KNOWING CONCEPTS

RetraKon
. Defintion "Ixamples of relratin
Curvedorors
taytf tveauetau
lga
.ConveN " Concave Whea
Reflecting surtace Convex and concave)
mirrors
. Uses of curved tm s shwh
Termis relaledto curved mirrorsFos. towarde the
orincipal axis, centre of curvature, radis of Fig 51
curvature

Rules for making ray diagrams of spherical

mirrors

Real and virtual images

Ray diagrams with curved mirrors where real
images are formed
Dispersion of white light into constituent colours.

SPEED OFLIGHT IN DIFFERENT MEDIA ig5.1A ray traselling

from ruret t denser
noral
In class VII, we have read that tight medium bends tosards the
travels faster in air than in water or glass. The (2) When a ray of light
travels from 2
s-l in
speed of light in air is 3 x 10 m denser to a rarer medium (s2).
irom
water it is 2-25 x 10° m s and in glass it is water to air or from glass to z ,It
bends
only 2x 10ms. In the language of Physics. away from the normal zs
shown n
we say that glass is optically denser than water Fig. 5.2.
and water is optically denser than air or air is
optically rarer than both water and glass.
Thus, a medium is said to be denser if Water
it is (or glass
the speed of light in it decreases, while Aparer Srecsor
said to be rarer if the speed of light in it
increases. But in no medium. it can be more
than 3 x 10 ms.
REFRACTION OF LIGHT
Light travels in a straight line path in a
medium. But when a ray of light travelling in (3) When a ras ot light talls nomall on
one transparent medium falls obliquely on the
surface of another transparent medium. it the surtat surating the two media. it
passes undevited ic.along the same
travels in the other medium in a direction
different from its initial path. path) as hewn n ig 3
81
Energy
 Normal The
inciddent ray.
1. incidence and the
Farer madm same plane
lie in the
pernet given Pair
a
2. For the ri
colour of light,
na angle of incidence it
refraction r is a ce
edu
COst
the surface in going Jrom a rar
Light raybends
falling normally on ndeviated Fig. 54 medium
denser towards the aFer Constant is denote
ig 53A ray media, passes Ho This mew,
separating the o light passes
from
from
a ray of transparent is clear the diag (read as known as the ree
Note : When
medium to another index, it
refraction r. Itlight travels from It is medium with
scconnd
One
transparent
having the same
refractive ray of
when the towards the normal i.e., air
mediumn bends insg It is given as
also remains undeviated. REFRACTION it carlier direction medium Speedof ligh
TERMS RELATED TO moving along its the ray bends Speed of light
OC, towa
SOME the dotted line
OF LIGHT light falling moves along OB (Le if a
Incident ray: The ray of two media, normal and
ray Ao For example,
)
on the surface
separating the Fig. 5.5 shows a light(glass) te the
incident ray. medium water, then
is called the travelling from a denser is the surfacee air to
ray : The ray inof light
(2) Refracted
other medium
in the
the changed
refracted ray.
medium (air). XY
two media. It is clear from the diagra
f
separatin refractive index
of w
given as
direction, is called the
perpendicular drawn on the incident ray AO bends away It is
normal and is refracted as OB (ie. Lrs
(3) Normal : The the two media, at
Sin i
the surface separatingincident ray strikes Sin r
the point where the incidence, is called A Similarly, if a
of ne
it, ie. at the point Normal

the normal.
dont ra Rarer medium
angle between Denser medium (glass) then u
(4) Angle of incidence: Thenormal is called to glass,
(ai)

ray and the

the incident
the angle of incidence between
Rarer medium (air)

Initia Refracted Note : The

mediumn can ha
(5) Angle of refraction: The angle called
the refracted ray and the normal is M
irection EFFECTS OF

the angle of refraction '. (1) The d

Fig. 5.4 shows a light ray AO passing Fig. 5.5 Light ray going from a denser into an seen
medium bends away from the normal
from a rarer medium (air) into a denser Conside
medium (glass). XY is the surface separating LAWS OF REFRACTION (SNELL'S LAW shown in Fi
the two media. AO is the incident ray, OB is Refraction of light obeys the follov when seen c
the refracted ray. NOM is the normal at the two laws also known as Snell's lawS from air, it
point of incidence O, ZAON is the angle of refraction. less than A
incidence Zi and ZBOM is the angle of
82 Concise PHYSICS Middle School-Energy
 incident ray. the
normal at the point
The degth
Apparent
. incidence and the refracted ray,
of plane all
same
lie in the
given pair of media and
For a
2.colour
givenof
rof light, the ratio of the sine
angleoffincidence ito the sine of angle Water
refraction ris a constant i.e.,
of sin i water
= constant
Fig. 5.6 Apparent depth of a vesselfull of
sin r
A ray of light OA from the point
constant is denoted by the symbol u Keason :
incident normally
(rad
This
asmew) O at the bottom of vessel is travels straight
It
as the refractive index of the on the water-air. surface XY, incident from
known
It ismedium with respect to the first along AD in air. Another ray OB passes to alr.
second givenas water on the surface XY. when
ItiS bends away from the normal BN. and goes
medium. refracted rays AO
Speed of light in first medium along the path BC. The two
LSpeed of light in second medium back, meet at I. Thus
and BC when produced
Forexample, if a ray of light travels from l is the image of0. of
depth
sin i Thus to the observer in air. the
of AO, due to
the constant u
vessel appears to be Alinstead
water. then is the
sin r
air. The
airt o
of water with respect to air. refraction of light from water to
retiactiveindex real depth
as
apparent depth AI is less than the
It is given AO.
sini
3x10 ms! 4
2-25x10ms = (or 1-33) Do Vou KnW 8
sin r
from air Refractive Index.
Similarly, if a ray of light travels Real depth / Apparent depth =
water is 4/3, so the
3x10° ms! Since, refractive index of
sin i = 15.
u = apparent depth is th the real depth.
toglass, then sin r 2x10 ms!
air is 1. No
Nofe : The refractive index of The change in depth due to
refraction can
index less than 1. activities.
medium can have refractive be demonstrated by the following
CTION
EFFECTS OF REFRA ACTIVITY 1
vessel when
() The depth of water in a
less
seen from air appears to be vessel. Place the
(1) Take a coin and an empty glass on a table and
coin in the vessel. Put the vessel
Consider a vessel containing water as your view.
5.6. Its real depth is AO. But step back till the coin is just out of
shown Fig. It is hidden from your eye by
the edge of the
angle above O
when seen obliquely i.e. at an AI which is vessel as shown in Fig. 5.7(a).
from air, its depth appears to be
less than A0. 83

Energy
 ACTIVITY 2
Eye
() Take an cmpty beaker and a
pencil
pencil ABC obliquely in the beaker"
it from the side. It appears
Vessel straight
Fig. 5.8(a).
(2) Now pour water in the beaker up to i
A
You will notice that now the pencil
Coin
be bent as ABD at the surface of
(a) Coin at the bottom not seen by the eye in Fig. 5.8(b). waler
B

-Beaker

Water Water

C
A (a

Fig. 5.8 The pencil in water appears to bei

(b) Coin seen when water is added to the vessel
Explanation :The ray of light coming from
Fig. 5.7Acoin in water appears to be raised of the pencil bends at the surface of water as
in air and it appears to be coming from the
(2) Keep your eye in this position and ask your In other words, it is due to refraction of lieh
friend to pour water gradually in the vessel. water to air that the pencil ABC appears as AR
You will find that when there is sufficient
water in the vessel, the coin becomes From the above, we conclude hat
visible because then, it appears to be slightly a light ray passes from one transn
raised from position A to position B as shown medium to another, it bends. The direch
in Fig. 5.7(b). which light ray bends, depends upon whe
Explanation :In Fig. 5.7(a), when there is no water light travels from a rarer medium to a de
in the vessel, the coin is not visible because the ray medium or from a denser medium to a
of light from the coin travelling in a straight line medium.
does not reach the eye. EARLY SUNRISE AND LATE SUNSET
In Fig. 5.7(b), when water is poured in the vessel. Before sunrise and after sunset, the u
the coin becomes visible because the ray of light atmospheric layers are warmer than the le
from the point Aof the coin, travelling in a straight near the earth's surface. So the atmosphenic le
line changes its direction (í.e. it bends) at the surface near the earth's suface are denser than th
of water and reaches the eye. Thus, the light ray above. When the sun is just below the hri
bends as it leaves water and enters air. The ray now
the light from sun, while coming toward
appears to come from a point B instead of A. In earth, suffers refraction from a rarer to a de
other words, the coin appears to be raised from layer and so it bends towards the nomal ata
position Ato position B. refraction. Due to continuous bending of
rays at different sucessive lavers, the sun
84 Concise PHYSICS Middle Schoo
 when its actual
honzon as shown in Fig
position
is just
crease in angle of incidence, the ray of ight
5,9. As a
the
sun is scenin advance, a few minutes lravelling from a denser to a raer layer, is nof
isesabove
the horizon in suffers reflection. This
the moming. retracted, but ittravels
now from the rarer o the
Similarly. in the evening. sun is seen rellected ray so it bends towards the normal.
layer,
by 3 to
4 minutes
longer above the denser
at each refraction. On reaching the eye of
after the sun set.
Apparent position the observer, an inverted image of the tree is
of sun
Seen. Thus it gives afalse impression of a
pool of water in front of the tree (Fig 5.10)
Horizon
Observer

Earth

Atmosphere inoex
of sun
Atualposition
Fig. 59 Refraction of light from the sun
in the atmosphere

bNGE IN ADESERT
Sometimes, in deserts, an inverted image Fig. 5.10 Mirage in desert
seen which gives a false impression REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH A
of atree is
of waterunder the tree. This is called a mirage. RECTANGULAR GLASS BLOCK
The cause of mirage is the refraction of Fig. 5.11 shows a rectangular glass block
light.In a desert, the sand becomes very hot PQRS. Alight ray AB falls on the surface PQ.
during day-time and it rapidly heats the layers NBM is the normal at the point of incidence
of air in contact with it. Therefore, the layers B to the surface PQ. At the surface PQ. the
af air near the ground are warmer (and hence ray AB enters from air to glass, so it bends
nrer) than the upper layers. In other words. towards the normal NBM and travels along
the successive upper layers are denser than BC. At the surface RS, another refraction
those below them. N
Incident ray
When a ray of light from sun after Ai

reflection from the top of a tree travels from M

adenser to a rarer layer, it bends away from
+Glass block
the normal. As a result, in refraction at the
Refracted ray
surface of separation of successive layers,
each time the angle of refraction increases and Aif
the angle of incidence of ray going from M
Emergent ray
denser medium to rarer medium also D
increases, till a stage is reached when the Fig. 5.11 Refraction of light through a
angle of refraction becomes 90°, On further reclangular glass block
85
 occurs. N,CCM, is the
incidenceThe ray to the surfacenormalRS. at the point of refraction occurs. The
from glass to air (i.e., ray Qk
so it BC now enters from glass to air.
bends away from fr om
to a rarer medium), so it b den a

travels along CD. Thethe normal N,CM, and normal N'RM to the
along RS. Thus, for the fabe
cends aw
AC
incident ray, BC the ray and CD the
AB is called the
the inprciisdmentis 0s
refracted ray inside
emergentThe ray. refracted ray. emergent ray outsidethe prism is
incident rayemmergent ray CD is parallel to the
AB. Thus, both the incident and
on passing through
bends towards the base prism,
of the the
emergent
the rays are in the same A pris
emergent ray is direction,
the incident ray. In laterally displaced from
Dut A

Glass
A

Fig. 5.11, the lateral

displacement
N
is shown by CE () which is the Retracted ray
perpendicular distance between the incident
ray and the
Incident
ray

MM
PRISM emergent ray.
B
A prism is a Base

by five plane transparent medium bounded Fie. 5.13 Refraction of light

surfaces with a through.
section. Two opposite surfaces triangular cross
of a prism are
identical and parallel triangles, while the other
three surfaces are rectangular and The emergent ray through a prism is not i
each other as shown in Fig. 5.12. inclined on of the incident ray, but it bends towards the k
prism because in a prism, refraction
In symbol form, it is occurs
triangle ABC. represented by the inclined surfaces. On the other hand, in a
glass block, refraction of light occurs at two
surfaces, so the emergent ray is in direction
incident ray, but laterally displaced.
DISPERSION OF WHITE LIGHT
B
Newton allowed white light fromth
Symbol of prism to enter a dark room through a small ae
Fig. 5.12 Aprism in a window and placed a glass prism
REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH A path of light rays. The light coming out
PRISM WHITE
Fig. 5.13 shows a prism ABC. A ray of SCREEN

light PQ of single colour falls obliquely on

the face AB of the prism. This ray enters from IWHITE

air to glass (i.e., from a rarer medium to a

ndow
LIGHT

Aperture|

denser medium), so it bends towards the

normal NQM to the face AB and travels along Fig. 5.14 Dispersion of light by a prism
OR. At the face AC of the prism, another
86
Concise PHYSICS- Middle Schod
 on a white
coloured patch like ascreen On the Snce, refractive index
rainbow was specedof light in air
shown in Fig 5.14. Ths
patch was specdof light in medium
mnaximum
Srtingfrom theside of the base of e relractive index of a medium is
the lor violet light and minimum for the red
YsIM.thecolours in the spectrum on the light.the
Therelore, when white light enters a prism,
inthe following order colours while
l splits into its constituent
Violet (V),Indigo (). Blue Teraction at the first surface of the prism. These
Gecn(G). Yellow ). Orange (0), (B), and colours get farther separated from each other on
The order of
(R)
Rd colours in the spectrum refraction at the second surface of prism.
incasil1 be remembered by the word
VIBGYOR Thus, spectrum is the coloured Do Wou Know
hundobtained on a sereen on passing the
In rainy season, sometimes after the rains, you see
hie light through a prism. a rainbow in the sky, just opposite to the sun. t is due
FromIhe above
experiment, Newtonof
oncludedthat white light is a
to dispersion of white ight of sun by the rain drops
which behave like small prisms.
wvencolours mixture
The dispersion of white light can be
Note that the prism does not produce demonstrated by the following activities.
colours. but it simply separates the colours
ahich already exist in white light. ACTIVITY 3
This. if white light is passed through a To see dispersion of white light.
pristm. it splits into different colours. This Take a thick cardboard sheet. Make a small hole in
alled dispersion of light. it. Allow the sun light to pass through it in a dark
CAUSE OF DISPERSION room. Place a prism in the path of sun light coming
In class VII, you have read that white through the hole and then a white screen behind the
prism as shown in Fig. 5.15.
lieht of sun is composed of seven prominent
colours, namely. violet, indigo, blue, green, Prism White
Screen
mellow. orange and red. The speed of light of Card board
sheet
ll colours is same in air or vacuum, but it
differs in a transparent medium such as glass Hole Y
G
or water. In a transparent medium (such as
glass or water). the speed of violet light is V

ninimum and of red light is maximum.

Therefore. the refractive index u of a Fig. 5.15 Formation of spectrum by a prism
ransparent medium is also different for lights You will see that a band of colours is obtained on
of different colours. the sereen with colours violet, indigo, blue, green,
yellow, orange and red in order from the base of the
More precisely there are a mmber of colours mixed
i one anther but the prominent colours are seven. prism upwards as shown in Fig. 5.15.
Energy 87
 Kinds of spherical mirrors
ACTIVITY 4
Take a circular disc There are two kinds of
seven sectors. Then of cardbooard and divide it into
the sectors with the seven
i) Concave mirTOr and sphen
colours (violet, indigo.paintblue, green, yellow, orange (ii) Convex mirTOr.
and red) in order., as Concave mirror:A concay
shown in Fig. 5.16.
made by silvering on
of a hollow sphere he ou
range

Vellow Red
Violet
reflection takes place suche
Blue Indigo
hollow (or concave) from
in Fig. 5.18 (a). surface
(ii) Convex mirror : A
Fig. 5.16 A colour dise on rotation
produces white colour
convexin
made by silvering on the
such that the reflection
Rotate the disc rapidly. You will notice that the disc the outer convexed (or takes p
appears white.
This shows that seven colours
violet,
as shown in Fig. 5.18(b) bulgec
green, yellow, orange and red being theindigo, blue.
constituent
Reflecting
surface
Silvered
Surface
colours of white light, when combined produce the
white colour effect.

SPHERICAL MIRRORS Reflecting

surface
Spherical mirrors are made by
the part AB of the hollow glass silvering
shown in Fig. 5.17. sphere as B
(a) Concave mirror (b) Convex
A
Silvered surtace
Fig. 5.18 Concave and comvex mio:
Reflecting surtace
SOME TERMS RELATED TO ASPHE
MIRROR
Silvere
(1) Pole: The geometric centre
spherical surface of the mi
Convex mirror
B
called the pole of the miror. -
B Concave mirror mid point of the aperture
Hollow sphere the mirror. It is represented
Fig. 5.17 Formation of a spherical mirror symbol P in Fig. 5.19,
(2) Centre of curvature : The cen
The surface on which silvering is done,
is called the silvered surface and the reflection curvature of a mirror is the ce
the sphere of which the mic
of light takes place from the other surface
which is called the reflecting surface. part. It is represented by the sy
in Fig. 5. 19.
88
Concise PHYSICS Middle Schoo
 light
Focus : Fig 5.20 shows the rays of
to its
lalling on a spherical miror parallel by
prncipal axis. These tays are rellected the
Pincipal mirror obeying the laws of reflection (Ge.
angle of incidence i = angle of rellection ).
The normal at the of incidence is
Concavemirror (b) Convex miror ponl
Oblained by joining this point to the centre o
ie S19Pale, centre of curvature, radius of curvature C. The reflected rays are not parallel
aturecand
principalI axis ef a
splherical mirror l0 cach other, but they are converging towards
Note: The normal at any point of the
pont In a concave mirror, while divergin8
passes through the centre of Iroma point in a convex mirro.
or curvature.
ther words, a line joining the centre of In case of a concave mirror, the reflected
point of the rays meet at point F on the principal axis
rature to any mirror, is normal
at that point. |Fig. 5.20a)]. This point is called the focus
he mirror of the
3)Radius of curvature : The radius of concave mirror.
curvature of a mirror is the In case of a convex mirror [Fig. 5.20(b).
radius of
the sphere of which the mirror is a part. the reflected rays do not meet at any point,
Thus, it is the distance of the centre of Dut they appear to come from a point F on
curvature C from any point of the (he principal axis, behind the mirror. This
surface of miror. In Fig. 5.19, this is point called the focus of the convex mirror.
represented by the symbol R.
(4) Principal axis : It is a straight line Principal axis
joining the pole of the mirror to its
centre of curvature. In Fig. 5.19, the line
PC represents the principal axis. It may
extend on either side of the pole. Focal length
(a) Concave mirror
JCUS AND FOCAL LENGTH
In class VII, you have learnt about
lection of light at a plane mirror. When a Principal axis
p
vof light is reflected from a plane mirror,. it
evs the following two laws of reflection :
Focal length
() The angle of incidence i is equal to the (b) Convex mirror
angle of reflection r. Fig. 5.20 Focus and focal lengh of
(ii) The incident ray. the reflected ray and a spherical mirror
the normal, all lie in the same plane. The focuS of a concave mirror is a point
The above laws of reflection of light hold on the principal axis at which the light rays
ue for the spherical mirrors as well.
89
Energy
 i(converge)
ncident paralafterlel refltoectthieon prifromnciptheal aximisr ormeet. one position. a very smal
the paper. You will image
notice that the of
The point (Fig. 5.2). This point
On its focus of a convex mirror is a poinl concave mirror. is
incident principal axis at which the light rays
parallel to the principal axis, appear Measure the distance fof
to meet after with a metre ruler. This this poin
The reflection from the mirror.
focus is represented by the letter E approximate focal
length of the distacOnnccaev
Note
real, while :The focus of a concave mirror is RULES FOR MAKING RAY
that of a convex mirror is virtual.
Focal length : The distance of the
from the pole of the focus
SPHERICAL MIRROR
1. The object is
reflecting surfacekept in
DINGR
length of the mirror. mirror is called the focal on its
leit
length of mirror is In Fig.5.20, the focal 2. The object is
Thus, marked by the distance PF. principal axis such
perpendicular
althewaysprincipal,kep
In Fig. 5.20,
focal lha
It can be proved (bylength f= PE.
its foot touches the

Focal length 1
x
simple geometry) hal 3. For constructing a ray
least two rays of
prindciiapgaral a

or Radius
The
approximate
of curvature
Radius of curvature
= 2 x Focal
length.
focal length of a to reflection by the
To construct
paths can be traced
image of an oby
coafntveernierneclee
concave mirror can be a spherical
following simple activity. determined by the of the following three rays can h mir or,
according to our convenience.
ACTIVITY S
To find the Convenient rays :
mirror approximate focal length of a concave (i) Aray passing
Take the concave mirror and through the
curvature reflected along i
is
hold it such that it faces
the sun. Now place a path : A line jO1ning the cer
and adjust its distance piece of paper in front of it
from the miror such that at curvature to any point on the
of mirror is always
normal to
a ray passing through the cer
Sun rays
curvature is incident normally
Paper
spherical mirror. Its angle of inc
Concave
mirror
is zero, therefore. the angk
Focus
reflection is alsO zero. It mear
Fig. 5.2I Determination of the ray gets reflected back ler
approximate
focal length of concave mirror Own path (Fig. 5.22).
90
Concise PHYSICS- Middie Schoo
 tomed by
image incdent
lo constuct the rays
we take at least
Ltwo hy
of the trtn
CPuncal the miror lom a yiven after p retlection
The point wlhee the tays o meet gives
the mmoL, meet or ppcar
(b) Convex mot
iage of that pot of the object
IMAGE
passin through the centre of REAL AND VIRIUAL tmeet a
tlecet along its own patlh
retlected ays actually reflected
is
ournaureparallel I the real, but it the produced
to the principal axis: the image is when
Aray ightincident parallel to the Point, micet at a pont mage
ry of rays appear to Areal
principal axis,
A aft,er reflection passes backwards, the Image is VIrtual.but a Nirtual
through the focus i case of a concave a screen.
Can be obtained on on a screen A rcal
appears to come from the cannot be taken iNerect
irror or image virtual nage
case of a convex mirror inverted, båt a
focus in Image is
and virtual image
(Fig.5.23) Distinction between real
Virtual Image
Real Image
|A Irtual image s
A real image is formed whe the
formed when he reflected tays eet
F Prncipal
axis
reflected ray on producing them
actually meet at a back wards
(b) Convex mirror point. upngh
2 Its cret ot
al Concavemirror

ray parallel
2. I is nverted
Fe523
to the principal
reflection either passes or appears 3. It can be
obtained OoaTOCn
after
to pass tlhrough focus on asreen
1CONCAVE
passingthrough the focus : A IMAGES FORMED BY
iü) Aray
av passing through the focus in case MIRROR
ofa concave mirror or appearing to paSs When an object is at infinity : When
I. the image ix
through the focus in case of a convex an objeet is at nfinity. inverted
the
mirror. gets retlected parallel to formed at the foxus It is acal.
principal axis (Fig 5.24). image iFig 5 25
and highly d1min1shecd

Prncpa
Prcpa axis

i) Convex mror
a Concave miror
cis o
Tig S24A rav passing through thegets relected Te $25 real nverted and hchly dimncched
ppearing ta pss through the focus, image N formed when the ohect is at nfimts
parallel tn the principal axs
Energy
 2 Wheejects besnd the cemtre way, taking rays
orate An obict ABsplaced
beyom hec e f cuvte Cof he
ponts of the
of AB
inciden
objoct AB
f
oeFig 536AyAD is is real.
formed at C
ode on e mior paaliel o the inverted a
that of the objectand of the
a This ay aher eflection
hgh thc focus F along DA
The cher y AE pasing thrcgh the
cene o crvatue Cafer reflectioe
cs spuh EALetgets reflected
along EALThe twco eflected rays DA"
and EA intesect atA
aligc of he point A.Ths,Aishe
ays inciient from cher When we take Fie 5.27A real
obiect we wll find that points of the
formed inrerned
at imege ef he sa
the centre
ime of AB which is between CandAB is the 4 When an of
curvt
F The mage object is
of curvature and between the 6.1
and smaler in foed is real.
inverted
sine thun the object is placed focus : An cbi
of between focus Fand the
(Fig.curvature Cof the
5.28). A ray AD concave incident
mirur parallel to the principal a
reflection passes
along DA. The oher through the po
ray AE pe
through the focus F after refled
Fis S26Area, ieted nd becomes parallel to the princip
Srmed heteen cetre of smller imege is along EA. The two
3. Whenan cauraure and focas and EA intersect at reflected
A'.
rays
object is at the centre of real image of A. In a
Thus, As
Curvature : An object AB is placed at
the centre af Tays incident from other similar way, t
curvature Cof the
miror (Fig 527. A ray AD concave object, AB is the image ofpoints i
cn the mirror parallel to its incident beyond C. The image thus ABforme fo
principal
axis after reflecticon passes through real, inverted and of
the the object. bigger size D
focs F along DA. The ocher ray AE
incident on the mirror through the
focus F after reflection
becomes
parallel to the principal axis along
The two reflected rays DA and EA.
EA'
intersect at point A'. Hence, A is the
rcal image of the point A. In the same Fig. 5.38A real
iverted and magnified image
ormedhcyond the centre of curvature Fig
PHYSICSMidde School Energy
 formed behund the mirtu De itag
hen an
object is at the focusthe:
focus, fomed is virtual, erect and of sur
6, object IS at he
When an tN bigger than the object
at infinity.
magc for med S ighly magnitied Thus a concave mirror foms real a well
calnverted and as virtual imayes The image is virtual if de
ihg 529)
object is very close to the miror hefore its
focus. For the object at focus or beyond t.
the image is real. The virtual image is always
magnificd for cach position of objoct betwoen
the pole and focus of mirror The real image
Is magnified if the objcct is at focus or
S29A real, inverted and highly magnified between focus and centre of curvature It s
Le
aage is formed at
infinity of same size when objcct is at centre of
When an object is between
the curvature. But it is dimin1shed when object is
6. object AB is beyond centre of curvature
(ocus and pole : An and focus
placed bctween the pole P 5.30). A
Fof a concave mirror
(Fig. Do Vou Knw
parallel
ray AD incident on the mirror The image formed by a mirror (both plane miror
afler reflection
to the principal axis along DE and spherical mirror) shows lateral iversion (e, he
passes through the focus F right side of object appears at left side of iage or
vic
the
The other ray AE passing through
the miror versa)
centre of curvaturc C of
after reflection reraces its path e.. Image formed by a concave nirror for
two different positions of the object
it gets rcilectcd as EC). The Pasition of the Natur of the
reflected rays DF and EC do not No. Position of the
object image
actuaily intersect, but they simply At focus F) Real avered
appear to diverge from a point A At infinity nd iminshed
bch1nd the mior. This Is shown by Berwecn focus Rcal nvered
Bcyond the
the dotted lines. Thus, A' is the virtual 2
and chc centre of apd smallet
centre of han he obect
image of A. In a similar way, taking c u ature (C)
curvaure (O

rays incident from other points of the At the centre of Real verted
At the centre of and of une srd
object, AB' is the image of AB Curvature (C
curvatute (C)

Real inverted
4 Betwen he centre Beyond the centre and bugger tha
of curvature (C of cuature (C)
Phnos a t fous (F) the objet
Real inverted
At the focus (F) tnfinuty
and highly
magn1ficd
Virtual crrct
Behind the miror
tig[ 3 Avirtual, erect and Bewccn the focus And cnlarged
bigger
formed behind the mirror maKe
F) and poie (P

Enery
 byA Convex Mirror Conclusion :(1) In a concave m
Images Formed
image formed can be real
An object AB is placed in front of
the
a
or erect. diminished or of
i virtual,
enlarged, depending upon thesame
AD incident on
A ray s
mirror mirot.
comvex parallel to the principal axis after posit
F object As the object is brought from
reflection appears to diverge from focus towards the mirror, the image is real, in
along DA, The other ray AE passing towards and diminished till the object is beyond
the centre of curvature C, after reflection
of curvature. For the object at cent
Tetraces its path EA as shown in Fig. 5.31.
(ie it gets reflected back along EA).The two curvature, the image is real, inverted a
reflected rays DA, and EA do not actually same size. When object comes closer
meet butthey appear to meet at A' behind the focus, the image is real, enlarged and it
mirror when produced backwards as shown But if object comes still closer, the in
by the dotted lines. Thus,A is the virtual becomes virtual, erect and enlarged.
image of the point A. In a similar way, taking (2)In a convex miror, the image fn
rays incident from the other points of the is always virtual, erect, diminished and i
objectAB is the image of AB. situated between the pole and focus, fors
position of the object in front of the mi
As the object moves closer to the miroc
image shifts towards the pole and it incre
in size. We can verify it by drawing
diagrams for different positions of the ob
The formation of virtual image t
mirror can
concave and convex
Fiz 531A virtual, erect and smaller image is
formed behind the mirror betwecn F and P
demonstrated by the following activity.
ACTIVITY 6
As the object is brought closer to the
Canves miror, the image moves towards the Take a polished stcel spoon. The inside surfac
prle of mirror. Its size increases (but the spoon is curved inwards and has a concave s
always while the outside surface of the spoon is Cu
Temains snaller than the size of the object).
Ih is vitual, erect and outwards and hasa convex shape.
always formed betwcen thediminished, and is
pole and focus. () Hold the spoon in such a way
Peitin se and nature of image that the inside surface of the
by acuevex mirror formed spoon (concave side) is closer
Pexitin Sae ef the to you. Sce image of your face
Nature of the
(Fig.5.32). It is erect and
nag image magnificd. Now move the mage
concavem
iinashed spoon away from you, you will
Mrtof and Fig.531
Mprighe notice that the image becomes
Diinished Menaal and inverted.
outside suri
Mpright (2) Now hold the spoon with its

Concise PHYSICS Middle School

 Observe
headlight of a car and other vehicles The
yourface. source of light (hulb) is placed at the focus
ioWards observe
theinage You will erect but
of the concave reflector
image is
that the shown in (H) Use of concave mirror as a
diminished as
5.33. If you move
the doctor's head mirror : Ifa parallel beam of
DE
away trom you, the light is incident on a concave mirtot, it
spon erect converges the bcam to a point called focus
mageremains always image n
cove miro
anddiminished. Fig. 5.3 (Fig. 5.35). This fact enables us to use it asa
doctor's head mirror to concentrate ight on a
small area to be examincd, like noe, throat
car, teeth, etc.
mirror is always formed
Areal image formed by a formed Paralet bea o g
whilea virtual image is
n ront of the mirror,
behind the mirror Focus

MIRROR
USES OF ACONCAVE Paralel beam of lgh
following
A concave miror is put to the
USCs Cancae
) As a shaving mirror, Fig. 5.3S Use of a concave mirr
() As a reflector,. as a doctor's head mirrar
(in) As a doctor's head mirror. (iv) Use of concave mirror in a solar
(iv) To converge solar radiations in a solar cooker to converge the sun-rays : In a solar
cooker. and cooker a concave mirror is used to reflect the
(v) In flood lights as a reflector. sun-rays so as to converge them on the cooking
6) U'se of concave mirror as a shaving material placed at the focus of concave miTU
irror : A concave mirror forms an erect and flood
(V) Use of concave mirror in
magnificd image of an object placed close to lights as a reflector : In flood lights, the
It.This fact enables us to use it as a shaving
mirror source of light (ie. bulb) is placed between
as
(i) Use of concave the pole and focus of a concave miror so
mirror as a to obtain a diverging beam of light.
reflector:
of light is
If a
source
placed at the USES OF A CONVEX MIRROR
focus of a the following
A convex miror is put to
tior, we get concave
a
Bulb

beam of reflectedparallel uses

(Fig 5.34). This light Focus () As a rear view mirror.

us to usefact
and
cnables (i) As a reflector in street lamps,
a1a reflector it Concave reflector
(i) As a vigilance or anti-theft
miror.
torch, scarchlight and Fig. 5.34 Use of a
concave mirror as a ()) Use of convex mirror
as a rear view
diverges the
mirror : A convex mirror
|Enegi reflector
Inclet light ys and always forms a small (ii) Use of convex
dorect image betwecn its pole and focus. in street lamps : The mirror
fact
as
This tact enables us to use it as a rear view mirror diverges the light rays that &
incide
mimoc by a driver to see all the traffic behind enables Us to use it as a
him approaching the miror. Fig. 5.36 shows lamps. The light from a bulb
of aconvex miror
refleplaced
ctor i
that a conveK miror has a wider ficld of view diverges
than a plane miror. in the street as shown in Fig.overa
5.37.
h
Pane mor

Image

Bulb

) Pane miror
Covex ior
Conver miror Fig. 5.37 Use of aconvex mirror ase
reflector in street lights
Image (iii) Use of convex mirror as a vig
mirror : In big showrooms and departne
stores, convex mirors are used to have a
b ComE mior On the customers entering in as well as g
Fi is 536 Ficld of view of a convex Out. The mirors so used are called vig
wider than that of u plane mirror or anti-theft mirrors.
mirror

The chunge in RECAPTULATION

ttcten of ightdiroction of path of light when it
passes from one transparent medium to
another. is
callelt
he sgeed of light in
air is 3x 10
et lbght is less ms In any other
than that in air, The air is, transparent medium (such as water. glass, ctcl
essTy
ight travels fromn a
of ight
ey f light fallstravels from a ondenser
therefore.opically
rarer to a denser medium, it bendsrarer than any other transparent
to a rarer towards the normal.
nedium, it bends away fromn the

y
90devtated normally
hat akes
place at
the surface
separating the two mcdia, the angle nornal.
ot incidence is
zof
ty snd te the two parallel surfaces when
Wesalha ray o ncident
sungle
ray are in the
colour passes
light
sae direction, butpasses through
Whes ile lisha ray bends towards the prism, refraction takes place at thedisplaced.
through a
a
rctangular
they are laterally
glass block

two inclincd surface

Gangs nd te pasacs third surface (called base) of the prism.
96
throuyha
pectwite(VlIgBhtGYOR) prisn, it splits into
with violet colour seven colours narncly, violct,
towards the base of the prism. indigo. hiue,
Rreen,yell
bund is call
This coloured
Concise PHYSICS Middle Schoo
 TEST YOURSELE

e eQuestions :
(d) When a ray of light travels from air to o
Writ iruc or false for each statement: it bends the normal.
Waer is optically denser than glass. (e) When white light passes through a prism
tb) A ray of light when passes from glass to air,
bends towards the nornal. () The splitting of white light into
(c) The speed of light is more in glass than in constituent colours is called
water. mirror is obtained on silver
(g) A
(d) The depth of a pond when seen from above the outer surface of a part of a hollow gl
appears to be less.
sphere.
(e) Light travels at a lower speed in water than (h) Radius of curvature of a spherical mimor:
in air.
....ts focal length.
) Light travels in the same straight line path ) The angle of incidence for a ray of lio
while passing through different media. passing through the centre of curvature of
and
(g) The angle formed between the normal spherical miror is ....
the refracted ray is known as the angle
incidence. ) A mirror always forms a vit
image.
(h) At the point of incidence, a line drawn at
right angles to the surface, separating the two (k) A concave mirror forms a virtual image fo
media, is called the normal. an object placed .......
(i) Image is formed by a miror due to refraction Ans. (a) denser (b) rarer (c) away fro
(d) towards (e) disperses (f) dispersiom
of light. (g) concave (h) two times () 0° ) cone
() Rays of light incident parallel to the principal (k) between its pole and focu
axis pass through the focus after reflection
from a concave mirOr. 3. Match the following :
(k) Aconvex miror is used as a shaving mirror. Column A Column B
() convex miror
() The focal length of a convex mirror is equal (a) White light
to its radius of curvature. (b) Refraction (iü) concave miror
(m) A concave mirror converges the light rays, (c) Virtual images (ii) refraction
but a convex miror diverges them. (d) Real images (iv) spectrum
(n) A vitual image formed by a spherical mirror (e) Prism (v) ray of light from
is always erect and situated behind the glass to air
miror. Ans. (a)-(iv), (b)-(v), (C-i), (d-ii), (e
Ans. True- (d), (e), (h), (), (m), (n), 4. Select the correct alternative
False - (a), (b), (c), (). (g). (). (k), ()
(a) The speed of light in air or vacuum is :
Fill in the blanks : (i) 3 x10 m s-!
*....than air.
(a) Water is optically (iü) 2-25 x 10 m s-!
(b) Air is optically than glass. (ii) 332 ms!
(c) When a ray of light travels from water to air., (iv) 2-0 x 10 msl
it bends the normal.

4Concise PHYSICS Middle School

 light moving from an optically rarer (0) The image formcd by a concave mirror is of
(b) Aray of medium :
to a denser the same size as the objcct, if the object is
(i) bends away from the normal placed :
ói) bends towards the normal i) at the focus
(iüi) remains undeviated (i) between the pole and the focus
(iv) none of the above. (i) between the focus and the centre of
The angle between the normal and refracted curvature

ray is called : (iv) at the centre of curvature.

() angle of deviation ) Aconvex miror is used :
(ü) angle of incidence () as a shaving mirror
() angle of refraction (ü) as a head mirror by a dentist
(iv) angle of emergence. (i) as a rear view miror by a driver
) The property of splitting of white light into (iv) as a reflector in torch.
its seven constituent colours is known as :
Ans. (a)-i), (b)-(ü), (c-ü), (d-(iv), (e)-i),
) rectilinear propagation (-iv), (g)), (h-0. 0-iv), (-(iü)
(ü) refraction B. Short/Long Answer Questions :
(ii) reflection
1. State the speed of light in (a) air, (b) water, and
(iv) dispersion. (c) glass.
(e) The seven colours in the spectrum of sunlight 2. How does the speed of light determine the optical
in order, are represented as: density of a medium ?
) VIBGYOR (ü) VIGYBOR 3. Which is optically denser : water or air ? Give
(i) BIVGYOR (iv) RYOBIVG reason.

(0 Aray of light passing through the centre of 4. Out of air and glass, which is optically rarer ?
curvature of a spherical mirror, after Give reason.
reflection : 5. What do you understand by refraction of
) passes through the focus light ?
(ü) passes through the pole 6. Describe an experiment to show that a light ray
(ü) becomes parallel to the principal axis bends when it passes from one transparent
medium into another transparent medium.
(iv) retraces its own path.
(e) lf the radius of curvature of a concave miror 7. Draw a ray diagram to show that the depth of a
is 20cm, its focal length is: vessel containing water when seen from above,
0) 10 cm (ii) 20 cm appears to be less than its real depth.
8. Define the following terms :
(ii) 40 cm (iv) 80 cm.
(h) The image formed by a convex mirror is : Incident ray, Refracted ray, Angle of incidence,
Angle of refraction.
() erect and diminished
(i) erect and enlarged 9. Aray of light falls normally on aglass slab. What
is the angle of incidence ?
(üi) inverted and diminished 10. Aray of light travels from a rarer medium to a
iv) inverted and enlarged. denser medium. How will it bend ?

Lt Energy 99
li A V of light travels from a denser mcdium to
I6, What is amirage 7Giive a reaSon Ior its form 30. How is
spherical mirror used to d

17, What is a prisn1 ? Draw a ray diagram to point ? Name the

Laer medium. How will it bend of light from a
the refraction of a light ray through a pris used.
12 The diagram given bclow in Fig. 5.38 shows I8, What do you mcan by the term dispersion direction of incident r
ray of light AO falling on a surface separating State the
falls on a prism. Draw a spherical mime
19 A ray of white light reflection from
two media. Draw the refracted ray in cach, re
Give a reasc
CNC. diagram to show that the prism disperses along its own path.
length of a
white light.
. 5,40, AO is the ray of white light fo How is the focal curvatur
Aln 20. In Fig. 32 related to its radius of
on a prism PQR. Complete the diagram ill giver
Water
Water
light emerges out from the prism and falls on The diagrams (Fig 5.41)
2 incident
33 1and
parallel raysa convcx
Screen. Screen nrror. (b) mirror.
(b)
(a
mark the focus by
raysand
Whteight 1
White

Water
Princip
Principal axis
ax

Fig. 5.38 Fig. 5.40

a light
L3. Draw a diagram showing the refraction ofincident 21. What do you understand by the term spectnum (a) Concave miror
Label on it the Name the various colours present in the spectnj Fig. 5.41
ray from wer to glass,
of incidence (0), and the angle of of sunlight.
ray, the
22. You are given a disc divided into seven sert the followingd
34. Completethe
refraction (r). drawing reflected ray
14,/ The diagram in Fig. 5.39 shows a ray of light with colours violet, indigo, blue, green, yello 1and 2 if F is the focus
AO falling on a rectangular glass slab PORS. orange and red in them. What would be its cov curvature.
Complete the diagram till the ray of light emerges when it is rotated rapidly ?
23. State the two laws of reflection of light.
out of the slab. Label on the diagram the incident
ray, the refracted ray and the emergent ray. 24. What is a spherical miror ? Princi
Principal axis
25. State the two kinds of spherical mirors ang axis
distinguish them with the aid of proper diagram
26. Explain the following terms:
Pole, Centre of curvature, Radius of curvature (a) Concave miror
Principal axis. Fig
Show them on separate diagrams for each of the 35. Which are the two co
Fig. 5.39 concave and convex mirrors.
to construct the in
I5. Explain the following : 27. What do you understand by the focus and foca
length ofa spherical mirror ? Show them o mirror for a given
(a) A coin placed at the bottom of a vessel separate diagrams for each of a concave miru of suitable ray dia
appears to be raised when water is poured and a convex mirror. 36. Draw a ray diagr
in the vessel.
28. Draw suitable diagrams to illustrate how a beam the image of an o'
(b) A straight stick partly dipped in water of light incident parallel to the principal axis i of curvature of
obliquely, appears to be bent at the surface reflected by : position, size and
of water. (a) a concave miror, and (b) a convex mirot. 37. Draw a ray dia_
(c) The sun is seen before the sunrise and after 29, How is a spherical mirror used to converge i the image of ar
the sunset. beam of light at a point? Name the type of mimd curvature of a c
used. size and nature
100
Concise PHYSICS-Middle School-& Light Energy
 formation ol
Kaspherical duutam to show the
miror usedto diverge a beam h. Dw a ray the focus and
objcct placed between
how of mior
ebt fn a pont ? Name the type mape of an mirror. State the
cenire ol curvatute of a copcave
position, size and nature of the image.
s the direction of inedent ray which after
ction from a sphencal mirnor gets refleeted 39. Draw a ray diagram o show the formation of
the pole and
along its
..
own path.ive a reason.
ik the focal length of a spherical mior
image of an object placed between
Iocus of a concave mirror, Statc the position, size
ht talt.if lafed to its radIIs of curvature
? and nature of the image.
tann till
and falls r
33 Thediagrams (Fig. 5.4) given below show two 40. Drawa ray diagran to show the formation of the
image of an objcct placed on the principal axis
s on the urallel rays | and2 incident on (a) a concave
miror, (b) a convex mirror. Draw the reflected of a convex mirror. State the psition, size and
sad mark the focus by the symbol E nature of the image. What happens to the imagc
as the object is moved away from the mirror ?
41. Draw separate diagrams for the formation of
Principal
virtual image of an object by
PNpa axie (a) a concave mirror and
(b) a convex mirror.
State the difference of the two images.
Ald b the lem spectru a Concvemimor
rs nrsent in the (b) Convex mirror 42. Name the mirror which always forms an ercct
spectrun Fig. 5.41 and virtual image. What is the size of the image
Cauunlete the following diagrams in Fig. 5,42 hy as compared to that of the object ?
e diride into
seven sectors rwing the reflected rays for the incident rays 43. Name the miror which forms an erect, virtual
inligo. biue. green, yellow difF is the focus and C is the centre of and enlarged image of an object. What is the
What would be its colour Curvature. position of object relative to the mirror ?
44, What is a real image ? Name the mirror
freieion of light. which
can be used to obtain the real image of an object.
Principal
Pnojpa axis What should be the position of the object relative
i s of spherical mirors and S c
mirror ?
N he aid of proper diagrams 45. How can a concave
: teritts :
mirror be used to obtain a
virtual image of an object ? Draw a diagram to
ature. Radius of curvature. aj Concave mirror illustrate your answer.
(b) Convex mirror
46. State two uses of a
Fig. 5.42 concave mirror.
3arate diagrams for cach of the 47. State two uses of a convex mirror.
e mirrors, t Which are the twO Convenient rays that are chosen
to construct the image tormed by a spherical 48. A driver uses a convex
Nund by the focus and focal mirror as a rear view
aherical miror ?Show them on
miror for a given object? Explain with the help mirror. Explain the reason with the help of a ray
s for each of aconcave mimor of suitable ray diagrams. diagram.
49. State the kind of mirror
Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of used
the image of an object placed beyond the centre (a) by a dentist, and
rams sto illustrate how a beam of curvature of a concave mirror. State the (b) as a street light reflector.
et parallel to the principal axis is
nosition, size and nature of the image. 50. Name the kind of mirror
used to obtain
ror. and (b) a convex mirro. 1 Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of (a) a real and enlarged image,
rical mnirror used to converge a the image of an object placed at the centre of (b) a virtual and enlarged
apoint? Name the type of mirror curvature of a concave mirror. State the position, (c) a real and image,
size and nature of the image. diminished
(d) a virtual and
image,
PHYSICS- Middle School8 Lght Energy
diminished imag