P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS

0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>

C H A P T E R

5
Shape and measurement

E
What is Pythagoras’ Theorem?

PL
How do we use Pythagoras’ Theorem?
How do we find the perimeter of a shape?
How do we find the area of a shape?
How do we find the volume of a shape?
How do we find the surface area of a shape?
What is line symmetry?
What is rotational symmetry?
What does it mean when we say that two figures are similar?
What are the tests for similarity for triangles?
M
How do we know whether two solids are similar?
What is a tessellation and how is it used in art and design?

5.1 Pythagoras’ Theorem

Pythagoras’ Theorem is a relationship connecting the Hy
pot
SA

side lengths of a right-angled triangle. In a right-angled triangle, enu

se
the side opposite the right angle is called the hypotenuse. The
hypotenuse is always the longest side of a right-angled triangle.

Pythagoras’ Theorem
Pythagoras’ Theorem states that, for any
right-angled triangle, the sum of the
areas of the squares of the two
shorter sides (a and b) equals the area of
the square of the hypotenuse (h).
h2 = a 2 + b2

173
Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4
2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
174 Essential Standard General Mathematics

Pythagoras’ theorem can be used to find the length of the hypotenuse in a right-angled
triangle.

Example 1 Using Pythagoras’ theorem to calculate the length of the hypotenuse

Calculate the length of the hypotenuse in the h cm

triangle opposite, correct to 2 decimal places.
4 cm

10 cm

E
Solution
1 Write Pythagoras’ theorem. h2 = a2 + b2
2 Substitute known values. h2 =

102 + 42
3 Take the square root of both sides, then evaluate. h = 102 + 42
= 10.770 . . .

PL
4 Write your answer correct to 2 decimal places,
with correct units.
The length of the hypotenuse
is 10.77 cm, correct to
2 decimal places.
Hint: To ensure that you get a decimal answer, set your calculator to approximate or decimal mode.
(See the Appendix.)

Pythagoras’ theorem can also be rearranged to find sides other than the hypotenuse.
M
Example 2 Using Pythagoras’ theorem to calculate the length of an unknown side
in a right-angled triangle

Calculate the length of the unknown side, x, in the x mm

triangle opposite, correct to 1 decimal place.
4.7 mm
11 mm
SA

Solution
1 Write Pythagoras’ theorem. a2 + b2 = h2
2 Substitute known values and the given variable. x + 4.72 =

2
112
3 Rearrange the formula to make x the subject, x = 112 − 4.72
then evaluate. = 9.945 . . .
4 Write your answer correct to 1 decimal The length of x is 9.9 mm,
place, with correct units. correct to 1 decimal place.

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
Chapter 5 — Shape and measurement 175

Pythagoras’ theorem can be used to solve many practical problems.

Example 3 Using Pythagoras’ theorem to solve a practical problem

A helicopter hovers at a height of 150 m above the ground and is a horizontal distance of
220 m from a landing pad. Find the direct distance of the helicopter from the landing pad,
correct to 2 decimal places.

Solution

E
1 Draw a diagram to show which distance
is to be found.
hm
150 m

220 m

PL
2 Write Pythagoras’ theorem.
3 Substitute known values.
4 Take the square root of both sides, then evaluate.

5 Write your answer correct to 2 decimal places,

with correct units.
h = a2 + b2
2

h2 =

1502 + 2202
h = 1502 + 2202
= 266.270 . . .
The helicopter is 266.27 m
from the landing pad,
correct to 2 decimal places.
M
Exercise 5A
1 Find the length of the unknown side in each of these triangles, correct to 1 decimal place.
a b 54 cm c
h cm
SA

2.5 cm

4.2 cm 63.2 cm h cm 26 mm x mm

10 mm

d 3.3 mm e 15.7 mm f
x cm
y mm 2.3 mm 22.3 mm k mm 3.9 cm

6.3 cm

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
176 Essential Standard General Mathematics

g h i
158 mm 19.8 m
a mm
4.5 cm v cm
tm
212 mm 12.4 m
4.5 cm

2 A farm gate that is 1.4 m high is supported

by a diagonal bar of length 3.2 m. Find the

E
3.2 m 1.4 m
width of the gate, correct to 1 decimal place.

3 A ladder rests against a brick wall as shown in the

PL diagram on the right. The base of the ladder is 1.5 m

from the wall, and the top reaches 3.5 m up the wall.
Find the length of the ladder, correct to 1 decimal
place.

4 The base of a ladder leaning against a wall is 1.5 m from the

base of the wall. If the ladder is 5.5 m long, find how high
the top of the ladder is from the ground, correct to 1 decimal 5.5 m
3.5 m

1.5 m
M
place.
1.5 m

5 A ship sails 42 km due west and then 25 km due south. N

How far is the ship from its starting point? (Answer
correct to 2 decimal places.)
SA

W 42 O E
25

6 A yacht sails 12 km due east and then 9 km due

north. How far is it from its starting point?

7 A hiker walks 10 km due west and then 8 km due

north. How far is she from her starting point?
(Answer correct to 2 decimal places.)

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
Chapter 5 — Shape and measurement 177

8 In a triangle ABC, there is a right angle at B. AB is A

12 cm and BC is 16 cm. Find the length of AC.

12 cm

C
B 16 cm

9 Find, correct to 1 decimal place, the length of the

E
diagonal of a rectangle with dimensions 8.5 m by 4 m.
4m

8.5 m

PL
10 A rectangular block of land measures 28 m by 55 m. John wants to put a fence along the
diagonal. How long will the fence be? (Answer correct to 3 decimal places.)

11 A square has diagonals of length 6 cm. Find the length

of its sides, correct to 2 decimal places.
6 cm
M
x cm

5.2 Pythagoras’ Theorem in three dimensions

When solving three-dimensional problems, it is essential to draw careful diagrams. In general,
to find lengths in solid figures, we must first identify the correct right-angled triangle in the
plane containing the unknown side. Remember, a plane is a flat surface, such as the cover of a
SA

book or a table top.

Once it has been identified, the right-angled triangle should be drawn separately from the solid
figure, displaying as much information as possible.

Example 4 Using Pythagoras’ Theorem in three dimensions

The cube in the diagram on the right has sides of length 5 cm. D
Find the length:
a AC, correct to 2 decimal places.
b AD, correct to 1 decimal place.
5 cm C
5 cm
A 5 cm B

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
178 Essential Standard General Mathematics

Solution
a C
1 Locate the relevant right-angled triangle in the diagram.
2 Draw the right-angled triangle ABC that contains AC,
5 cm
and mark in known side lengths.

A 5 cm B
3 Using Pythagoras’ theorem, calculate the AC2 = AB

+ BC
2 2

E
length AC.
∴ AC = 52 + 52
= 7.071 . . .
4 Write your answer with correct units and The length AC is 7.07 cm,
correct to 2 decimal places. correct to 2 decimal places.

PL
b
1 Locate the relevant right-angled triangle in
the diagram.
2 Draw the right-angled triangle ACD that
contains AD and mark in known side lengths.
(From part a, AC = 7.07 cm,
correct to 2 decimal places.)
3 Using Pythagoras’ theorem, calculate the
length AD.
A

AD2 = AC
7.07 cm

+ CD
2 2
D

C
5 cm
M
∴ AD = 7.072 + 52
= 8.659 . . .
4 Write your answer with correct units and The length AD is 8.7 cm, correct
correct to 1 decimal place. to 1 decimal place.

Example 5 Using Pythagoras’ theorem in three-dimensional problems

SA

E
For the square pyramid shown in the diagram, calculate:
a the length AC, correct to 2 decimal places
b the height EF, correct to 1 decimal place 26 cm C
D

F 25 cm

A 25 cm B

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
Chapter 5 — Shape and measurement 179

Solution
C
a
1 Locate the relevant right-angled triangle in
the diagram. 25 cm
2 Draw the right-angled triangle ABC that
contains AC, and mark in known side lengths.
A 25 cm B
3 Using Pythagoras’ theorem, calculate the AC2 = AB

+ BC
2 2

length AC.
∴ AC = 252 + 252

E
= 35.355 . . .
4 Write your answer with correct units and The length AC is 35.36 cm,
correct to 2 decimal places. correct to 2 decimal places.
b

PL
1 Locate the relevant right-angled triangle
in the diagram.
2 Draw the right-angled triangle EFC that
contains EF, and mark in known side lengths.

3 Find FC, which is half of AC. Use the value

of AC calculated in part a.
FC =

=
E

F
AC
2
35.36
26 cm

C
M
2
= 17.68 cm, correct to 2 decimal places
4 Using Pythagoras’ theorem, find EF. EF2 = EC

− FC
2 2

∴ EF = 262 − 17.682
= 19.065 . . .
5 Write your answer with correct units and The height, EF, is 19.1 cm, correct to
SA

correct to 2 decimal places. 1 decimal place.

Exercise 5B
H G
1 The cube shown in the diagram has sides of 3 cm.
E F
Find the length of:
a AC, correct to 3 decimal places 3 cm
b AG, correct to 2 decimal places
D
C
3 cm
A 3 cm B

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
180 Essential Standard General Mathematics

2 For this cuboid, calculate, correct to 2 decimal H G

places, the length: F
E
5 cm
a DB
D C
b BH
4 cm
c AH. A 10 cm B

3 Find the sloping height, s, of each of the following cones, correct to 2 decimal places.
a b

E
84 mm

s mm
25 mm
s mm 96 mm

PL 12 mm

4 The slant height of this circular cone is 10 cm and the

diameter of its base is 6 cm. Calculate the height of
the cone, correct to 2 decimal places. 10 cm h cm

6 cm
M
5 For each of the following square-based pyramids find, correct to 1 decimal place:
i the length of the diagonal on the base
ii the height of the pyramid.
a b
SA

6.5 cm
10 cm

7.5 cm
7.5 cm
6 cm

6 cm

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
Chapter 5 — Shape and measurement 181

6 Find the length of the longest pencil that will fit inside
a cylinder with height 15 cm and with circular end
surface 8 cm in diameter.

Pe

E
15 cm
nc
il
8 8cm
cm

5.3
PL
7 Sarah wants to put her pencils in a cylindrical pencil case. What is the length of the longest
pencil that would fit inside a cylinder of height 12 cm with with a base diameter of 5 cm?

8 Chris wants to use a rectangular pencil box. What

is the length of the longest pencil that would fit
inside the box shown on the right? (Answer to
the nearest centimetre.)

Mensuration: perimeter and area

20 cm
12 cm
10 cm
M
Mensuration is a part of mathematics that looks at the measurement of length, area and
volume. It comes from the Latin word mensura, which means ‘measure’.

Perimeter
The perimeter of a two-dimensional shape is the distance around its edge.
SA

Example 6 Finding the perimeter of a shape

Find the perimeter of the shape shown. 16 cm

12 cm

25 cm
Solution
To find the perimeter, add up all the side Perimeter = 25 + 12 + 12 + 16 + 16
lengths of the shape. = 81 cm

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
182 Essential Standard General Mathematics

Area
The area of a shape is a measure of the region enclosed by the boundaries of the shape.

When calculating area, the answer will be in square units, i.e. mm2 , cm2 , m2 , km2 , etc.
The formulas for the areas of some common shapes are given in the table below, along with
the formula for finding the perimeter of a rectangle.

Shape Area Perimeter

E
Rectangle P = 2l + 2w
l or
A = lw P = 2(l + w)
w

PL Parallelogram

Trapezium
h

a
A = bh

A = 12 (a + b)h
Sum of four sides

Sum of four sides

M
h

Triangle Sum of three sides

h A = 12 bh
SA

Example 7 Finding the perimeter of a rectangle

Find the perimeter of the rectangle shown.

5 cm

12 cm

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
Chapter 5 — Shape and measurement 183

Solution
1 Since the shape is a rectangle, use the
formula P = 2l + 2w. P = 2 L + 2W
2 Substitute length and width values into = 2 × 12 + 2 × 5
.
the formula.
3 Evaluate. = 34 cm
4 Give your answer with correct units. The perimeter of the rectangle is
34 cm.

E
Example 8 Finding the area of a shape

4.9
Find the area of the given shape. cm

PL
Solution
1 Since the shape is a trapezium, use the
formula A = 12 (a + b)h.

2 Substitute the values for a, b and h.

3 Evaluate.
7.6

1
5.8 cm

cm

A = (a + b )h
2
1
= (4.9 + 7.6)5.8
2
= 36.25 cm2
M
4 Give your answer with correct units. The area of the shape is 36.25 cm2 .

You can use the formulae to find area and perimeter in practical problems.

Example 9 Finding the perimeter and area in a practical problem

SA

A table is to be covered in tiles with an edging around the perimeter. The table measures
150 cm by 90 cm.
a What length of edging is required?
b What area will be covered with tiles?

Solution
a
1 To find the length of edging, we need
to work out the perimeter of the table.
Since the table is a rectangle, use the
formula P = 2l + 2w.

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
184 Essential Standard General Mathematics

2 Substitute l = 150 and w = 90 and evaluate. P = 2 L + 2W

= 2(150) + 2(90)
= 480 cm
3 Give your answer with correct units. The length of edging required is 480 cm.
b
1 To find the area, use the formula A = lw. A = LW
2 Substitute l = 150 and w = 90 and evaluate. = 150 × 90
= 13 500 cm2

E
3 Give your answer with correct units. The area to be covered with tiles is 13 500 cm2 .

Exercise 5C

PL
1 For each of the following shapes, find, correct to 1 decimal place:
i the perimeter
a
ii the area

15 cm
b

7.9 cm
3.3 cm
M
c d

78 cm
130 cm 5 cm 7 cm

15 cm
104 cm

2 Find the areas of the given shapes, correct to 1 decimal place, where appropriate.
SA

a b
4.2 m c
7.4 m
6.6 cm
3.7 m
15.2 m
15.7 cm
4.8 m

d
e f
9.5 cm
9.4 cm 2 cm
10.4 cm
15.7 cm 4.5 cm

2 cm
6.9 cm

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
Chapter 5 — Shape and measurement 185

g h
8.8 m
5m 1.8 m

25 m

12.5 m

3 A 50 m swimming pool increases in depth from 1.5 m at the shallow end to 2.5 m at the

E
deep end, as shown in the diagram (not to scale). Calculate the area of a side wall of
the pool.
50 m

1.5 m

PL 2.5 m

4 A dam wall is built across a valley that is 550 m wide at its base and 1.4 km wide at its top,
as shown in the diagram (not to scale). The wall is 65 m deep. Calculate the area of the dam
wall.

1.4 km
M
65 m

550 m

5 Ray wants to tile a rectangular area measuring 1.6 m by 4 m outside his holiday house. The
tiles that he wishes to use are 40 cm by 40 cm. How many tiles will he need?
SA

6 One litre of paint covers 12 m2 . How much paint is needed to paint a wall measuring 3 m by
12 m?

5.4 Circles
The perimeter of a circle is known as the circumference (C) of the circle.

Circumference
eter
Diam
Radius

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
186 Essential Standard General Mathematics

The area and the circumference of a circle are given by the following formulae.
Area Circumference
Circle
A =
r 2 C = 2
r
where r is the radius or
r C =
d
where d is the diameter

E
Example 10 Finding the circumference and area of a circle

For the circle shown, find:

cm
a the circumference, correct to 1 decimal place 3.8
b the area, correct to 1 decimal place

PL
Solution
a
1 For the circumference, use the
formula C = 2
r .
2 Substitute r = 3.8 and evaluate.
C = 2πr
= 2π × 3.8
= 23.876 . . .
M
3 Give your answer correct to 1 decimal The circumference of the circle is
place and with correct units. 23.9 cm, correct to 1 decimal place.
b
1 To find the area of the circle, use the
formula A =
r 2 . A = πr 2
2 Substitute r = 3.8 and evaluate. = π × 3.82
SA

= 45.364 . . .
3 Give your answer correct to 1 decimal The area of the circle is 45.4 cm2 ,
place and with correct units. correct to 1 decimal place.

Exercise 5D
1 For each of the following circles, find:
i the circumference, correct to 1 decimal place
ii the area, correct to 1 decimal place

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
Chapter 5 — Shape and measurement 187

a b c

5 cm 8.5 c
m 8m
4.0

d e f

m
15 cm 0.4

E
15.8 mm

2 For each of the following shapes, find:

i the perimeter, correct to 2 decimal places

PLa

c
10 cm
b

d
ii the area, correct to 2 decimal places.

495 mm
28 mm
M
8 mm

57 cm

3 Find the shaded areas in the following diagrams, correct to 1 decimal place.
SA

a b

4.8 11.5 cm
cm

12.75 m

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
188 Essential Standard General Mathematics

c d

350 mm 350 mm
8.7 cm 430 mm
4.2 cm

7.6 cm 860 mm

E
4 A fence needs to be built around an athletics track that has straights 400 m long and
semicircular ends of diameter 80 m. Give your answer correct to 2 decimal places.
a What length of fencing is required?
b What area will be enclosed by the fencing?

5.5

PL
Volume
Volume is the amount of space occupied by a three-dimensional object.
The volume of a prism or cylinder is found by using its cross-sectional area. Prisms and
cylinders are three-dimensional objects that have a uniform cross-section along their entire
length.

Cross-section
M
Height

Length
SA

For prisms and cylinders:

Volume = area of cross-section × height (or length)

When calculating volume, the answer will be in cubic units, i.e. mm3 , cm3 , m3 , etc.
The formulas for the volumes of regular prisms and a cylinder are given in the table below.

Shape Volume
Rectangular prism (cuboid)

h
V = lw h

l
w

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
Chapter 5 — Shape and measurement 189

Square prism (cube)

l
V = l3
l
l
Triangular prism

E
V = 1
2
bhl

PL Cylinder

Example 11
h
V =
r 2 h

Finding the volume of a cuboid

M
Find the volume of the following cuboid.
4 cm

12 cm
6 cm
Solution
SA

1 Use the formula V = lw h. V = LWH

2 Substitute in l = 12, w = 6 and h = 4. = 12 × 6 × 4
3 Evaluate. = 288 cm3
4 Give your answer with correct units. The volume of the cuboid is 288 cm3 .

Example 12 Finding the volume of a cylinder

Find the volume of this cylinder. Give your answer

correct to 2 decimal places.

5m

25 m

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
190 Essential Standard General Mathematics

Solution
1 Use the formula V =
r 2 h. V = πr 2 h .
2 Substitute in r = 5 and h = 25 and evaluate. = π × 52 × 25
= 1963.495 . . .
3 Write your answer correct to 2 decimal The volume of the cylinder is 1963.50 cm3 ,
places and with correct units. correct to 2 decimal places.

E
Example 13 Finding the volume of a three-dimensional shape

Find the volume of the three-dimensional

shape shown.
10 cm

PL
Solution
6 cm

15 cm

Strategy: To find the volume, find the area of the shaded cross-section and multiply it by the
length of the shape.
1 Find the area of the cross-section, which is a
1
Area of trapezium = (a + b )h
25 cm
M
1 2
trapezium. Use the formula A = (a + b)h. 1
2 = (10 + 15)6
Substitute in a = 10, b = 15 and h = 6 and 2
evaluate. = 75 cm2

2 To find the volume, multiply the area of the V = area of cross-section × length
cross-section by the length of the shape (25 cm). = 75 × 25
SA

= 1875 cm3
3 Give your answer with correct units. The volume of the shape is 1875 cm3 .

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
Chapter 5 — Shape and measurement 191

Exercise 5E
1 Find the volumes of the following solids. Give your answers correct to 1 decimal place
where appropriate.
a b c

5 cm

51 cm

E
35 cm
18.9 cm

15.6 cm

12.5 cm

PL
d

g
12.7 mm

14 mm
35.8 mm
e

10 cm
58 cm

h
20 cm

75 cm

3.8 m
f

2.5 m
0.5 m

0.48 m
M
11.8 cm 13.5 cm
2m

2 A cylindrical plastic container is 15 cm high and its circular end surfaces each have a radius
SA

of 3 cm. What is its volume, correct to 3 decimal places?

3 What is the volume, correct to 1 decimal place, of a rectangular box with dimensions
5.5 cm by 7.5 cm by 12.5 cm?

4 a What is the volume, correct to 2 decimal places, of a cylindrical paint tin with height
33 cm and diameter 28 cm?
b Given that there is 1 millilitre (mL) in 1 cm3 , how many litres of paint would fill this
paint tin? Give your answer to the nearest litre.

5 Find the volume of an equilateral triangular prism

with height 12 cm and side length 2 cm.
Give your answer correct to 3 decimal places.
12 cm

2 cm

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
192 Essential Standard General Mathematics

5.6 Volume of a cone

A cone can fit inside a cylinder, as shown in the diagram.
The cone occupies one-third of the volume of the
cylinder containing it. The formula for finding the
volume of a cone is, therefore: h

Volume of cone = 13 × volume of its cylinder r

Volume of cone = 13 area of base × height

E
= 13
r 2 h

Example 14 Finding the volume of a cone

PL
Find the volume of this right circular cone. Give your
answer correct to 2 decimal places.

Solution
1 Use the formula for the volume of a cone, V = 13
r 2 h. V =
3
1 2
15 cm

πr h
8.4 cm
M
1
2 Substitute r = 8.4 and h = 15 and evaluate. = π (8.4)2 × 15
3
= 1108.353 . . .
3 Give your answer correct to 2 decimal places The volume of the cone
and with correct units. is 1108.35 cm3 , correct
to 2 decimal places.
SA

Exercise 5F
1 Find the volume of these cones, correct to 2 decimal places.
a b
2.50 m

28 cm
2.50 m

18 cm

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
Chapter 5 — Shape and measurement 193

c d

755 cm
1m
40 mm

15 mm

E
2 Find the volume (correct to 2 decimal places) of the cones with the following dimensions.
a Base radius 3.50 cm, height 12 cm
b Base radius 7.90 m, height 10.80 m

5.7
PL
c
d
Base diameter 6.60 cm, height 9.03 cm
Base diameter 13.52 cm, height 30.98 cm

3 What volume of crushed ice will fill a snow cone level to the top if the snow cone has a top
radius of 5 cm and a height of 15 cm? Answer correct to 3 decimal places.

Volume of a pyramid
A square pyramid can fit inside a prism, as shown in the
diagram. The pyramid occupies one third of the volume
M
of the prism containing it. The formula for finding the h
volume of a pyramid is therefore:

Volume of pyramid = 1
3
× volume of its prism l
Volume of pyramid = 1
3
× area of base × height w
= 1
lw h
SA

Example 15 Finding the volume of a square pyramid

Find the volume of this square right pyramid of

height 11.2 cm and base 17.5 cm. Give your
answer correct to 2 decimal places.
11.2 cm

17.5 cm

17.5 cm

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
194 Essential Standard General Mathematics

Solution
1 Use the formula
1
V = 1
3
× area of base × height V = × area of base × height
3
2 Substitute the values for the area of the base 1
= × 17.52 × 11.2
(in this example, the base is a square) and 3
height of the pyramid and evaluate. = 1143.333 . . .
3 Give your answer correct to 2 decimal The volume of the pyramid is

E
places and with correct units. 1143.33 cm3 , correct to 2 decimal
places.

Example 16 Finding the volume of a hexagonal pyramid

PL
Find the volume of this hexagonal pyramid.

Solution
1 Use the formula
V = 1
× area of base × height
Area of base = 122 cm2

1
12 cm

V= × area of base × height

M
3
3
2 Substitute the values for area of base 1
= × 122 × 12
(122 cm2 ) and height (12 cm) and evaluate. 3
= 4 88 cm3
3 Give your answer with correct units. The volume of the pyramid
is 488 cm3 .
SA

Exercise 5G
1 Find the volumes of the following right pyramids, correct to 2 decimal places where
appropriate.
a b

5 cm
15 m

12 m
4 cm

7m

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
Chapter 5 — Shape and measurement 195

c d

4.5 m 4.56 cm

Area of base = 16 m2 6.72 cm

2 A square-based pyramid has a base

E
side length of 8 cm and a height of
10 cm. What is its volume? Answer
correct to 3 decimal places.
3 The first true pyramid in Egypt is known
as the Red Pyramid. It has a square base

PL
approximately 220 m long and is about
105 m high. What is its volume?

4 Find the volumes of these composite objects, correct to 1 decimal place.

a

5.8 cm
b

5.8 cm
M
3.2 cm 8.5 cm

3.2 cm

3.5 cm
SA

5.8 Volume of a sphere

The volume of a sphere can be found by using the formula:

V = 43
r 3 where r is the radius of the sphere. r

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
196 Essential Standard General Mathematics

Example 17 Finding the volume of a sphere

Find the volume of this sphere, giving your answer

correct to 2 decimal places.
2.5
0c
m

Solution

E
1 Use the formula V = 43
r 3 . V=
4 3
πr
3
2 Substitute r = 2.5 and evaluate. 4
= π × 2.53
3
3 Give your answer correct to 2 The volume of the sphere is

PLdecimal places and with correct units.

Exercise 5H
65.45 cm3 , correct to 2 decimal
places.

1 Find the volumes of these spheres, giving your answers correct to 2 decimal places.
a b c
M
24 cm
5m
m
3.8 mm

2 Find the volumes, correct to 2 decimal places, of the following balls:

a tennis ball, radius 3.5 cm
SA

b basketball, radius 14 cm
c Golf ball, radius, 2 cm

3 Find the volumes, correct to 2 decimal places, of the following hemispheres.

a b c d
10 cm
16 cm

15.42 cm 2.5 m

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
Chapter 5 — Shape and measurement 197

4 Lois wants to serve punch at Christmas time in her new hemispherical bowl with diameter of
38 cm. How many litres of punch could be served, given that 1 millilitre (mL) is the amount
of fluid that fills 1 cm3 ? Answer to the nearest litre.

5.9 Surface area

To find the surface area (SA) of a solid, you need to find the area of each of the surfaces of the
solid and then add these all together.

Solids with plane faces (prisms and pyramids)

E
It is often useful to draw the net of a solid to ensure that all sides have been added.

Example 18 Finding the surface area of a pyramid

Find the surface area of this square-based 6 cm

PL
pyramid.

Solution
1 Draw a net of the square pyramid.
8 cm
M
8 cm
6 cm
SA

2 Write down the formula for total Total surface area =

surface area, using the net as a guide. area of square base + 4 × area of triangle

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
198 Essential Standard General Mathematics

 
To find area of square base, use 8 × 8. 1
=8×8+4× ×8×6
To find area of triangle, use 2
= 160 cm2
A= 1
2
×b×h = 1
2
×8×6

Remember to multiply this by 4,

as there are four triangles.
3 Give your answer with correct units. The surface area of the square pyramid
is 160 cm2 .

E
Solids with curved surfaces (cylinder, cone, sphere)
For some special objects, such as the cylinder, cone and sphere, formulae to calculate the
surface area can be developed.

PLThe formulae for the surface area of a cylinder, cone and sphere are given below.

Shape
Cylinder
r

h
Surface area
SA = 2
r 2 + 2
rh
= 2
r (r + h)
M
Cone SA =
r2 +
r s

s
SA

Sphere SA = 4
r 2

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
Chapter 5 — Shape and measurement 199

To develop the formula for the surface area of a cylinder, we first draw a net, as shown.

r
r

h 2πr
h

E
The total surface area (TSA) of a cylinder can therefore be found using:
TSA = area of ends + area of curved surface
= area of 2 circles + area of rectangle
= 2
r 2 + 2
r h

PL
Example 19
= 2
r (r + h)

Finding the surface area of a cylinder

Find the surface area of this cylinder, correct to

1 decimal place.

Solution
1 Use the formula for the surface
15.7 cm

8.5 cm
M
area of a cylinder, SA = 2
r2 + 2
rh. SA = 2πr2 + 2πrh
2 Substitute r = 8.5 and h = 15.7 and evaluate. = 2π(8.5)2 + 2π × 8.5 × 15.7
3 Give your answer correct to 1 decimal The surface area of the cylinder
place and with correct units. is 1292.5 cm2 , correct to 1
decimal place.
SA

Example 20 Finding the surface area of a sphere

Find the surface area of a sphere with radius

5 mm, correct to 2 decimal places.
5 mm

Solution
1 Use the formula S A = 4
r 2 . SA = 4πr2
2 Substitute r = 5 and evaluate. = 4π × 52
= 314.159 . . .

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
200 Essential Standard General Mathematics

3 Give your answer correct to The surface area of the sphere

2 decimal places and with correct units. is 314.16 mm2 , correct to 2
decimal places.

Exercise 5I
1 Find the surface areas of these prisms and pyramids. Where appropriate give your answer

E
correct to 1 decimal place.
a b c
3m

mc
13
20 cm

10.5 cm

PL d
10 cm

8.5 cm
13 cm

20 cm
9 cm
e
4m

30 cm
10 cm

25 cm
f

6m
10.5 cm

4m

7m
2.9 m
M
6 cm
5m

2 Find the surface area of each of these solids with curved surfaces, correct to
2 decimal places.
a b c
SA

4.7 m
7 cm
45 cm
11 cm
9 cm

d e f
4 cm

1.52 m 2.8 m

0.95 m 15.3 cm

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
Chapter 5 — Shape and measurement 201

g h

5m
6m 1.5 m

4m

2.5 m

E
3 A tennis ball has a radius of 3.5 cm. A manufacturer wants to provide sufficient material to
cover 100 tennis balls. What area of material is required? Give your answer correct to the
nearest cm2 .

4 What area of material is required to cover 500 golf balls if the radius of a golf ball is 2 cm?

5.10
PL
Give your answer correct to the nearest cm2 .

5 Mr Whippy decides that he wants to use paper containers for his customers to hold their
individual ice-cream cones. How much paper will he need for one cone if his ice-cream cone
has a diameter of 6 cm, and the slant edge of the cone is 15 cm long? (The cone does not
need a top.) Give your answer correct to the nearest cm2 .

Similar figures
The pictures of the three frogs below are similar. This means that they are exactly the same
M
shape but they are different sizes.
SA

When we enlarge or reduce a shape by a scale factor, the original and the image are similar.
Similar polygons have corresponding angles equal and corresponding sides proportional.
6 cm

3 cm
4 cm
2 cm

Rectangle A
Rectangle B

For example, the two rectangles above are similar as their corresponding side lengths are in the
same ratio.
6 4 2
Ratio of lengths = = = = 2
3 2 1
Rectangle A has been enlarged by a scale factor of 2.
Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4
2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
202 Essential Standard General Mathematics

We can also compare the ratio of the rectangles’ areas.

Area rectangle A = 6 cm2
Area rectangle B = 24 cm2
24 4
Ratio of areas = = =4
6 1
The area of rectangle A has been enlarged by a scale factor of 4.
We notice that, as the length dimensions are enlarged by a scale factor of 2, the area is enlarged
by a scale factor of 22 = 4.

E
When all the dimensions are multiplied by a scale factor of k, the area is multiplied by a
scale factor of k2 .

PL 3 cm
4 cm
5 cm

Ratio of lengths =
5
= =
9
3
12
4
9 cm

3
= =3
1
15 cm

12 cm

For example, the two triangles above are similar as their corresponding side lengths are in the
same ratio.
15
M
We would expect the ratio of the triangles’ areas to be 9 (= 32 ).

Area of small triangle = 6 cm2

Area of large triangle = 54 cm2
54 9
Ratio of areas = = =9
6 1
SA

Example 21 Finding the ratio of dimension and area

The rectangles on the right are similar. 25 cm

a Find the ratio of their side lengths.

b Find the ratio of their areas. 10 cm
5 cm
2 cm
Rectangle A Rectangle B

Solution
a
1 Since the rectangles are similar, their 25 10 5
= =
side lengths are in the same ratio. 5 2 1
Compare the corresponding side lengths. 5
2 Write your answer. The ratio of the side lengths is .
1
Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4
2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
Chapter 5 — Shape and measurement 203

b
1 Since the dimensions are multiplied by 52 = 25
a scale factor of 5, the area will be
multiplied by a scale factor of 52 .
Square the ratio of the side lengths.
2 Write your answer. 25
The ratio of the areas is .
1

E
Exercise 5J
1 The following pairs of figures are similar. For each pair find:

i the ratio of their side lengths ii the ratio of their areas.

PL
a

2 cm
3 cm 6 cm
9 cm b

5 cm
6 cm

2 Which of the following pairs of figures are similar? For those that are similar, find the ratios
10 cm
12 cm
M
of the corresponding sides.
a b
9 cm

8 cm 7 cm

4 cm 3.5 cm
SA 3 cm

30 cm

1 cm 2 cm
3 cm 6 cm
10 cm

c
3 cm
0.5 cm

5 cm

1.5 cm

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
204 Essential Standard General Mathematics

3 Which of the following pairs of figures are similar? State the ratios of the corresponding
sides where relevant.
a Two rectangles 8 cm by 3 cm and 16 cm by 4 cm
b Two rectangles 4 cm by 5 cm and 16 cm by 20 cm
c Two rectangles 4 cm by 6 cm and 2 cm by 4 cm
d Two rectangles 30 cm by 24 cm and 10 cm by 8 cm

4 The following two rectangles are similar. Find the ratio of their areas.
8 cm

E
4 cm
6 cm
3 cm

PL
5 The following triangles are similar.
a Find the value of x.
b Find the ratio of their areas.

x cm
9 cm
M
2 cm 6 cm

6 The two rectangles shown below are similar. The area of rectangle A is 28 cm2 . Find the area
of rectangle B.

8 cm
SA

4 cm 28 cm2

Rectangle A Rectangle B

7 A photo is 12 cm by 8 cm. It is to be enlarged and then framed. If the dimensions are tripled,
what will be the area of the new photo?

5.11 Similar triangles

In mathematics, two triangles are said to be similar if they have the same shape. This means
that corresponding angles are equal and the lengths of the corresponding sides are in the same
ratio.

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
Chapter 5 — Shape and measurement 205

For example, these two triangles are similar.

35°

8 mm 10 mm

4 mm 35° 5 mm

55° 55°
3 mm 6 mm

E
Two triangles can be tested for similarity by considering the following necessary conditions.

Corresponding angles are equal (AA).

Remember: If two pairs of corresponding angles are equal, then the third pair of corresponding angles is
also equal.

PL *

Corresponding sides are in the same ratio (SSS).

1
2
*

4
M
2

2.5 5
5 4 2
= = =2
2.5 2 1

Two pairs of corresponding sides are in the same ratio and the included corresponding
SA

angles are equal (SAS).

19.5 cm

6.5 cm
30°
30°
7 cm 21 cm

19.5 21
= =3
6.5 7
Both triangles have an included corresponding angle of 30◦ .

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
206 Essential Standard General Mathematics

Example 22 Checking if triangles are similar

X
Explain why triangle ABC is similar
to triangle XYZ. 21 cm
A
7 cm
32° 32°
B C Y Z
8 cm 24 cm

E
Solution
XZ 21 3
1 Compare corresponding side ratios: = =
AC 7 1
AC and XZ YZ 24 3
BC and YZ. = =
BC 8 1
2 Triangles ABC and XYZ have an 32◦ is included and corresponding.

PLincluded corresponding angle.

3 Write an explanation as to why the
two triangles are similar.
Triangles ABC and XYZ are similar
as they have two pairs of
corresponding sides in the same
ratio and the included
corresponding angles are equal
(SAS).
M
Exercise 5K
1 Three pairs of similar triangles are shown below. Explain why each pair of triangles are
similar.
a
SA

6 cm 9 cm

2 cm 3 cm

2.65 cm 7.95 cm

b c
X
26
A 10
13
23° 5 23°

60° 60°
B C Y Z

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
Chapter 5 — Shape and measurement 207

2 Calculate the missing dimensions, marked x and y, in these pairs of similar triangles.
a
9 cm x cm
6 cm
10 cm

18 cm y cm

E
52 m 48 m

xm ym

PL
of 56 cm.
20 m 10 m

3 A triangle with sides 5 cm, 4 cm and 8 cm is similar to a larger triangle with a longest side

a Find the lengths of the larger triangle’s other two sides.

b Find the perimeter of the larger triangle.

4 A tree and a 1 m vertical stick cast their shadows at a particular time in the day. The shadow
lengths are shown in the diagram below (not drawn to scale).
M
a Give reasons why the two triangles shown are similar.
b Find the scale factor for the side lengths of the triangles.
c Find the height of the tree.
SA

1m
Shadow of tree
32 m Shadow of stick
4m

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
208 Essential Standard General Mathematics

5 John and his younger sister, Sarah, are standing side by side. Sarah is 1.2 m tall and casts a
shadow 3 m long. How tall is John if his shadow is 5 m long?

1.2 m

E
John’s shadow 5 m

Sarah’s shadow 3 m

6 The area of triangle A is 8 cm2 .

Triangle B is similar to triangle A.
9 cm

5.12
PLWhat is the area of triangle B?

Similar solids
3 cm
8cm2
Triangle A
Triangle B

Two solids are similar if they have the same shape and the ratios of their corresponding linear
dimensions are equal.

Cuboids
M
3 cm

6 cm 1 cm
SA

2 cm
9 cm 3 cm
Cuboid A Cuboid B
The two cuboids above are similar because:
they are the same shape (both are cuboids)
the ratios of the corresponding dimensions are the same.
3 9 6 3
= = =
1 3 2 1
Height of cuboid A width of cuboid A length of cuboid A
= =
Height of cuboid B width of cuboid B length of cuboid B

9×6×3 162 27 33
Ratio of volumes = = = =
3×2×1 6 1 1

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
Chapter 5 — Shape and measurement 209

We notice that, as the length dimensions are enlarged by a scale factor of 3, the volume is
enlarged by a scale factor of 33 = 27.

When all the dimensions are multiplied by a scale factor of k, the volume is multiplied by a
scale factor of k3 .

Cylinders
These two cylinders are similar because:

E
they are the same shape (both are cylinders)
the ratios of the corresponding dimensions
are the same. 6 cm
6 2
= 3 cm
3 1
1 cm

PL
Height of cylinder A
Height of cylinder B

Cones
Ratio of volumes =
=
radius of cylinder A
radius of cylinder B

× 22 × 6

×1 ×3

These two cones are similar because:

2
=
24
3
8
= =
1
23
1
2 cm

Cylinder A Cylinder B
M
they are the same shape (both are cones)
the ratios of the corresponding
dimensions are the same.
20 cm
20 6 4
= =
5 1.5 1
Height of cone A radius of cone A 5 cm
=
SA

Height of cone B radius of cone B 6 cm

1.5 cm
1
×
× 62 × 20 720 Cone A Cone B
Ratio of volumes = 3 =
1
3
×
× 1.52 × 5 11.25
3
64 4
= =
1 1

Example 23 Comparing volumes of similar solids

Two solids are similar such that the larger one has all of its dimensions 3 times that of the
smaller solid. How many times larger is the larger solid’s volume?

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05a.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 19:28

Back to menu
Menu >>>
210 Essential Standard General Mathematics

Solution
1 Since all of the larger solid’s dimensions 33 = 27
are 3 times those of the smaller solid, the
volume will be 33 times larger. Evaluate 33 .
2 Write your answer. The larger solid's volume is 27 times
the volume of the smaller solid.

Exercise 5L

E
1 Two cylindrical water tanks are similar such that the height of the larger tank is 3 times the
height of the smaller tank. How many times larger is the volume of the larger tank compared
to the volume of the smaller tank?

PL
2 Two cylinders are similar and have
radii of 4 cm and 16 cm, respectively.
a What is the ratio of their heights?
b What is the ratio of their volumes
4 cm

3 Find the ratio of the volumes of two cuboids whose sides are in the ratio 31 .
16 cm
M
4 The radii of the bases of two similar
cylinders are in the ratio 51 .
The height of the larger cylinder is 45 cm.
45 cm
Calculate:
15 cm
a the height of the smaller cylinder 3 cm
b the ratio of the volumes of the two
SA

cylinders
5 Two similar cones are shown at right.
The ratio of their heights is 31 .
a Find the ratio of their volumes.
b The volume of the smaller cone is
27 cm
120 cm3 . Find the volume of the
larger cone. 9 cm

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05b.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 11:36

Back to menu
Menu >>>
Chapter 5 — Shape and measurement 211

5.13 Symmetry
Line symmetry
The simplest form of symmetry is line symmetry or reflection.
A mirror is often helpful when working with symmetry. The dashed red line in the diagram
below represents the mirror image, or the line or axis of symmetry.

AHOY
AHOY

E
Many examples of symmetry can be seen in our world. In the following photo, the reflection
of the mountains is seen in the water and a line or axis of symmetry can be drawn.

PL
Line of symmetry
M
A shape has line symmetry when one half of a shape fits exactly over the other half.
SA

A shape can have more than one line of symmetry.

3 lines of symmetry 2 lines of symmetry Infinite number of lines of

symmetry

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05b.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 11:36

Back to menu
Menu >>>
212 Essential Standard General Mathematics

Rotational symmetry
Another kind of symmetry is rotational symmetry. This is when a shape is rotated about its
centre point and fits exactly over the original before it has completed a full revolution (360◦ ).
The number of times that a rotating shape covers the original when turned through one
complete revolution is called its order of rotational symmetry.
For example, the order of rotational symmetry about the centre
for this recycling symbol is 3.

E
For example, the order of rotational symmetry about the centre
for this star pattern is 6.

PLExercise 5M
1 Copy the following shapes, then draw in all possible lines of symmetry for each shape.
a b c
M
d e f
SA

g h i

2 State the order of rotational symmetry for each of the following shapes.
a b c

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05b.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 11:36

Back to menu
Menu >>>
Chapter 5 — Shape and measurement 213

d e f

g h i

E
3 You might like to investigate world flags on the Internet. Many flags have symmetrical

PL
designs. Find the flags of the countries listed below, and answer the questions that follow.
Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Belize,
Benin, Bermuda, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, China, Colombia,
Democratic Republic of Congo, Republic of Congo, Costa Rica, Djibouti, Dominica,
Dominican Republic, East Timor, Ecudaor, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Ghana,
Great Britain, Greece, Greenland, Grenada, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland,
Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan.
a Write down the countries whose flags have line symmetry.
b Write down the coutries whose flags have rotational symmetry.
M
5.14 Tessellations
A tessellation is an arrangement of plane figures, usually of the same
shape and size, covering a two-dimensional surface. The shapes cannot
overlap and there cannot be any gaps.
Tessellations occur in nature (e.g. bee’s honeycomb) and in our
SA

technical world.

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05b.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 11:36

Back to menu
Menu >>>
214 Essential Standard General Mathematics

The figures may be translated, rotated or reflected to fit into place.

Only three regular polygons will tessellate:

Equilateral triangles Squares Regular hexagons

E
These are called regular tessellations. The reason why these shapes tessellate is that, at each
point where the shapes meet, their angles sum to 360◦ . A combination of these shapes could
therefore also tessellate.
When two different types of regular polygon are used to tessellate, the pattern is called a
semi-regular tessellation. A pattern that includes one or more types of irregular polygons is

PL
called an irregular tessellation.

Semi-regular tessellation Irregular tessellation

The 20th-century Dutch artist M. C. Escher is famous for his tessellations. Many of his works
can be seen in calendars, books and posters, and involve changing the original shape so that the
area remains the same. You can view much of his work online at http://www.mcescher.com
M
Further information on tessellations can be found on the website
http://www.tessellations.org/.

Exercise 5N
SA

1 Which of the following shapes will tessellate on a flat surface? Explain each of your
answers.
a b c d

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05b.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 11:36

Back to menu
Menu >>>
Chapter 5 — Shape and measurement 215

2 Suggest three other regular polygons that will not tessellate. Give a reason for each.

3 Choose a polygon that will tessellate and use it to make an interesting pattern on square or
dot paper.

4 Choose a combination of two or three polygons that will tessellate and use them to make an
interesting pattern.

E
PL
M
SA

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05b.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 11:36

Back to menu
Menu >>>
Review 216 Essential Standard General Mathematics

Key ideas and chapter summary

Pythagoras’ Theorem Pythagoras’ Theorem states that:

For any right-angled triangle, the sum of the areas of the squares of the
two shorter sides (a and b) equals the area of the square of the
hypotenuse (h).
h 2 = a 2 + b2

E
h2 = a2 + b2

PL a2 a

b2
h
M
Perimeter (P) Perimeter is the distance around the edge perimeter
of a two-dimensional shape.
SA

Perimeter of rectangle P = 2l + 2w
Circumference (C) Circumference is the perimeter of a circle
C = 2
r
Area (A) Area is the measure of the region enclosed
by the boundaries of a two-dimensional shape. Area

Area formulas Area of rectangle = lw

Area of parallelogram = bh
Area of triangle = 12 bh
Area of trapezium = 12 (a + b)h

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05b.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 11:36

Back to menu
Menu >>>
Chapter 5 — Shape and measurement 217

Review
Volume (V) Volume is the amount of space occupied by a three-dimensional
object.

Volume

E
For prisms and cylinders,
Volume = area of cross-section × height

PL
Volume formulas
For pyramids and cones,
Volume =
Volume of cube = l 3
Volume of cuboid = lwh
1
3
× area of base × height

Volume of triangular prism = 12 bhl

Volume of cylinder =
r 2 h
Volume of cone = 13
r 2 h
Volume of pyramid = 13 lw h
M
Volume of sphere = 43
r 3
Surface area (SA) Surface area is the total of the areas
of all the surfaces of a solid.
When finding surface area,
it is often useful to draw the
SA

net of the shape.

Surface area Surface area of cylinder = 2
r 2 + 2
r h

formulas Surface area of cone =
r 2 +
r s
Surface area of sphere = 4
r 2

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05b.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 11:36

Back to menu
Menu >>>
Review 218 Essential Standard General Mathematics

Similar figures or Similar figures or solids are exactly the same shape but different sizes.
solids

E
Similar triangles Triangles are shown to be similar if:
corresponding angles are similar (AA)
corresponding sides are in the same ratio (SSS), or

PL two pairs of corresponding sides are in the same ratio and the
included corresponding angles are equal (SAS).
M
Ratios of area and When all the dimensions of similar shapes are multiplied by a scale
volume for similar factor of k, the areas are multiplied by a scale factor of k2 and the
shapes
volumes are multiplied by a scale factor of k3 .
Line symmetry A shape has line symmetry when one half of a shape can fit exactly
over the other half.
SA

A shape can have more than one line (or axis) of symmetry.

lines of symmetry

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05b.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 11:36

Back to menu
Menu >>>
Chapter 5 — Shape and measurement 219

Review
Rotational symmetry A shape has rotational symmetry if it can be rotated about its centre
point and fit exactly over the original before it has completed a full
revolution (360◦ ).
The order of rotational symmetry is the number of times this
happens in one revolution.
For example, the shape shown has order
of rotational symmetry of five. It
can be rotated about its centre

E
five times and cover the original
before returning to the starting position.

Tessellation A tessellation is an arrangement of

plane figures, usually of the same

PL
Skills check
shape and size, covering a
two-dimensional surface.
Tessellations may be regular, semi-regular
or irregular.
M
Having completed this chapter you should be able to:
understand and use Pythagoras’ Theorem to solve two-dimensional and
three-dimensional problems
find the areas and perimeters of two-dimensional shapes
find the volumes of common three-dimensional shapes
find the volumes of pyramids, cones and spheres
SA

find the surface areas of three-dimensional shapes

use tests for similarity for two-dimensional and three-dimensional figures
understand and use line and rotational symmetry
know the meaning of the term ‘tessellation’ and how tessellations can be used in art
and design.

Multiple-choice questions

1 The three side measurements of four different triangles are given below. Which one
is a right-angled triangle?
A 1, 2, 3 B 15, 20, 25 C 10, 10, 15 D 9, 11, 15 E 4, 5, 12

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05b.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 11:36

Back to menu
Menu >>>
Review 220 Essential Standard General Mathematics

2 The length of the hypotenuse for the triangle shown is:

A 10.58 cm B 28 cm C 7.46 cm
16 cm
D 20 cm E 400 cm
12 cm
3 The value of x in the triangle shown is:
A 636 cm B 6 cm C 75.07 cm 56 cm
x
D 25.22 cm E 116 cm

E
50 cm

4 The perimeter of the triangle shown is:

20 cm 30 cm
A 450 cm B 95 cm C 95 cm2
D 90 cm E 50 cm

PL 5 The perimeter of the rectangle shown is:

A 40 cm
D 32 cm
B 20 cm
E 28 cm
C 96 cm

6 The circumference of a circle with diameter 12 m is closest to:

A 18.85 m B 37.70 m C 453.29 m
45 cm

12 cm
8 cm
M
D 113.10 m E 118.44 m 12 m

7 The area of the shape shown on the right is:

A 90 cm2 B 120 cm2 C 108 cm2
10 cm 9 cm
D 44 cm2 E 180 cm2
SA

12 cm

8 The area of a circle with radius 3 cm is closest to:

A 18.85 cm2 B 28.27 cm2 C 9.42 cm2
D 113.10 cm2 E 31.42 cm2
9 The volume of a cube with side length 5 cm is:
A 60 cm3 B 30 cm3 C 150 cm3 D 125 cm3 E 625 cm3
10 The volume of a box with length 11 cm, width 5 cm and height 6 cm is:
A 22 cm3 B 44 cm3 C 330 cm3 D 302 cm3 E 1650 cm3

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05b.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 11:36

Back to menu
Menu >>>
Chapter 5 — Shape and measurement 221

Review
11 The volume of a sphere with radius 16 mm is closest to:
A 1072.33 mm3 B 3217 mm3 C 67.02 mm3 D 268.08 mm3 E 17 157.28 mm3
12 The volume of a cone with base diameter 12 cm and height 8 cm is closest to:
A 1206.37 cm3 B 904.78 cm3 C 3619.11 cm3 D 301.59 cm3 E 1809.56 cm3
13 The volume of a cylinder with radius 3 m and height 4 m is closest to:
A 37.70 m3 B 452.39 m3 C 113.10 m3 D 12 m3 E 12.57 m3
14 How many axes of line symmetry does the letter X have?

E
A 1 B 2 C 3 D 0 E 4
15 What is the order of rotational symmetry for the letter N?
A 0 B 1 C 2 D 4 E 3
16 The two triangles shown are

PL similar. The value of y is:

A 9 cm
C 20 cm
E 16 cm

Short-answer questions
B 24 cm
D 21 cm
4 cm

1 Find the perimeters of these shapes.

5 cm
y cm

25 cm
M
a b 8m

14 cm 3m

7m 6m
15 cm
SA

2 Find the perimeter of a square with side length 9 m.

3 Find the perimeter of a rectangle with length 24 cm and width 10 cm.
4 Find the lengths of the unknown sides in the following triangles.
a b x cm

h cm
6 cm
15 cm 12 cm

7 cm

5 Find the areas of the following shapes.

a b 15 cm

14 cm 10 cm

20 cm 22 cm

6 Find the surface area of a cube with side length 2.5 m.

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4
2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05b.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 11:36

Back to menu
Menu >>>
Review 222 Essential Standard General Mathematics

7 Find the circumferences of the following circles, correct to 2 decimal places.

a b
5 cm
24 cm

E
8 Find the areas of the circles in Question 7, correct to 2 decimal places.
9 For the solid shown on the right, find, correct to 2 decimal places: H
a the area of rectangle BCDE
b the area of triangle ABE A G
c the length AE 3m
3m

PL d the area of rectangle AEGH

e the total surface area.

2.8 m.

Extended-response questions
B

C 10 m

10 Find the volume of a rectangular prism with length 3.5 m, width 3.4 m and height
D
E
12 m
F
M
1 A lawn has three circular flower beds in it, as shown 16 m
in the diagram. Each flower bed has a radius of 2 m.
A gardener has to mow the lawn and use a 8m
whipper-snipper to trim all the edges. Calculate:
a the area to be mown
SA

b the length to be trimmed. 8m

Give your answer correct to 2 decimal places.
8m
2 Chris and Gayle decide to build a 16 m
swimming pool on their new housing
12 m
block. The pool will measure 12 m by 5 m 10 m 5m
and it will be surrounded by timber decking
in a trapezium shape. A safety fence will
surround the decking. The design layout of 4m 4m
the pool and surrounding area is shown in the diagram.
a What length of fencing is required? Give your answer correct to 2 decimal places.
b What area of timber decking is required?
c The pool has a constant depth of 2 m. What is the volume of the pool?
d The interior of the pool is to be painted white. What surface area is to be painted?

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard
P1: FXS/ABE P2: FXS
0521672600Xc05b.xml CUAU034-EVANS September 15, 2008 11:36

Back to menu
Menu >>>
Chapter 5 — Shape and measurement 223

Review
3 A biologist studying gum trees wanted to calculate the height of a particular tree.
She placed a 1 m ruler on the ground, which cast a shadow on the ground
measuring 1.5 m. The gum tree cast a shadow of 20 m, as shown in the diagram
below (not to scale). Calculate the height of the tree. Give your answer correct to
2 decimal places.

E
PL 4 A builder is digging a trench for a cylindrical water pipe. From a drain at ground
level, the water pipe goes 1.5 m deep, where it joins a storm water drain. The
horizontal distance from the surface drain to the storm water drain is 15 m, as
indicated in the diagram below (not to scale).
M
15 m
Surface drain

1.5 m
SA

Storm water drain

a Calculate the length of water pipe required to connect the surface drain to the
storm water drain, correct to 2 decimal places.
b If the radius of the water pipe is 20 cm, what is the volume of the water pipe?
Give your answer correct to 2 decimal places.

Cambridge University Press • Uncorrected Sample Pages • 978-0-521-74049-4

2008 © Evans, Lipson, Jones, Avery, TI-Nspire & Casio ClassPad material prepared in collaboration with Jan Honnens & David Hibbard