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C Language Cheat Sheet for CCAT

🕰️ History of C + Keywords
●​ History: C was invented in the 1970s by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs. It helped create
early operating systems, especially UNIX. C is called the "mother of all languages"

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because many languages like C++, Java, and Python came from it.​

●​ Keywords: These are special reserved words in C that you can’t use as variable

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names. Examples:​

○​ int → means a number​

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○​ return → ends a function​

○​ if → checks a condition​
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●​ There are 32 keywords in C, and they all have a fixed meaning.​
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🧮 Data Types, Type Modifiers & Qualifiers

●​ Data Types tell the computer what kind of value you're using:​
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○​ int → whole numbers (like 5, -3)​

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○​ float → decimal numbers (like 3.14)​

○​ char → single letters (like 'A')​

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●​ Type Modifiers like short, long, unsigned change the size or range.​
Example:​

○​ unsigned int means no negative numbers allowed.​

○​ long int allows bigger numbers.​

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●​ Qualifiers like const and volatile:​

○​ const int a = 10; → This means the value of a can't change.​

➕ Operators, Priority & Associativity

●​ Operators are symbols used to do calculations or comparisons.​

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○​ +, -, *, /, % → basic math​

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○​ ==, !=, <, > → comparisons​

●​ Priority: Some operators are done before others. Like in maths:​

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○​ * and / happen before + and -​
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●​ Associativity: Tells which side the operation starts from (usually left to right).​
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🔁 Decision Control (if-else, switch)

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●​ Makes your program choose between options.​

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if-else is like asking:​

"If I have money, I’ll buy chocolate. Else, I’ll stay home."​
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if (money > 0) {
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buy_chocolate();

} else {

stay_home();

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switch is used when there are many choices:​

​
switch (day) {
case 1: printf("Monday"); break;
case 2: printf("Tuesday"); break;
}

🔄 Loops (while, do-while, for) + Jump

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●​ Loops let you repeat tasks:​

○​ while → check condition before running​

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○​ do-while → run once, then check​

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○​ for → best when you know how many times to repeat​

Example:
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for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
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printf("%d ", i); // prints 1 2 3 4 5
}
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●​ Jump Statements:​

○​ break → exits loop early​

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○​ continue → skips to next loop round​

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○​ goto → jumps to a label (not recommended)

🧩 Functions
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Think of functions as small tasks or tools inside your program.​

They help you organize your code and avoid repeating the same thing again and again.

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Example:

int add(int a, int b) {

return a + b;

This is a function called add that takes two numbers and gives back their sum.

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Types of Functions

✅ Built-in Functions:​

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●​
Already made by C.​
Example: printf() to print on the screen.​

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●​ 🧑‍💻 User-defined Functions:​ tT
You create these yourself to do a specific job.​
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🔁 How Data is Passed to Functions

📤 Pass by Value:​
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●​
A copy of the data is sent.​
Original value stays safe.​

🔗 Pass by Reference:​
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●​
The actual variable is sent.​
Changes will affect the original value too.​
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🔄 Recursion
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●​ A function that calls itself. Like looking at a mirror that reflects another mirror!
●​ Used for repeating tasks like solving puzzles.

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🏷️ Storage Classes
They tell:

●​ Where a variable is stored​

●​ How long it exists in memory​

Examples:

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●​ auto → default​

●​ static → remembers its value​

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●​ extern → variable from another file​

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🎯 Pointers tT
A pointer is a variable that stores the memory address of another variable.​
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​
int a = 10;
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int *ptr = &a; // &a means address of a

●​ NULL pointer: Points to nothing.​

●​ Void pointer: Can point to any type.​

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●​ Wild pointer: Not initialized. Dangerous!​

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●​ Pointer Arithmetic: You can move to next/previous memory.​

●​ Function Pointer: Pointer that stores address of a function.​

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A+B : https://classplusapp.com/w/wlp/cjzgt/ccat-videos-section-a-and-b

A+B+C : https://classplusapp.com/w/wlp/cjzgt/ccat-videos-section-a-and-b-and-c

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Arrays
An array is a group of similar items (like numbers) stored together.

An array is like a row of boxes 📦📦📦 that hold similar types of data — like only numbers,
or only letters.

📍 Example of 1D Array (One Row)

●​ int marks[5] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};

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➡️ This is an array that holds 5 numbers.​
Each number is kept in a separate box (position).

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Each box has a number in it, and you can access them using positions (called indexes).

●​ marks[0] is 10​

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●​ marks[1] is 20 tT
…and so on.​
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It helps you store and manage many values easily.
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2D Array (Like a Table or Grid)

●​ int mat[2][2] = {{1, 2}, {3, 4}};

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➡️ Looks like this:

●​ 1 2
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●​ 3 4
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Types of Arrays:

✅ Static Array:​
Size is fixed from the beginning (before the program runs).​

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🔄 Dynamic Array:​
Size is decided while the program is running, using malloc().

Arrays and Pointers:

You can use pointers to access and move through the array.​
(Eg: You can move from one box to the next using pointer math!)

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Strings

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A string is just a bunch of characters (letters) put together.

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Example:

●​ char name[] = "Alice"; tT

This is the same as:
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●​ {'A', 'l', 'i', 'c', 'e', '\0'}

➡️ The '\0' at the end means “end of the string” in C.

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🎯 String Functions (Already Made in C):

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●​ strlen() → Counts how many letters are in the string​

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●​ strcpy() → Copies one string into another​

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✨ Ways to Store Many Strings:

1.​ 2D Array:​

●​ char names[5][10];

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➡️ Think of it as 5 rows of strings, each with 10 characters.

2.​ Array of Pointers:​

●​ char *names[5];

➡️ A list of 5 separate string pointers.

💻 Command Line Arguments:

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You can also give input to your program using the terminal (command prompt).​
Like this:

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./myprogram hello world

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Your program can read "hello" and "world" as strings!
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⚙️ Preprocessor Directives
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●​ These are instructions given to the compiler before code runs.​

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○​ #include <stdio.h> → includes a file​

○​ #define PI 3.14 → makes a shortcut​

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○​ #pragma → gives special instruction to compiler​

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○​ # and ## used to make macros more flexible​

●​ Macro vs Function:​
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○​ Macro is faster (no function call), but may cause errors.​

○​ Function is safer, but slightly slower.​

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🏗️ Structure
A structure is like a custom-made box that can hold different types of data together.

For example, if you want to store details of a student — like name (text), age (number), and
marks (decimal) — you can group them using a structure.

🧾 Example:
struct Student {

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char name[20];

int age;

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float marks;

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};

Now you can create a student like this:

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●​ struct Student s1 = {"Alice", 16, 89.5};

You can access the values like this:

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printf("%s", s1.name); // prints name

printf("%d", s1.age); // prints age

printf("%.1f", s1.marks); // prints marks

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💡 In short:
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●​ Structure = Group of different data types in one name​

●​ Helps organize related information (like a record)​

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🔀 Union
●​ Like a structure, but all members share the same memory.​

●​ Only one member can hold a value at a time.​

●​ Useful to store different types in same space.

📁 File Handling

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●​ Let’s you read and write data to files (like .txt, .bin).​

●​ Types of Files:​

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○​ Text → human readable​

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○​ Binary → machine readable​

●​ Modes:​ tT
○​ "r" → read​
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○​ "w" → write​

○​ "a" → append​
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○​ "rb", "wb" → binary mode​

●​ Sequential Access: Read one line after another.​

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●​ Random Access: Jump to any part of file.​

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●​ Buffer Read/Write: Temporarily hold data before writing.​

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●​ Binary Read/Write: Save space and is faster.

Prepare for CDAC CCAT Exam with LMT Study Material

A+B : https://classplusapp.com/w/wlp/cjzgt/ccat-videos-section-a-and-b

A+B+C : https://classplusapp.com/w/wlp/cjzgt/ccat-videos-section-a-and-b-and-c

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