Gen Math q2 Week 7 Module 6 Logic For Reproduction
Gen Math q2 Week 7 Module 6 Logic For Reproduction
General 1
Mathematics
Quarter 2: Module 6
(Week 7)
Logic
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Introductory Message
Welcome to General Mathematics Module on Propositions, Symbols, Logical
Operators and Constructing Truth Tables.
This module was designed to provide you with you with opportunities for guided and
independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the
contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
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At the end of this module you will also find:
References This is the list of all sources used in developing
this module.
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in this module.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with
it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you
are not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
about propositions. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different
learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of
students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course.
But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the
textbook you are now using.
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What I Know (Pre-Test)
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write them on a separate
sheet of paper.
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
A. p↔ q B. p→q C. p ^ q D. p v q
A. p↔ q B. p→q C. p ^ q D. p v q
A. p↔ q B. p→q C. p ^ q D. p v q
A. p↔ q B. p→q C. p ^ q D. p v q
7. It is a declarative sentence that is either true or false, but not both. If a proposition
is true, then its truth value is true which is denoted by T; otherwise, its truth value
statement is used?
9. “Arnold is a working student (w) or under 25 years old (u), and lives in Cebu
City (i).”, which of the following symbols best fit to the statement?
A. (w v u) ^ i B. (w ^ u) v i C. w v (u ^ i) D. w ^ (u v i)
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10. All the four possible combinations of truth values for the conjunction p and q are
For numbers 11-13. Let p represent the proposition “He has green thumb” and
A. ~p v ~q B. ~p ^ ~q C. ~p ~q D. ~p ~q
12. It is not the case that he has green thumb or is a senior citizen.
A. ~(p v q) B. ~p ^ q C. ~(p q) D. ~p q
A. ~p ~𝑞 B. ~p q C. p ~q D. p q
14. Which of the following tables shows the correct construction of the compound
proposition P v ( Q ~P)?
A. P Q ~P Q ~P P v (Q ~P) C. P Q ~P Q ~P P v (Q ~P)
T T F T T T T F F F
T F F T T T F F T F
F T T T T F T T T T
F F T T T F F T T T
B. P Q ~P Q ~P P v (Q ~P) D. P Q ~P Q ~P P v (Q ~P)
T T F F T T T F F T
T F F T T T F F F T
F T T T T F T T F T
F F T T T F F T F T
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15. Which of the following tables shows the correct construction of the compound
proposition (p q) ^ (q p)?
A. C.
p q p q q p (p q) ^ (q p) p q p q q p (p q) ^ (q p)
T T T T T T T T F F
T F F T F T F F T F
F T T F F F T T F F
F F T T T F F T T T
B. D.
p q p q q p (p q) ^ (q p) p q p q q p (p q) ^ (q p)
T T T T T T T T T F
T F F T T T F F T F
F T T F T F T T F F
F F T T T F F T T F
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Lesson Propositions and
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Symbols
What I Need to Know (Objectives)
At the end of this lesson, you can illustrate a proposition, symbolize proposition, and
distinguish between simple and compound propositions.
What’s In (Review/Springboard)
Logic is defined as “the science of correct reasoning.” Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) is
one of the earliest logicians and one of the most renowned. He was the student of
Plato and the tutor of Alexander the Great. His logic was used to distinguish valid
arguments from invalid arguments. (Orlando A. Oronce, General Mathematics, First
Edition, pp. 265.)
Entry Card
Classify each sentence as declarative, imperative, interrogative, or exclamatory.
Kinds of Sentences
1. Simple sentence is a sentence that has one independent clause.
2. Compound sentence is a sentence that contains two or more independent clauses joined by
conjunctions (for, nor, but, or, yet, so), semicolons, semicolon followed by a conjunctive
adverb.
3. Complex sentence is a sentence that contains one independent clause and one or more
dependent clauses.
4. Compound-complex sentence is a compound sentence with one or more independent
clauses.
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According to the purpose of the speaker or writer, sentences are classified as follows:
1. Declarative sentence is used to make statement of fact, wish. intent, or feeling.
Example: I wish I could visit my grandparents this summer.
2. Imperative sentence is used to state command, request, or direction.
Example: Please do not answer in chorus.
3. Interrogative sentence is used to ask a question.
Example: Did you prepare for the final examination?
4. Exclamatory sentence is used to express strong feelings.
Example: The teacher shouted, “Keep quiet!”
What is It (Discussion)
ACTIVITY 1. 1
Observe the following sentences and tell if it is true, false or neither both.
1. Rowena passed the Mathematics subject.
2. Pass the paper and then leave the room.
3. October 5, 2020 was Monday.
4. When will you submit your project?
5. 5+3 = 8 and 12-7 = 5
A proposition is a declarative sentence that can be classified as true or false, but not both.
Sentences 1,3 and 5 are propositions. The truth or falsity of each can be determined by a
direct check. However, sentences 2 and 4 cannot be answered as being true or false. Sentence 2 is a
command (imperative sentence) and sentence 4 is a question (interrogative sentence).
Simple proposition – a proposition that conveys one thought with no connecting words.
Compound proposition – contains two or more simple propositions that are put together
using connective words such as and, or, not, and if…then.
p ^ q
In Symbol: p^q
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Two simple propositions that are connected using the word or is called Disjunction.
In the above example, “I will Pass the Math exam or I will be promoted.”
p v q
In Symbol: pvq
Two simple propositions that are connected using the words if and then is called conjunction.
Example: “If you will recite the poem, then you will pass the oral examination.”
In the example above, “If you will recite the poem, then you will pass the oral examination.”
p q
In Symbol: p q
Two conditional statements where the antecedent and consequent of the first statement have been switched in
the second statement is called biconditional conjunction.
Example: “If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angle opposite them are congruent, and if
two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the sides opposite, are congruent.”
In the example above, “If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angle opposite them are congruent.”
First Statement
“If two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the sides opposite, are congruent.”
In Symbol: p q
Negation is a statement that is false whenever the given statement is true, and true whenever the given
statement is false.
Statement: “Michael is good” can be written as:
p
Negation: “Michael is not good”
~𝑝
In Symbol: ~𝑝
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What’s More (Application)
NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!
Symbols are used to simplify work in logic. If x and y are frequently used
letters in algebra, the letters p, q or r are often used to represent propositions in
logic. The table below shows several symbols for connectives, together with the
respective types of compound proposition.
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What I Can Do (Enrichment Activities)
Let p represents “Robin can swim” and let q be “Tom plays the guitar.”
p q
2. p ^ ~q 4. ~ (p ^q)
Let p be the proposition “Mother loves his son,” and let q be the proposition
p
“Son loves his mother.”
q
Lesson
17 Logical Operators
What I Need to Know (Objectives)
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to perform different types of operations
on propositions.
What’s In (Review/Springboard)
Recall the following symbols for connectives and statements
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What’s New (Presentation of the lesson)
The teacher promised her student, “If you pass the final examination and submit all the
requirements, then you may join the graduation. “The student passes only the final exam,
but the teacher allows her to join the graduation. Has the teacher broken her original
promise?
What is It (Discussion)
ACTIVITY
Decide whether each of the following about the set of real numbers is true or false.
Each statement above is simple and can easily be answered if you are familiar with the set of
real numbers. The truth value of component statements will be used to find the truth values of
compound propositions. In logic, we use variables to represent propositions in the same way that we
use variables to represent numbers in Algebra. While a variable in algebra can make any value, a
variable in logic has only True or False for its value. In fact, True and False are the “numerical constant”
of logic.
Since a proposition has two possible truth values, a proposition p would have the following
truth table.
The truth table is useful because we can use it to display all possible truth value combinations
of two or more propositions. Suppose p and q are propositions, we can construct a truth table
displaying the relationship between the possible truth values of p and the truth values of q. The rows
of the table will correspond to each of the possible truth value combination of p and q, and so there
will be 2² = 4 rows. Thus, for propositions p and q, we have the following table.
p q
T T
T F
F T
F F
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Negation
If P is a simple proposition, then P is either true or false but not both. That is, if P is a true
statement, then its truth value is true and if P is false, then its truth value is false.
If we negate P and P is true, then ~P must be false, and if P is false, then ~P must be true.
This type of analysis is shown in the table below.
p ~p
T F
F T
Conjunction
The connective and implies the idea of “both.” For the conjunction p ^q to be true, both p
and q must be true, otherwise the conjunction is false.
p ^ q: (p and q)
p q p^q
T T T
T F F p is true and q is false
F T F
F F F
Disjunction
The connective or implies that p is true, or q is true, or both are true (p v q). A disjunction
allows us to express alternatives.
p v q: (p or q)
p q pvq
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
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Conditional
The conditional p q may also be read as ‘p implies q’. the proposition p is called the
hypothesis, while the proposition q is called conclusion.
p q: (If p, then q)
p q p q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
Biconditional
The proposition may also be written as ‘p iff q’. the propositions p and q are the
components of the biconditional.
p q: (If p, then q)
p q p q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
Instructions: Complete the truth table for the given statement by filling in the
required columns. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
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What I Need To Remember (Generalization)
Instructions: Complete the truth table for the given statement by filling in the
required columns. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. P ~Q 2. ~P Q
P Q ~Q P ~Q P Q ~𝑷 ~P Q
T T T T
T F T F
F T F T
F F F F
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to determine the possible truth values of
propositions.
What’s In (Review/Springboard)
Recall:
Logical Connectors Logical Operators
not p ~p
p and q p^q
p or q pvq
if p then q p q
p if and only if q p q
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What’s New (Presentation of Lesson)
GENERAL MATHEMATICS, Orlando Oronce, Rex Book Store, First Edition, pp. 283.
What is It (Discussion)
As previously discussed, since there are two primitive propositions p and q involved,
the truth table should have four (4) rows which consist of all possible truth values
combination of p and q.
p q
T T
T F
F T
F F
p q p q q p
T T T T
T F F T
F T T F
F F T T
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In the final column, we encode the truth values of the conjunction (p q) ^ (q p)
using the third and fourth columns.
p q p q q p (p q) ^ (q p)
T T T T T
T F F T F
F T T F F
F F T T T
Example 2: Let p and q be propositions. Construct the truth table of the compound
proposition ~(P ^Q).
p q p ^ q ~(P ^Q)
T T
T F
F T
F F
p q p ^ q ~(P ^Q)
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
Complete the truth table by negating the statement inside the parentheses (the
conjunction).
p q p ^ q ~(P ^Q)
T T T F
T F F T
F T F T
F F F T
p q p ^ q ~(P ^Q)
T T T F
T F F T
F T F T
F F F T
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What’s More (Application)
NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!
a. ~(P v Q) d. ~(~P ^ Q)
b. ~(P ^ ~Q) e. Q ^ (P v Q)
c. P v ~Q
Assessment (Post-Test)
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write them on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. It is a declarative sentence that is either true or false, but not both. If a proposition
is true, then its truth value is true which is denoted by T; otherwise, its truth value
statement is used?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
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5. “Arnold is a working student (w) or under 25 years old (u), and lives in Cebu
City (i).”, which of the following symbols best fit to the statement?
A. (w v u) ^ i B. (w ^ u) v i C. w v (u ^ i) D. w ^ (u v i)
A. p↔ q B. p→q C. p ^ q D. p v q
A. p↔ q B. p→q C. p ^ q D. p v q
A. p↔ q B. p→q C. p ^ q D. p v q
A. p↔ q B. p→q C. p ^ q D. p v q
10. All the four possible combinations of truth values for the conjunction p and q are
A. p v q B. p ^ q C. p q D. p q
12. He does not have green thumb or he is not a senior high school student.
A. ~p v ~q B. ~p ^ ~q C. ~p ~q D.~p ~q
A. p v ~q B. p ^ ~q C. p ~q D. p ~q
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14. Which of the following tables shows the correct construction of the compound
proposition ~ (~ P ^ Q)?
A. C. P Q ~P ^ Q ~ (~P ^ Q)
P Q ~𝐏 ~P ^ Q ~ (~P ^ Q) ~𝐏
T T F F T T T F T F
T F F F T T F F F T
F T T T F F T T T F
F F T F T F F T F T
B. P Q ~𝐏 ~P ^ Q ~ (~P ^ D.
Q) D. P Q ~𝐏 ~P ^ Q ~ (~P ^ Q)
T T F T F T T F T F
T F F F T T F F F T
F T T T F F T T T F
F F T F T F F T F T
15. Which of the following tables shows the correct construction of the compound
proposition ~ (~ P ^ ~Q)?
P Q ~Q P v ~Q ~ (P v ~Q) P Q ~Q P v ~Q ~ (P v ~Q)
A. C.
T T F T F T T F T F
T F T T F T F T T F
F T F F T F T F F T
F F T T F F F T T F
B. P Q ~Q P v ~Q ~ (P v ~Q) D. P Q ~Q P v ~Q ~ (P v ~Q)
T T F T F T T F T F
T F T T F T F T T F
F T F F T F T F F T
F F T T F F F T T F
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Lesson 16: What’s More, Lesson 16: What I can Do (A), Lesson 16: What I can Do (B), pp. 8.
pp. 7 pp. 8.
1.In symbol: ~P ^ ~Q
A1. Proposition 1. “Robin can swim or In words: Mother and son do not love each other
2. Proposition Tom plays the guitar.” 2. in symbol: ~P v ~Q
3. Not In words: Either Mother does not love his son or son does
2. “Robin can swim and
4. Not not love his mother.
Tom cannot play the
3. in symbol: ~( P ^ Q )
5.Proposition guitar.”
In words: It is not the case that either mother and son love
6. Proposition 3. “It is not the case that each other.
7. Not Robin can swim or 4. In symbol: ~( P v Q)
8. Not Tom can play the In words: It is not the case that either mother or son loves
9. Not guitar.” the other.
10. Not 4. “It is not the case that
B. Robin can swim and
1. Simple Tom can play the
2. Compound; guitar.”
conjunction Lesson 17: What’s More, pp. 11
3. Compound; conditional 1. P ^ ~P
4. Compound;
conjunction P ~𝐏 P ^ ~𝐏
5. Compound; disjunction T F F
6. Compound; conditional F T F
2. (P ^Q) v (~𝐏 ^~𝐐)
Lesson 17: What I can Do, pp. 12
P Q P^Q ~𝑷 ~𝑸 ~𝑷 ^ ~𝑸 (P ^Q) v (~𝑷 ^~𝑸) 2. P ~Q
T T T F F F T P Q ~Q P ~Q
T F F F T F F
T T F F
F T F T F F F
F F F T T T T T F T T
F T F T
Lesson 18: What’s More, pp. 15 F F T T
Lesson 17: What I can Do. pp. 12.
1. ~P Q 𝑎. ~(P v Q)
Lesson 18: What’s More, pp. 15
P Q ~𝑷 ~P Q P Q PvQ ~(P v Q) 𝑏. ~(P ^ ~Q)
T T F T T T T F P Q ~Q P ^~Q ~(P ^~Q)
T F T F T T F F T
T F F T
T F T T F
F T T T F T T F F T F F T
F F T F F F F T F F T F T
Lesson 18: What’s More, pp. 15 Lesson 18: What’s More, pp. 15 Lesson 18: What’s More, pp. 15
𝑐. P v ~Q 𝑑. ~ (~𝑷^𝑸) 𝑒. Q^ (P v Q)
P Q ~Q P v ~
Q P Q ~𝑷 (~𝑷^𝑸) ~ (~𝑷^𝑸) P Q PvQ Q ^ (P v Q)
T T F T T T F F T T T F T
T F T T T F F F T T F T T
F T F F F T T T F F T T T
F F T T F F T F T F F T T
required.
Remember: This portion of the module contains all the answers. Your HONESTY is
Answer Key
References
Modules
Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR) “General
Mathematics teaching guide for SHS”, Lexicon Press, Inc., Quezon City, 2016, pp
page 267-289
Books
GENERAL MATHEMATICS, Orlando Oronce, Rex Book Store, First Edition, pp.
265-289.
Congratulations!
You are now ready for the next module. Always remember the following:
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