EMH MOPOWT yg, 000 26667) 6 1aNSA.K2 | 20 [sf siosost [aA ca Tp pressure Peon ras | 1692 Us -1621.92 Us 4257.54 28.00 | — LM _ 1166860 |. 36000 ~!5:87 min, Position of resultant force from the toe = B Eecentricity (e) = $-* = “2-15.87 = 4.13 m from centre 4) Dam material is i) Stability against sliding without cohesive at the concrete foundation in SSD g¢dam material is 1 Factor of safety (F,) = “33 = SSE = 1.261 > toe Coefficient of fricti re . M+ 71031 Stability against overturning (S,,) aye [email protected]+20833) ~ 1.675 >1st weight of dam mat For check Tension crack, e =4.13m right from centre B/6 =40/6 = 6.67m eis less than B/6 thus, tension crack may not occur anywhere. The resultant normal stress on the section is 7, = (1 se) B B ors, = 1808.75, , 6*(4.13) 40 40 °%-71= 45.09% (150.6195) g Water Retamnung, SENS SUED 3.023 Um? Ans. Ans. tan 0 =40/50 Q23x1.64 -10%(0.8)113.358 thm? Ar ns, oxizontal plane near toe F=(e."2 i dimension as shown in figure below. elf - weight, hydrostatic pressure and ficient of friction (1) between the base of the 0.75,the seepage coefficient is 1.0 and specific i 2400 Kg/! m?,Check that ¢ along the base o without consideration of shear strength weight of aa a exists anywh of joint 5.87 {go tensio er 87m from toe afe against slidin gi) Dam is 8 Jing strength onerete and foundation the crushing failure. Allow able crusbi al is safe against js 11Kegflem’. 0.75, the seepage coef retween (iy Dam mater ofdam material coefficient of friction (H) = as 2400 Kgimiet.= ndation interface, y= 1.0 and specific cient (© 675 > Isafe weight of dam material argu echates & Hydropower ey 2a ngincerin sagpunante Drainage Gallery Te Name of | symbol ude of foree|(+) a bs force 10) te or gale third Tu fr0 Breit a) Vertical 6 -_—— guiding factor SL forces TWeight of |W, (10x80x23.544)= 18835.2 | 55 Tas —~ dam We} (beascrozs s4a)=123606 65 303439 61829.425 (-£ Be | 15 Our W. 3 (5s0x70529, sa) = 1202 2) Weight of |W, | 9.81x15%5 = 735.75 675 49663.13 61829425 ( Water Be : W, | s (Fx15-70x9.81) 5150 a5 |70 3605175 | EV, = 78383.8 i ——— \ Sueinf | be 3667 | - 24731623 pressure \2* 45. 25x55] 6744.375 L v (245,25%20) = -4905 65 ~318825 550 ag Water i R y etaining, Structurey Tpaonsnno—0s | *33 $ 0s aco 16554.375 oe 61829.425 gest s0= '3622818.29KN-m, DM, (clockwise) = 1591065.51 K Nem sat My SMa 2031752.78 KN-m r ow Me 31 752.78 _ 3 86 m iw =§1829.425 B 5 qc) 5 *7 7 = 32.86 = 4.64m BB av. sm Ment about ios) foo n) Clockwise, | 0, iclockwise(s) | pm mate third OLE g pe ie, afe against tension —$—__ iV 0.75 61829. A25 6 — cat Nee eis 4 ig r= Sa 77590.625 1.68 > 1HenceStable ae ) 195 Abt) PE B B Or.= sass) 518.378 < 2000Hence safe against compress jnst compression or Bearing 407 <2000Hense safe a8 61829. 425 (_ mB \ _ signs, 6464) 1130 TS eich 1 bis =

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