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Programming Concepts Notes for Form 1 2025

The document outlines fundamental programming concepts, focusing on control structures, functions, and testing/debugging. It details types of control structures such as loops and selection statements, explains the purpose and components of functions, and describes various testing methods and debugging techniques. Each section includes examples and emphasizes the importance of code reusability, readability, and error management.

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17 views3 pages

Programming Concepts Notes for Form 1 2025

The document outlines fundamental programming concepts, focusing on control structures, functions, and testing/debugging. It details types of control structures such as loops and selection statements, explains the purpose and components of functions, and describes various testing methods and debugging techniques. Each section includes examples and emphasizes the importance of code reusability, readability, and error management.

Uploaded by

jabuzw1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Programming Concepts

1. Control Structures

Control structures manage the flow of a program based on conditions or repetition.

a. Repetition / Iteration / Loop

Used to repeat a block of code multiple times.

• Types of Loops:

o For Loop: Repeats a block for a specific number of times.

▪ Example:
for i in range(5): print(i)

o While Loop: Repeats while a condition is true.

▪ Example:
while count < 5: count += 1

o Do-While Loop: Executes at least once, then repeats while a condition is


true (common in C, Java).

▪ Syntax Example (in pseudocode):

cpp

CopyEdit

do {

// code

} while (condition);

b. Selection

Allows a program to make decisions and execute different paths.

• Types:

o If Statement: Executes a block if a condition is true.

▪ if age >= 18: print("Adult")


o If-Else: One block runs if true, another if false.

▪ if score >= 50: print("Pass") else: print("Fail")

o If-Elif-Else (Multiple Conditions):

▪ if mark >= 75: print("Distinction") elif mark >= 50: print("Pass") else:
print("Fail")

o Switch/Case (in some languages like C, JavaScript): Used for multi-way


branching.

2. Functions

A function is a reusable block of code that performs a specific task.

• Why use Functions?

o Increases code reusability and readability

o Makes programs modular and easier to debug/test

• Function Parts:

o Definition: Declares what the function does

o Parameters: Inputs to the function

o Return Value: Output from the function

• Example (Python):

python

CopyEdit

def add(a, b):

return a + b

result = add(3, 4)

• Types of Functions:

o Built-in (e.g., print(), len())

o User-defined (custom functions)

o Recursive (calls itself)


3. Testing and Debugging

a. Testing

Checking if the program works correctly and meets requirements.

• Types of Testing:

o Unit Testing: Testing individual parts (functions/modules)

o Integration Testing: Testing combined parts

o System Testing: Testing the entire system

o User Acceptance Testing (UAT): Final test with real users

• Common Test Cases:

o Normal input

o Boundary values (e.g., edge of valid ranges)

o Invalid input (e.g., letters where numbers are expected)

b. Debugging

Finding and fixing errors in the code.

• Types of Errors:

o Syntax Errors: Mistakes in code structure (e.g., missing colon)

o Runtime Errors: Errors during program execution (e.g., divide by zero)

o Logic Errors: Program runs but gives incorrect results

• Debugging Techniques:

o Use print statements to trace values

o Use debugging tools (breakpoints, watches)

o Review error messages

o Test in small chunks

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