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Essential SQL Queries Reference Guide

This document serves as a comprehensive reference guide for essential SQL queries, covering basic query structures, data retrieval, filtering, sorting, data aggregation, joins, subqueries, data modification, table operations, advanced queries, indexes, and transaction control. It includes numerous SQL examples for each topic, illustrating how to perform various operations such as selecting, inserting, updating, and deleting data. The guide is designed to assist users in effectively utilizing SQL for database management and querying.

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Zubayer R'man
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4 views

Essential SQL Queries Reference Guide

This document serves as a comprehensive reference guide for essential SQL queries, covering basic query structures, data retrieval, filtering, sorting, data aggregation, joins, subqueries, data modification, table operations, advanced queries, indexes, and transaction control. It includes numerous SQL examples for each topic, illustrating how to perform various operations such as selecting, inserting, updating, and deleting data. The guide is designed to assist users in effectively utilizing SQL for database management and querying.

Uploaded by

Zubayer R'man
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Essential SQL Queries Reference Guide

Basic Query Structure

sql

SELECT column1, column2, ...


FROM table_name
WHERE condition
ORDER BY column1 [ASC|DESC];

Data Retrieval

Basic SELECT

sql

-- Select all columns


SELECT * FROM employees;

-- Select specific columns


SELECT first_name, last_name, salary FROM employees;

-- Select with column alias


SELECT first_name AS name, salary*12 AS annual_salary FROM employees;

Filtering with WHERE

sql

-- Basic conditions
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE department_id = 50;
SELECT * FROM products WHERE price > 100;
SELECT * FROM orders WHERE order_date = '2023-01-15';

-- Multiple conditions
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE salary > 5000 AND department_id = 20;
SELECT * FROM products WHERE category = 'Electronics' OR category = 'Computers';
SELECT * FROM orders WHERE NOT status = 'Shipped';

-- Pattern matching
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE last_name LIKE 'S%'; -- Names starting with S
SELECT * FROM products WHERE description LIKE '%wireless%'; -- Contains "wireless"

Sorting with ORDER BY


sql

-- Sort by single column


SELECT * FROM employees ORDER BY last_name; -- Ascending (default)
SELECT * FROM products ORDER BY price DESC; -- Descending

-- Sort by multiple columns


SELECT * FROM employees ORDER BY department_id, salary DESC;

DISTINCT for unique values

sql

SELECT DISTINCT department_id FROM employees;

Data Aggregation

Aggregate Functions

sql

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employees;


SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees;
SELECT SUM(quantity) FROM order_items;
SELECT MAX(price) FROM products;
SELECT MIN(hire_date) FROM employees;

GROUP BY

sql

-- Group by one column


SELECT department_id, COUNT(*) AS employee_count
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;

-- Group by multiple columns


SELECT department_id, job_id, SUM(salary) AS total_salary
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id, job_id;

HAVING (filtering for groups)


sql

SELECT department_id, AVG(salary) AS avg_salary


FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) > 5000;

Joins

INNER JOIN

sql

SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, d.department_name


FROM employees e
INNER JOIN departments d ON e.department_id = d.department_id;

LEFT JOIN (LEFT OUTER JOIN)

sql

SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, d.department_name


FROM employees e
LEFT JOIN departments d ON e.department_id = d.department_id;

RIGHT JOIN (RIGHT OUTER JOIN)

sql

SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, d.department_name


FROM employees e
RIGHT JOIN departments d ON e.department_id = d.department_id;

FULL JOIN (FULL OUTER JOIN)

sql

SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, d.department_name


FROM employees e
FULL JOIN departments d ON e.department_id = d.department_id;

Self Join
sql

SELECT e1.employee_id, e1.last_name AS employee, e2.last_name AS manager


FROM employees e1
LEFT JOIN employees e2 ON e1.manager_id = e2.employee_id;

Subqueries

Subquery in WHERE

sql

-- Find employees with salary above average


SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees);

-- Find employees in the Sales department


SELECT employee_id, last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (SELECT department_id FROM departments WHERE department_name = 'Sales');

 

Subquery in FROM

sql

SELECT department_id, avg_salary


FROM (
SELECT department_id, AVG(salary) AS avg_salary
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) dept_avg
WHERE avg_salary > 6000;

Data Modification

INSERT
sql

-- Insert single row with all columns


INSERT INTO employees VALUES (1001, 'John', 'Smith', '[email protected]', '2023-01-15', 5000,

-- Insert with specific columns


INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, department_id)
VALUES (1002, 'Jane', 'Doe', 50);

-- Insert multiple rows


INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, department_id)
VALUES (1003, 'Robert', 'Johnson', 60),
(1004, 'Maria', 'Garcia', 60);

 

UPDATE

sql

-- Update all rows in a table


UPDATE products SET price = price * 1.1; -- 10% price increase

-- Update with condition


UPDATE employees
SET salary = salary * 1.05
WHERE department_id = 50;

-- Update multiple columns


UPDATE employees
SET salary = salary * 1.05,
commission_pct = commission_pct + 0.05
WHERE department_id = 80;

DELETE

sql

-- Delete specific rows


DELETE FROM orders WHERE order_date < '2020-01-01';

-- Delete all rows (keep table structure)


DELETE FROM temp_employees;

Table Operations

CREATE TABLE
sql

CREATE TABLE employees (


employee_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR(50),
last_name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
email VARCHAR(100) UNIQUE,
hire_date DATE,
salary DECIMAL(10,2),
department_id INT,
FOREIGN KEY (department_id) REFERENCES departments(department_id)
);

ALTER TABLE

sql

-- Add a column
ALTER TABLE employees ADD COLUMN phone VARCHAR(20);

-- Modify a column
ALTER TABLE employees ALTER COLUMN salary SET DEFAULT 5000;
ALTER TABLE employees MODIFY COLUMN first_name VARCHAR(100); -- MySQL syntax

-- Drop a column
ALTER TABLE employees DROP COLUMN temp_column;

DROP TABLE

sql

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS temp_employees;

Advanced Queries

UNION and UNION ALL


sql

-- UNION (removes duplicates)


SELECT employee_id, first_name FROM current_employees
UNION
SELECT employee_id, first_name FROM former_employees;

-- UNION ALL (keeps duplicates)


SELECT product_id, product_name FROM products_2022
UNION ALL
SELECT product_id, product_name FROM products_2023;

CASE Expression

sql

SELECT employee_id, first_name, last_name,


CASE
WHEN salary < 5000 THEN 'Low'
WHEN salary BETWEEN 5000 AND 10000 THEN 'Medium'
ELSE 'High'
END AS salary_category
FROM employees;

Common Table Expressions (CTE)

sql

WITH dept_salary AS (
SELECT department_id, AVG(salary) AS avg_salary
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
)
SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, e.salary, ds.avg_salary
FROM employees e
JOIN dept_salary ds ON e.department_id = ds.department_id
WHERE e.salary > ds.avg_salary;

Window Functions
sql

-- Ranking
SELECT employee_id, last_name, department_id, salary,
RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY department_id ORDER BY salary DESC) AS salary_rank
FROM employees;

-- Running totals
SELECT order_id, order_date, amount,
SUM(amount) OVER (ORDER BY order_date) AS running_total
FROM orders;

Indexes

sql

-- Create index
CREATE INDEX idx_last_name ON employees(last_name);

-- Create unique index


CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_email ON employees(email);

-- Drop index
DROP INDEX idx_last_name;

Transaction Control

sql

-- Begin transaction
BEGIN TRANSACTION; -- or START TRANSACTION; or BEGIN;

-- Commit changes
COMMIT;

-- Rollback changes
ROLLBACK;

-- Savepoint
SAVEPOINT my_savepoint;
ROLLBACK TO my_savepoint;

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